POPULATION 
HISTORY 


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CUBA 

POPULATION,  HISTORY, 

AND   RESOURCES 

1907 


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<»;;;;>  K... 


JOSE   MUa'EI.  (lOMEZ.   SK.CoMi    PKHSIDKNT   OK   CLHA 


CUBA 

POPULATION,  HISTORY 

AND  RESOURCES 

1907 


COMPILED  BY  VICTOR  H.  OLMSTED, 
DIRECTOR,  AND  HENRY  GANNETT, 
ASSISTANT  DIRECTOR  :  CENSUS  OF 
CUBA,     TAKEN     IN     THE     YEAR     1907 


UNITED  STATES  BUREAU  OF  THE  CENSUS 
WASHINGTON:    1909 


COMPOSITION    AND    PBE8SWORK 
I.  H.  EIANCHABD,    NEW  YORK 

BINDING 
J.  F.  TAPLET   CO.,  NEW  TOBK 


MA 
ill 

m 


LIBRARY 

UNIVERSITY  OP  CALIPORNIil 

SANTA  BARBARA 


CONTENTS. 


Page. 

Preliminary  statement 7 

General  description 9 

Location  and  area 9 

Topography 9 

Orography 10 

Hydrography 11 

Geology 11 

Flora 12 

Fauna 12 

Natural  resources 14 

Products  of  the  animal  kingdom ....  14 

Products  of  the  vegetable  kingdom. .  16 

Products  of  the  mineral  kingdom ...  26 

History 28 

Discovery  and  settlement 28 

Cuba  under  Spanish  rule 29 

Attitude  of  the  United  States 37 

Spanish-American  war 39 

First  American  intervention 40 

Republic  of  Cuba 41 

Appeal  to  United  States 42 

Peace  commission 42 

Election  of  President  GOmez 44 

Climate 45 

Temperature 45 

Rainfall 60 

Wind  direction 52 

Atmospheric  pressure 63 

Provinces  and  Isle  of  Pines 55 

Pinar  del  Rio 55 

Habana 57 

Isle  of  Pines 58 

Matanzas 61 

Santa  Clara 62 

Camagtley 63 

Oriente 64 

Sugar  and  allied  industries 69 

Postal  and  telegraph  service 72 


Page. 

Money,  banks,  and  banking 77 

Foreign  commerce 80 

Movement  of  shipping 95 

Immigration 105 

Criminal  jurisdiction  and  procedure 110 

Prisons,  asylums,  and  hospitals 115 

Prisoners  confined  in  penal  institu- 
tions   115 

Asylums   for    orphans,   foimdlings, 

and  aged  people 116 

Hospitals 116 

The  insane 117 

Transportation  by  railroads  and  steam- 
ship hnes 119 

Railroads 119 

Coastwise  steamship  lines 121 

Steamship      communication     with 

foreign  countries 121 

Public  schools 122 

Vital  statistics 124 

Vital  statistics  of  Habana 129 

Population 131 

Total  population 131 

Urban  population 136 

Density  of  population 137 

Center  of  population 140 

Sex,  color,  and  nativity 141 

Age,  sex,  color,  and  nativity 155 

Persons  in  the  prime  of  life 163 

Citizenship 164 

Population  21  years  of  age  and  over  168 

Males  of  voting  age 169 

Conjugal  condition 176 

Illigitimate  children 200 

Children  of  school  age 203 

School  attendance 204 

Literacy 205 

Occupations 208 

Families  and  dwellings 221 


POPULATION    TABLES. 


Table 

1 

Table 

2 

Table 

3 

Table 

4 

Table 

5 

Table 

6 

Table 

7 

Table 

8 

Table 

9 

Table 

10 

Page. 

-Population,  1774  to  1907 231 

-Population     of     provinces, 

1861  to  1907 231 

-Population  of  municipalities  231 

-Cities  and  towns 233 

-Sex,   general   nativity,   and 

color,  by  provinces 235 

-Age  and  sex,  by  provinces. . .  235 

-Nativity,  color,  sex,  and  age  236 

-Birthplace,  by  provinces. .  . .  237 

-Sex,  color,  and  birthplace .  .  .  237 

-Citizenship,  by  provinces 238 


Page. 

Table  11. — Male  population  21  years  of 
age,  by  color,  nativity, 
citizenship,  and  literacy.  .       238 

Table  12. — Sex,  color,  nativity,  citizen- 
ship, and  age 239 

Table  13.^ — Conjugal  condition,  by  prov- 
inces        241 

Table  14. — Conjugal    condition,    color, 

nativity,  and  sex 241 

Table  15. — Conjugal    condition,    color, 

nativity,  sex,  and  age. . . .       242 

Table  16. — Illegitimate  children,  by  age, 

sex,  color,  and  nativity. . .       245 

(5) 


CONTENTS. 


Table 
Table 

Table 

Table 

Table 

Table 
Table 


Page. 

17. — School  attendance  and  liter- 
acy, by  provinces 245 

18. — Population  at  least  10  years 
of  age,  by  age,  sex,  color, 
nativity,  and  literacy ....       246 

10. — Population  attending  school, 
by  months,  sex,  age,  color, 
and  nativity 248 

20.— General  groups  of  occupa- 
tions, sex,  color,  and  nativ- 
ity, by  provinces 249 

21. — General  groups  of  occupa- 
tions, age,  sex,  color  and 
nativity 252 

22. — Selected    occupations,    sex, 

color,  and  nativity 255 

23. — Selected    occupations,    sex, 

and  age 258 


Table  24. 
Table  25. 
Table  26. 
Table  27. 
Table  28. 
Table  29. 

Table  30. 


Page. 

-Selected    occupations,    sex, 

and  literacy 262 

-Selected    occupations,    sex, 

and  conjugal  condition 265 

-Selected  'occupations,    sex, 

and  place  of  birth 267 

-Selected     occupations,     by 

provinces 271 

-Number  and  size  of  families, 

by  provinces 274 

-Number  and  average  size  of 
families,  by  nativity  and 
color  of  head,  by  provinces      274 

-Families  and  dwellings,  by 

provinces 275 


ILLUSTRATIONS. 


Facing  page. 
Jo86  Miguel  G6mez,  Second  President  of 

Cuba Frontispiece 

A  tobacco  plant 16 

Setting  out  young  tobacco  plants 17 

Santiago  de  Cuba 32 

City  of  Puerto  Principe 33 

Sugar    plantation    in    the    Agricultural 

station  of  Santiago  de  las  Vegas 36 

Royal  palms  in  the  vicinity  of  Habana ...  37 

Royal  college  of  Belen,  Habana 44 

Matanzas  Institute 46 

Interior  of  the  cave  of  Ballamar,  near 

Matanzas 46 

Siurender  tree  near  San  Juan  Hill 49 

An  avenue  of  royal  palms,  Matanzas 64- 

Climbing  the  royal  palm 6^ 

Coconut  trees 68 

A  cocoa  grove :  69 

Tobacco  pack  train 76 

Roping  cattle 77 


Facing  page. 

Diraas,  a  village  of  Pinar  del  Rio 80 

City  of  Pinar  del  Rio 81 

Sorting  tobacco  and  putting  it  in  bundles        96 

BaUng  tobacco 97 

Transferring  cane  to  sugar  mill 100^ 

Hauling  sugar  cane  from  field 101 

Native  agricultural  implements 108  - 

Plowing  with  oxen 169 

City  of  Trinidad 112 

City  of  Nuevitas 113 

Bridge  over  Yumuri  river,  Matanzas 128 

City  of  Baracoa  and  harbor  entrance ....  129 

Native  fruits 182 

Ready  to  cut  pines  and  bananas 133 

Central  Conchita,  Matanzas 140 

Central  and  cane  field,  Santa  Clara 141 

City  of  Habana 144 

City  of  Habana 146 

A  tobacco  plantation 160 

Tobacco  drying  house 161  . 

/ 


PRELIMINARY  STATEMENT. 


In  order  to  meet  the  demand  in  the  United  States  for  information  regard- 
ing Cuba,  its  population,  resources,  products,  cHmate,  etc.,  the  Provisional 
Governor  of  the  Republic  authorized  the  Director  of  the  Cuban  Census  of 
1907,  to  prepare  a  compendium  containing  data  compiled  from  the  census 
reports  of  1899  and  1907,  and  other  reliable  sources. 

Under  this  authorization  the  information  contained  in  the  present  volume 
is  presented.  The  data  have  been  taken,  principally,  from  the  Cuban  Census 
reports  referred  to  above,  and  from  the  Handbook  on  Cuba  prepared  by 
Senor  Gonzalo  de  Quesada,  Minister  of  Cuba  to  the  United  States,  which 
was  published  in  1905  by  the  International  Bureau  of  the  American  Repub- 
lics, at  Washington,  D.  C. 

(7) 


GENERAL  DESCRIPTION. 


LOCATION   AND   AREA. 

Cuba  is  the  largest,  most  populous,  and  most  western  island  of  the  Antilles. 
Shaped  like  the  are  of  a  circle,  with  its  convex  side  to  the  north,  it  extends 
from  74°  to  85°  west  longitude  and  from  19°  40'  to  23°  33'  north  latitude. 
It  is  about  100  miles  from  Florida,  being  separated  from  it  by  the  strait  of 
the  same  name.  About  50  miles  to  the  east  is  Haiti;  about  85  miles  to  the 
south  is  Jamaica;  and  about  130  miles  to  the  west  is  the  Yucatan  peninsula. 
Its  length  is  about  730  miles  (1,594  kilometers);  its  breadth  differs,  ranging 
from  160  miles  (200  kilometers),  in  Oriente  province,  to  22  miles  (40  kilo- 
meters), in  Habana  province.  Its  total  area  is  44,164  square  miles,  of  which 
Cuba  occupies  41,634  square  miles,  the  Isle  of  Pines,  1,180,  and  the  other 
islands  and  keys,  1,350.  Cuba  is  larger  than  Portugal,  Belgium,  or  the 
Netherlands,  and  somewhat  smaller  than  Pennsylvania  or  Virginia. 

From  a  military  point  of  view  Cuba  occupies  a  strong  strategic  position, 
controlling  the  entrance  of  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  by  the  Strait  of  Florida,  the 
Windward  Passage  to  the  Caribbean  Sea  between  Cuba  and  Haiti,  and  the 
Yucatan  Channel  connecting  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  with  the  Caribbean  Sea.  The 
first  and  last  of  these  are  the  only  entrances  to  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  which  is 
thus  controlled  completely  by  the  Island  of  Cuba. 

The  government  of  Cuba  has  jurisdiction  not  only  over  the  island  of  that 
name,  but  also  over  the  Isle  of  Pines,  lying  directly  to  the  south  of  it,  and 
more  than  a  thousand  islets  and  reefs  scattered  along  its  northern  and  southern 
coasts. 

TOPOGRAPHY. 

The  north  coast  is  for  the  most  part  steep  and  rocky,  and,  in  the  provinces 
of  Matanzas,  Santa  Clara,  and  Camagiiey,  it  is  bordered  by  lines  of  islands 
and  reefs  of  coral  formation,  through  which  passage  is  extremely  intricate 
and  difficult.  These  islands  are  low,  are  in  the  main  covered  with  mangrove 
forests,  and  contain  few  inhabitants. 

The  coast  in  the  western  part  of  the  island  is  low,  the  bluffs  ranging  about 
100  feet  in  height  in  Pinar  del  Rio  and  rising  gradually  eastward.  In  Matan- 
zas they  reach  500  feet  in  altitude.  In  Santa  Clara  and  Camaguey  they  are 
lower,  but  in  Oriente  the  coast  is  abrupt  and  rugged,  being  almost  moun- 
tainous and  rising  in  a  succession  of  terraces. 

(9) 


10  GENERAL  DESCRIPTION. 

The  south  coast  from  Cape  Maisi  to  Cape  Cruz  is  mountainous.  Indeed, 
from  Santiago  westward  to  Cape  Cruz  the  Sierra  Maestra  rises  abruptly  from 
the  water  to  altitudes  of  several  thousand  feet.  The  shores  of  the  Gulf  of 
Buena  Esparanza  are  low,  and  with  the  exception  of  a  short  stretch  between 
Trinidad  and  Cienfuegos,  the  coast  is  low  and  marshy  from  this  gulf  to  Cape 
San  Antonio,  the  westernmost  point  of  the  island.  The  strip  of  marsh  is  in 
the  main  narrow,  but  west  of  Cienfuegos  it  broadens  until  it  covers  an  area 
75  miles  in  length  and  fully  30  miles  in  breadth  at  its  widest  point.  This 
almost  impenetrable  region  is  called  Zapata  swamp.  It  is  clothed  with  the 
densest  vegetation  and  teems  with  tropical  life. 

The  central  provinces  of  Cuba  consist  mainly  of  broadly  rolling  plains 
with  shallow  stream  valleys.  In  Habana,  Matanzas,  and  Santa  Clara  these 
plains  were,  prior  to  the  late  war  with  Spain,  in  a  high  state  of  cultivation, 
while  those  in  Camagtiey  have  been  in  the  main  used  for  the  grazing  of  cattle. 
The  valley  of  the  Yumuri,  in  Matanzas,  is  typical  of  the  beautiful,  highly 
cultivated  portion  of  this  part  of  the  island. 

Most  of  the  harbors  are  of  peculiar  shape,  resembling  pouches  with  narrow, 
often  sinuous,  entrances,  opening  into  broad,  completely  sheltered  expanses. 
This  is  the  character  of  the  harbors  of  Bahfa  Honda,  Cabanas,  Habana, 
Santiago,  Cienfuegos,  GuantAnamo,  Nipe,  and  many  others  that  are  not  so 
well  known. 

Off  the  south  coast  are  hundreds  of  low,  marshy  mangrove-covered  islands 
and  islets. 

The  Isle  of  Pines,  with  an  area  of  about  1,200  square  miles,  is  in  effect  two 
islands,  connected  by  a  marsh;  the  northern  part  is  somewhat  broken  by 
hills,  while  the  southern  part  is  low,  flat,  and  sandy. 

OROGRAPHY. 

In  its  relief  the  Island  of  Cuba  is  marked  by  great  variety  and  irregularity. 
At  the  two  extremes  of  the  island,  in  Pinar  del  Rio  on  the  west  and  Oriente 
on  the  east,  there  are  well-defined  ranges  of  hills.  A  little  north  of  the  middle 
line  of  the  province  of  Pinar  del  Rfo,  a  range  of  hills  closely  parallels  the 
northern  coast.  This  range,  known  as  the  Cordillera  de  los  Organos,  or  Organ 
Mountains,  is  fairly  well  defined,  and  rises  in  many  places  to  altitudes  exceed- 
ing 2,000  feet,  culminating  in  Pan  de  Guajaibon,  having  an  altitude  of  2,500 
feet.  From  the  crest  of  this  range  the  land  descends  to  the  coasts  in  long, 
undulating  slopes,  the  southward  slopes  forming  the  celebrated  tobacco  lands 
known  as  Vuelta  Abajo. 

The  Sierra  de  los  Organos  ceases  as  a  range  a  little  west  of  Habana,  but 
traces  of  this  uplift  can  be  followed  through  the  central  part  of  Habana, 
Matanzas,  Santa  Clara,  and  the  western  part  of  Camagtiey  in  the  form  of 
lines  of  hills  of  no  great  altitude  dotting  the  extensive  plains.  They  are  seen 
south  of  the  city  of  Habana  in  the  hills  known  as  the  Tetas  de  Managua,  and 
farther  east  in  the  Areas  de  Canasi,  the  Escaleras  de  Jaruco,  and  the  Pan  de 


HYDROGRAPHY.  11 


Matanzas,  just  south  of  the  city  of  Matanzas.  In  the  eastern  part  of  Matan- 
zas  province  these  hills  disappear,  but  they  reappear  in  Santa  Clara,  taking 
the  form  of  elongated  crests  and  flat  top  summits,  and  as  such  extend  into 
the  western  part  of  the  province  of  Camaguey. 

In  the  southern  part  of  the  province  of  Santa  Clara  is  a  group  of  rounded 
hills,  occupying  an  area  between  Cienfuegos,  Trinidad,  and  Sancti-Spiritus. 
The  highest  of  these,  Potrerillo,  has  an  altitude  of  2,900  feet.  Among  these 
hills  are  many  beautiful  valleys. 

The  surface  of  Oriente  is  broken  with  high,  sharp  mountain  ranges,  broad 
plateaus  of  considerable  elevation,  and  deep  valleys,  some  of  which  are  broad, 
while  others  are  narrow  and  resemble  canyons.  The  dominating  orographic 
feature  of  this  province — indeed  of  the  whole  island — is  the  Sierra  Maestra, 
which,  commencing  at  Cape  Cruz,  south  of  Manzanillo,  extends  eastward, 
closely  paralleling  the  coast,  from  which  it  rises  abruptly,  as  far  east  as  the 
neighborhood  of  Santiago.  In  this  part  it  contains  many  points  exceeding 
5,000  feet  in  altitude  and  culminates  in  Pico  Turquino,  which  is  reputed  to 
have  an  altitude  of  8,320  feet. 

From  Santiago  the  range  extends  to  the  east  end  of  the  island,  where  it  is 
broken  to  a  greater  extent,  and  where  its  form  is  more  like  that  of  a  low 
plateau.  This  portion  of  the  range  is  known  as  the  Cobre  range.  It  contains 
numerous  flat  summits,  approximating  3,000  feet  in  altitude,  one  of  which, 
known  as  La  Gran  Piedra,  is  said  to  have  an  altitude  of  3,300  feet. 

North  of  Sierra  Maestra  lies  the  broad  and  fertile  valley  of  the  Cauto, 
beyond  which  the  country  rises  gradually  to  a  high  plateau,  occupying  the 
interior  of  the  province,  a  summit  elevation  of  1,000  feet  or  more.  The 
eastern  part  of  the  province  consists  of  a  maze  of  broken  hills,  with  altitudes 
ranging  from  1,000  to  2,000  feet,  in  which  are  many  small  fertile  valleys. 

HYDROGRAPHY. 

The  rivers  of  Cuba,  though  numerous,  are  short,  and  few  of  them  are  of 
any  importance  for  navigation.  The  largest  stream  is  the  Rfo  Cauto,  which 
heads  in  the  province  of  Oriente,  on  the  north  slopes  of  Sierra  Maestra,  flows 
westward  through  a  broad  valley,  and  empties  in  the  Gulf  of  Buena  Esper- 
anza,  after  a  course  of  about  150  miles.  This  stream  is  navigable  for  light 
draft  boats  as  far  as  Cauto  Embarcadero,  a  distance  of  about  fifty  miles. 

Several  other  streams  are  navigable  for  a  few  miles  above  their  mouths, 
but  in  most  cases  only  through  what  may  be  regarded  as  estuaries. 

GEOLOGY. 

The  island  has  a  foundation  of  pre-Tertiary  sedimentary  rocks  in  which 
Cretaceous  and  probably  Jurassic  fossils  have  been  found.  Above  this  there 
are  littoral  beds  composed  of  terrigenous  material  and  then  a  great  thickness 
of  white  limestone,  consisting  of  organically  derived  oceanic  material,  as 
distinguished  from  true  reef  rock  of  late  Eocene  and  Oligocene  age.    The 


12  GENERAL  DESCRIPTION. 

island  was  reclaimed  from  the  sea  by  a  great  mountain-making  movement  in 
late  Tertiary  time,  succeeding  the  deposition  of  this  limestone.  In  the  Plio- 
cene and  Pleistocene  epochs,  the  island  underwent  a  series  of  epeirogenic 
subsidences  and  elevations  which  affected  the  coastal  borders,  producing 
cliffs  and  the  margin  of  elevated  reef  rock  which  borders  the  coast  in  many 
places,  as  in  the  neighborhoods  of  the  cities  of  Habana  and  Baracoa. 

So  far  as  its  history  is  known,  the  island  has  never  been  connected  with 
the  American  mainland,  although  such  has  frequently  been  asserted  to  be  the 
case.  These  assertions  have  been  based  upon  the  erroneous  identification  of 
certain  vertebrate  animal  remains.  There  are  no  traces  in  the  animal  life  of 
Cuba  which  justify  this  conclusion.  Some  of  the  crystalline  rocks  may  be 
ancient,  but  most  of  them  are  mid-Tertiary  in  age. 

The  caves  of  Bellamar,  near  Matanzas,  are  of  marvelous  beauty,  and  are 
visited  by  all  tourists;  in  Camagiiey  the  ca>t(es  of  Cubitas,  and  in  Oriente 
the  one  called  Nueva  del  Negro,  near  Baire,  are  also  noteworthy. 

FLORA. 

The  flora  of  the  island  is  noted  for  its  abundance  and  beauty,  and  caused 
Cuba  to  be  designated  the  Pearl  of  the  Antilles.  Over  3,350  native  plants 
have  been  catalogued.  Humboldt  said:  "We  might  believe  the  entire  island 
was  originally  a  forest  of  palms,  wild  limes,  and  orange  trees."  The  flora 
includes  nearly  all  of  the  characteristic  forms  of  the  other  West  Indies,  the 
southern  part  of  Florida,  and  the  Central  American  seaboard.  Nearly  all 
the  large  trees  of  the  Mexican  tierra  caliente,  so  remarkable  for  their  size, 
foliage,  and  fragrance,  reappear  in  western  Cuba.  Over  30  species  of  palm, 
including  the  famous  royal  palm  (oreodoxa  regia),  occur,  while  the  pine  tree, 
elsewhere  characteristic  of  the  Temperate  Zone  and  the  high  altitudes  of 
the  Tropics,  is  found  associated  with  palms  and  mahoganies  in  the  province 
of  Pinar  del  Rfo  and  the  Isle  of  Pines,  both  of  which  take  their  name  from 
this  tree. 

Among  other  woods  are  the  lignum- vitae,  granadilla,  cocoa  wood,  mahogany, 
and  cedrella  odorata. 

Although  three  hundred  years  of  cultivation  have  exterminated  the  forest 
in  the  sugar  lands  of  the  center  and  west,  it  is  estimated  that  in  the  hills  of 
those  districts  and  in  the  mountains  of  the  east  nearly  13,000,000  acres  of 
uncleared  forest  remain. 

Rich  and  nutritious  grasses  are  found  throughout  the  island,  affording 
excellent  forage  for  stock.  The  pineapple,  manioc,  sweet  potato,  and  Indian 
corn  are  indigenous  to  the  island. 

FAUNA. 

Throughout  Cuba  game  is  abundant.  Deer,  though  not  native,  have 
flourished  and  multiplied  greatly.  Rabbits  also  are  plentiful.  The  wild 
boar,  the  wild  dog,  and  the  wild  cat  are  simply  domestic  animals  run  wild. 


A   TOBACCO  PLANT. 


FAUNA.  13 

and  are  quite  numerous  in  all  parts  of  the  island.  Wild  fowl,  especially  ducks 
and  pigeons,  abound,  the  former  crossing  from  the  Southern  states  during 
the  winter  season,  the  latter  remaining  in  the  island  the  year  round.  Pheas- 
ants, quail,  snipe,  wild  turkeys,  and  wild  guinea  fowl  are  also  numerous, 
with  several  varieties  of  game  birds,  such  as  the  perdiz,  tojosas,  rabiches,  and 
the  guanaros. 

Cuba  has  more  than  two  hundred  species  of  native  birds;  many  possess 
the  most  beautiful  plumage,  but  those  with  song  are  rare. 

The  only  distinctive  native  animal  is  the  jutfa,  or  hutfa,  which  is  rat-like 
in  appearance,  and  grows  to  a  length  of  from  16  to  18  inches,  not  including 
the  tail.    While  edible,  it  is  not  especially  palatable. 

In  swampy  localities  crocodiles  and  American  alligators  are  found,  and 
although  these  frequently  grow  to  an  enormous  size,  but  little  attention  is 
paid  to  them  by  the  natives.  Chameleons,  small  lizards,  tree  toads,  and 
similar  harmless  reptiles  of  diminutive  size  are  very  common,  while  occa- 
sionally the  iguana  and  other  large  varieties  of  the  lizard  species  are  seen. 

Few  varieties  of  snakes  exist  in  Cuba.  One  variety,  the  maja,  from  10  to 
14  feet  in  length,  is  most  frequently  found  about  the  huts,  farm  houses,  and 
small  villages,  its  favorite  living  place  being  in  the  palm  leaf  thatches  of  the 
older  buildings,  while  its  favorite  food  is  poultry.  Another  snake,  named 
the  jubo,  is  more  vicious  in  disposition  than  the  maja,  although  never  reach- 
ing more  than  one-third  its  size.  It  is  not  poisonous.  The  other  varieties 
are  still  smaller  in  size  and  are  not  venomous. 


NATURAL  RESOURCES. 


By  Francisco  I.  de  Vild6sola,  Secretary  pro  tern  of  Agriculture,  Labor, 

and  Commerce. 


The  principal  element  of  the  strength  of  Cuba  is  in  the  productions  of  the 
soil.  This  has  been  the  condition  in  the  past  and  will  be  the  condition  for  a 
long  time  to  come.  The  productions  are  far  in  excess  of  the  amount  of  effort 
put  forth,  and  are  so  out  of  proportion  to  the  number  of  inhabitants  that 
the  problem  of  a  permanent  market  and  the  difficulty  of  securing  it  are 
questions  of  the  utmost  importance  in  their  bearing  upon  Cuban  wealth. 

Although  nearly  all  the  new  sources  of  riches  are  at  present  in  embryo, 
they  are  so  numerous  and  so  varied  that  it  seems  advisable  to  classify  them. 

PRODUCTS  OF  THE  ANIMAL  KINGDOM. 

The  productions  of  the  animal  kingdom  which  are  utilized  in  Cuba  are 
of  two  origins:  those  which  live  on  the  land  and  those  which  are  obtained 
from  the  sea,  the  rivers,  and  the  lakes.  The  principal  land  products  are  cattle, 
horses,  swine,  poultry,  and  bees,  while  sheep  and  goats  are  raised  in  small 
numbers.  During  the  past  months  an  experiment  has  been  made  in  an 
industrial  way  in  the  raising  of  ostriches,  but  as  yet  we  have  no  data  and  the 
experience  has  not  been  sufficient  to  judge  of  this  new  industry.  Fish  and 
sponge  form  the  leading  water  products. 

Cattle. — The  position  of  the  Island  of  Cuba  makes  a  veritable  Eden  of 
this  country  for  the  raising  of  live  stock.  Herbiverous  animals  multiply  so 
rapidly  that  notwithstanding  inadequate  methods  for  the  breeding  and 
betterment  of  the  cattle,  and  notwithstanding  the  fact  that  they  are  cared  for 
in  the  rudest  and  most  primitive  way,  not  only  are  those  necessary  for  agri- 
cultural work  and  for  the  slaughterhouses  obtained,  but  the  production  is 
rapidly  surpassing  the  needs  of  the  Nation. 

Under  the  Intervention  of  the  United  States  restrictive  laws  were  pro- 
mulgated in  regard  to  the  slaughter  and  exportation  of  cattle,  and,  in  addition, 
a  department  was  created  which  publishes  and  distributes  gratuitously  vac- 
cine virus  for  epizootic  diseases. 

The  following  table  shows  data  concerning  the  number  of  cattle  and  the 
number  killed  in  the  slaughterhouses  since  the  Independence: 
(14) 


PRODUCTS  OF  THE  ANIMAL  KINGDOM. 


15 


TEAR. 

Total 
number. 

Number 
killed  in 
slaughter- 
houses. 

1906 

2,679,492 
2,176,178 
1,699,512 
1,303,650 
999,862 

228  108 

1905 

219,038 

1904 

194  513 

1903 

179,632 

1902 : 

176  962 

From  these  figures  it  will  be  seen  that  the  increase  in  the  number  of  cattle 
in  1906  as  compared  with  1902  was  158  per  cent,  while  the  corresponding 
increase  in  the  consumption  of  cattle  in  the  slaughterhouses  was  28.9  per 
cent. 

Considerable  quantities  of  salted  and  canned  meats  and  even  live  cattle 
are  imported  into  Cuba. 

Only  a  small  portion  of  the  offal  of  slaughterhouses  is  used  in  Cuba;  the 
greater  part  is  exported  as  raw  material.  Hides  are  included  in  the  exports, 
since  the  tanning  industry  is  unimportant. 

In  agriculture,  oxen  are  used  almost  exclusively  for  ploughing  and  hauling, 
for  as  yet  the  use  of  mules  has  been  quite  limited,  and  all  the  experiments 
which  have  been  made  with  steam  implements  have  resulted  unfavorably. 

The  milk  industry,  notwithstanding  the  great  quantities  of  cattle  raised 
and  the  large  number  of  milch  cows  of  good  breed  that  have  been  imported 
from  the  United  States,  is  not  a  lucrative  source  of  wealth,  and  its  products 
are  so  insufficient  that  in  most  of  the  cities  condensed  milk  is  imported  from 
the  United  States  and  England. 

Horses. — The  trade  in  horses,  mules,  and  asses  has  not  been  developed 
in  Cuba  as  extensively  as  might  be  expected  from  the  natural  conditions  of 
the  country. 

The  actual  statistical  distribution  of  this  source  of  wealth  on  December  31, 
of  each  year  from  1902  to  1906,  is  as  follows: 


Horses. 


Mules. 


Asses. 


1906 
1905 
1904 
1903 
1902 


402,461 
342,668 
266,071 
208,009 
167,933 


51,333 
45,559 
43,714 
33.402 
30,950 


2,635 
2.630 
2.331 
1.882 
1.838 


The  increases  in  1906,  as  compared  with  1902,  have  been:  for  horses 
139.7  per  cent;   mules,  65.9  per  cent;   and  asses,  43.4  per  cent. 

Swine. — It  is  apparent  that  Cuba  is  the  natural  home  for  this  class  of 
animals.  A  litter  is  produced  in  so  short  a  time  that  it  is  difficult  for  the 
owner  to  know  how  many  swine  he  has;  and  the  ability  to  reproduce  is  almost 
incredible. 

The  spotted  fever  epidemic  is  apt  to  cause  an  enormous  mortality,  but 


16  NATURAL    RESOURCES. 

generally  many  years  elapse  between  the  appearances  of  this  epidemic,  and 
a  sufficient  number  of  animals  survive  to  reproduce  the  herd  in  a  short  time. 
Although  there  is  a  virus  for  spotted  fever,  and  the  Secretary  of  Agriculture 
distributes  it  gratuitously,  it  is  not  always  efficacious.  The  mercantile 
method  of  breeding  swine  consists  in  leaving  them  free  in  the  pasture  to  pro- 
vide for  their  own  wants. 

Poultry. — Poultry  is  raised  with  the  greatest  ease  and  profit,  but  poultry- 
raising  on  an  industrial  scale  does  not  exist;  each  rural  breeder  can  succeed 
without  effort  and  can  sell  his  products  to  speculators,  who  transport  them 
to  the  merchants  of  the  towns.  Despite  the  lack  of  more  efficient  methods 
the  production  is  sufficiently  great  for  home  consumption. 

Bees. — A  country  like  Cuba,  with  an  exceedingly  mild  climate,  with  fields 
continually  decked  with  flowers  and  with  no  natural  enemies  capable  of 
producing  havoc  among  the  hives,  is  a  country  in  which  apiculture  should 
flourish.  Because  of  the  scarcity  of  population,  however,  and  the  facilities 
for  making  money  in  other  industries,  apiculture  has  not  received  sufficient 
attention  to  make  it  a  source  of  wealth.  At  present  there  are  4,200  apiaries 
having  over  120,250  hives,  producing  for  the  market  470,000  gallons  of  honey 
and  31,000  arrobas  (775,000  pounds)  of  wax. 

Fish. — The  seas  which  surround  Cuba  constitute  an  immense  natural 
maritime  fish  hatchery,  on  account  of  the  temperature  of  the  water  and  the 
many  keys  and  shoals.  For  this  reason  fish  products  have  always  been 
exceedingly  abundant. 

Although  the  coasts  of  Cuba  have  lacked  until  now  maritime  police  for 
the  protection  of  their  fisheries,  and  although  the  most  reprehensible  methods 
have  been  constantly  employed,  the  wealth  in  fish  is  very  great. 

In  addition  to  the  fish,  cagvamas  are  gathered  in  the  Cuban  seas  in  small 
numbers;  turtles  to  the  number  of  500  or  600  a  year;  and  the  rich  tortoise 
shell  in  such  quantities  that  the  total  amount  for  the  past  year  was  more 
than  1,000  kilos. 

Another  exceptional  source  of  wealth  of  the  sea  is  the  sponge;  310,000 
dozen  were  procured  in  1907.  Among  the  Cuban  sponges  is  one  which  is 
believed  to  have  no  equal  in  the  world  and  the  exploitation  of  which  would 
be  of  an  enormous  mercantile  value;  this  is  the  sponge  called  "machito  del 
calvario,"  found  near  Brabant. 

PRODUCTS  OF  THE  VEGETABLE  KINGDOM. 

Each  of  the  three  geographical  divisions  of  the  Island  of  Cuba  has  essen- 
tially its  own  agricultural  productions  as  well  as  products  that  are  common  to 
all.  Thus,  in  the  Eastern  division,  the  coconut  produced  in  the  district  of 
Baracoa  has  no  rival  in  Cuba  for  quality  and  abundance,  nor  can  it  be  easily 
excelled  outside  of  Cuba.  In  the  extensive  Central  division,  especially  in  the 
rich  province  of  Matanzas,  sugar  cane  is  cultivated  under  favorable  condi- 
tions.   In  the  Western  division,  the  Vuelta  Abajo  tobacco  is  cultivated. 


PRODUCTS  OF  THE  VEGETABLE  KINGDOM.  17 

Sugar  cane. — Of  all  the  sources  of  agricultural  wealth  of  the  Island  of 
Cuba,  that  which  should  be  considered  first  is  the  sugar  cane,  since  it  is  that 
which  covers  the  greatest  extent  of  territory,  employs  the  greatest  number  of 
men,  and  has  the  greatest  commercial  importance. 

The  climatic  conditions  and  the  nature  of  the  soil  are  so  favorable  for  the 
cultivation  of  sugar  cane  that  the  sugar  production  has  been  steadily  increas- 
ing for  many  years,  in  spite  of  the  fact  that  the  lack  of  economic  methods  is 
ruinous  to  the  engines  and  retards  the  work.  At  times  political  crises  have 
diminished  the  production,  but  the  industry  has  soon  recuperated  and  pro- 
duced an  output  greater  than  before.  This  fact  shows  that  the  production 
of  sugar  cane  in  the  Island  of  Cuba  is  so  in  accord  with  natural  conditions 
that  it  seems  probable  that  the  definite  issue  in  the  world  wide  sugar  war 
will  finally  be  with  Cuba. 

Tobacco. — ^This  solanaceous  plant,  whose  rich  leaf  as  produced  on  Cuban 
soil  is  reputed  to  be  the  best  in  the  world,  is  indigenous  to  the  island  and 
occupies  the  second  place  among  the  Cuban  plants.  Although  it  is  not 
cultivated  as  extensively  as  sugar  cane,  it  is  used  in  two  important  industries, 
one  of  which  is  engaged  in  preparing  and  packing  the  weed  for  export,  and 
the  other  in  manufacturing  the  millions  of  cigars  and  cigarettes  consumed  in 
the  country  or  exported.  The  latter  industry,  representing  considerable 
wealth  and  giving  employment  to  an  increasing  number  of  skilled  workmen, 
contributes  largely  to  the  welfare  of  the  laboring  classes  of  the  cities. 

Tobacco  requires  for  its  cultivation  a  loose,  rich,  sandy  soil,  the  best  for 
the  purpose  being  found  in  some  localities  in  the  province  of  Pinar  del  Rio, 
especially  in  the  southern  portions,  where  the  land  produces  the  fine  tobacco 
that  brings  the  highest  prices  paid,  particularly  in  England  and  the  United 
States. 

A  plant  of  fairly  good  quality  is  produced  in  the  central  and  eastern  por- 
tions and  even  in  the  western  portions  of  the  island,  especially  on  the  northern 
watershed  of  the  Siguanea  river  in  the  province  of  Santa  Clara,  on  lands  east 
of  the  Arimao  river  in  the  famous  Manicaragua  vegas. 

Notwithstanding  its  well  earned  fame,  the  Cuban  product  can  not  reach 
the  development  it  should,  inasmuch  as  all  countries  consider  tobacco  an 
assessable  article  and  endeavor,  besides,  to  protect  their  home  product  by 
burdening  the  imported  article  with  high  import  duties,  which  in  some  cases 
become  almost  prohibitory.  One  of  the  nations  in  which  the  conditions  are 
most  favorable  for  the  consumption  of  Cuban  tobacco  without  injury  to  its 
own  products  is  the  United  States,  and  it  is  certain  that  quantities  of  Cuban 
tobacco  will  be  consumed  there  when  the  effects  of  the  recent  reciprocity 
treaty  between  the  latter  nation  and  Cuba  become  thoroughly  known  and 
the  advantages  are  fully  appreciated  by  both  sides. 

Many  tobacco  planters  are  adopting  the  system  of  cultivating  the  leaf  under 
cover  or  with  mosquito  nets,  as  the  natives  call  it,  which  merely  means  that 
they  place  an  awning  of  cheese  cloth  2  or  2^  meters  above  the  plants.    This 


18  NATURAL  RESOURCES. 

serves  to  temper  the  intensity  of  the  sun's  rays,  to  moderate  the  force  of  the 
wind  and  its  action  on  the  leaves,  to  keep  the  earth  moist,  and,  above  all, 
to  prevent  the  insects  from  harming  the  leaves  of  the  plants.  Much  interest 
has  been  manifested  in  this  use  of  cheese  cloth,  and  in  order  to  encourage  this 
new  industry,  the  duty  on  cheese  cloth,  ranging  from  15  to  50  cents  per 
kilogram  (2.2046  pounds),  was  repealed  July  30,  1902.  It  is  believed  that 
Cuba  may  rival  Sumatra  in  the  production  of  fine  wrappers,  for  which  there 
is  a  large  demand  in  the  United  States. 

The  amount  that  must  be  expended  on  one  caballeria  (an  area  of  33J 
acres)  of  ground  from  the  time  it  is  plowed  until  the  tobacco  crop  is  gathered, 
varies  considerably,  but  it  is  probable  that  the  expenditure  averages  about 
$7,940.  The  yield  of  a  caballeria,  consisting  on  an  average  of  211  tercios 
(bales)  of  tobacco  leaves  at  $50  per  tercio,  54  arrobas  of  seed  at  $4,  and  12 
cartloads  of  stems  at  $1,  would  be  about  $10,778,  leaving  a  balance  as  profit 
of  $2,838. 

Since  the  War  of  Independence. remarkable  progress  has  been  made  in  the 
cultivation  of  tobacco,  and  excellent  results  are  being  obtained  as  regards 
the  endurance  of  the  plant,  as  well  as  its  quantity  and  quality.  Moreover 
the  prospect  of  a  market  is  good.  Consequently  a  crop  that  formerly  was 
uncertain  and  dependent  on  meteorological  conditions  is  to-day,  for  the  most 
part,  subject  to  the  intelligent  control  of  man. 

The  past  year  the  production  of  tobacco  amounted  to  201,512  bales,  weigh- 
ing 109,562,400  Spanish  pounds. 

Coffee. — When  the  production  of  tobacco  was  of  slight  importance  and 
that  of  sugar  barely  exceeded  home  consumption,  coffee  formed  the  principal 
Cuban  product,  and,  together  with  cattle,  constituted  the  basis  of  its  economic 
wealth. 

In  the  year  1846,  2,328  coffee  plantations  in  the  Island  of  Cuba  produced 
50,000,000  pounds  of  coffee,  which  was  sold  at  high  prices,  principally  in 
Vienna,  at  that  time  the  leading  coffee  market  of  the  world;  but  since  then, 
the  constant  over  production  and  the  fall  of  prices  have  created  a  variable 
condition,  which  continues  in  the  markets  of  the  world.  When  it  will  termin- 
ate can  hardly  be  predicted. 

The  coffee  plantations  in  Cuba  were  reduced  to  less  than  two  hundred 
small  farms;  consequently  it  was  necessary  to  import  the  greater  part  of  the 
coffee  which  was  consumed  in  Cuba.  These  farms,  although  of  slight  im- 
portance, continued  to  exist,  because  in  Cuba  coffee  is  produced  with  no 
more  effort  than  that  required  to  plant  the  trees,  which  last  for  centuries,  and 
to  gather  the  fruit,  which  is  always  so  abundant  that  it  can  not  be  harvested 
by  the  available  hands. 

After  the  Independence,  a  law  passed  by  the  Cuban  Senate,  May  30,  1903, 
created  tariff  rates  for  the  coffee  which  is  imported  into  Cuba,  and  in  con- 
sequence of  this  protection,  in  the  short  space  of  time  which  has  elapsed,  the 
number  of  coffee  plantations  has  quadrupled,  and  before  many  years  Cuba 


PRODUCTS  OF  THE  VEGETABLE  KINGDOM.  19 

will  produce  all  the  coffee  necessary  for  home  consumption.  In  1907  there 
were  1,411  coffee  plantations,  with  3,662,850  coffee  trees,  which  produced 
6,595,700  pounds  of  berries. 

The  Coconut. — Throughout  the  Island  of  Cuba,  the  coconut  is  produced 
with  almost  no  effort;  but  the  district  of  Baracoa  may  be  considered  a 
natural  zone  of  monopoly  for  this  plant.  The  facts  relating  to  the  coconut 
industry  seem  almost  improbable;  in  Baracoa,  under  normal  conditions,  it  is 
sufficient  to  plant  the  tree  and  leave  it  to  develop;  in  four  or  five  years  it 
yields  fruit  so  abundantly  that  in  quantity  and  value  the  output  is  50  per 
cent  greater  than  that  of  any  other  region  of  Cuba. 

The  nuts  which  fall  from  the  tree  (those  which  "drip,"  in  local  terms)  are 
gathered  and  sold  for  not  less  than  a  cent  apiece,  so  that  each  tree — and 
the  average  production  is  seventy  coconuts  a  year — ^yields  no  less  than  fifty 
cents  profit.  Fifteen  years  ago,  with  practically  no  effort,  from  twenty-five 
to  thirty  millions  of  coconuts  were  gathered  annually. 

An  epifitia  of  the  branches  destroyed  the  coconut  groves  fifteen  or  twenty 
years  ago,  and  later,  another  disease  in  the  heart  of  the  tree  developed,  com- 
pleting the  havoc,  which  caused  the  value  of  the  crop  in  1906  to  fall  to  only 
175,000  pesos. 

The  learned  professor.  Dr.  Carlos  de  la  Torre  y  Huerta,  has  described 
perfectly  the  disease  of  the  branches  of  the  coconut  tree,  showing  the  nature 
of  the  pathogenic  parasite;  and  the  studies  by  Mr.  Home,  professor  of  the 
Central  Agricultural  Station  of  the  Republic,  have  practically  determined 
the  manner  of  effectively  combating  the  two  diseases. 

The  wealth  resulting  from  the  cultivation  of  the  coconut  is  not  derived 
merely  from  its  sale  as  fruit;  for  it  is  utilized  for  the  sustenance  of  animals, 
and  serves  as  raw  material  in  the  manufacture  of  oil. 

Cacao. — Humboldt  said  that  the  wealth  of  the  proprietor  of  a  cacao  planta- 
tion was  surer  than  that  of  the  possessor  of  a  gold  mine.  Although  the  cacao 
produced  in  this  island  is  not  comparable  with  that  of  Caracas,  a  cacao  of  a 
quality  superior  to  the  average  is  obtained  in  the  province  of  Oriente.  In 
spite  of  the  difficulties  of  the  cultivation  of  the  cacao  and  the  damages  caused 
by  birds,  the  production  increased  from  800,050  bushes,  yielding  3,122,600 
Spanish  pounds,  in  1902,  to  1,860,306  bushes,  producing  9,380,900  Spanish 
pounds,  in  1907. 

Textile  phnts. — Many  varieties  of  textile  plants  grow  in  Cuba,  and  those 
which  cover  the  uncultivated  fields  are  sufficient  to  produce  many  hundred 
thousands  of  tons  of  useful  fibers.  This  wealth,  however,  has  been  utilized 
only  recently,  and  the  country  every  year  pays  tribute  in  many  millions  of 
pesos  to  foreign  countries,  because  of  the  lack  of  population,  machinery,  and 
industrial  enterprise. 

Since  the  Independence,  there  has  been  some  activity  in  this  direction, 
and  results  of  real  importance  are  now  being  obtained. 

The  cordage  industry  has  developed  the  fact  that  the  raw  material  may  be 


20  NATURAL  RESOURCES. 

obtained  in  Cuba,  there  being  suflBcient  plantations  of  heniquen  to  almost 
wholly  supply  the  necessities  of  the  Republic.  During  the  period  of  pro- 
duction the  number  of  heniquen  bushes  in  the  island  reaches  3,700,000. 

Seven  million  pounds  of  jarcias  are  manufactured  in  the  Island  of  Cuba, 
70  per  cent  of  which  are  of  henequin  and  the  rest  of  manila,  fiber  from  the 
Philippines  being  imported  for  the  latter. 

For  the  sugar  industry  Cuba  receives  from  India  and  England — the  first  the 
producer  and  the  second  the  manufacturer — from  seven  to  ten  million  bags 
of  jute  in  which  the  sugar  is  annually  packed.  Jute  grows  wild  in  the  island, 
however,  and  at  present  in  the  province  of  Pinar  del  Rfo,  where  an  effort  is 
being  made  to  cultivate  it,  it  yields  more  than  30  per  cent  of  fiber  of  good 
quality. 

A  short  time  ago  it  was  considered  impossible  to  make  an  industrial  use  of 
the  ramie,  which  grows  so  abundantly  in  this  island,  but  repeated  and  suc- 
cessful experiments  with  the  "Marti  machine"  have  proved  that  the  strips 
of  ramie  known  in  the  market  as  "China  grass"  can  be  obtained,  and  the  day 
is  near  at  hand  when  the  exploitation  of  this,  the  richest  vegetable  fiber  for 
textiles,  will  constitute  one  of  the  important  sources  of  Cuban  wealth. 

FRUITS. 

Fruits  have  only  very  recently  been  cultivated  on  an  industrial  scale  in  the 
Greater  Antilles;  it  may  be  said  that  this  is  an  industry  which  is  just  being 
developed  and  in  which  the  greater  number  of  products  are  yet  unimproved, 
and  that  those  which  are  actually  utilized  will  undergo  a  radical  transforma- 
tion. 

Citrus  fruits. — ^The  first  place  will  at  once  be  given  to  the  citrus  plants, 
which  have  as  ready  a  market  in  the  United  States  as  those  of  Spain  have 
in  England. 

Sweet  oranges  are  at  present  the  preferred  crop,  there  being  more  than 
1,500,000  trees  ready  to  fructify,  the  probable  yield  of  which  will  be  worth  at 
least  3,000,000  pesos  annually.  But  the  grape  fruit,  which  grows  wild  and 
which,  when  cultivated,  will  yield  prodigious  crops;  lemons,  of  which  millions 
of  pounds  are  now  exported;  and  the  bitter  oranges,  of  which  there  are  wild 
groves,  are  citric  plants  of  greater  commercial  importance  than  the  sweet 
oranges  and  are  grown  with  much  less  effort.  The  bitter  orange  especially 
holds  an  important  place  among  the  Cuban  fruits,  since  it  constitutes  the  first 
and  indispensable  ingredient  for  orange  marmalade.  Since  the  fruit  grows 
here  under  such  favorable  conditions  and  sugar  cane  also  is  abundant,  no 
fears  are  felt  for  the  future  of  the  marmalade  industry. 

Pineapple. — ^The  pineapple  has  always  been  considered  the  queen  of  fruits, 
and  the  constant  demand  by  the  great  neighboring  Republic  has  stimulated 
its  cultivation  to  such  an  extent  that  at  present  the  annual  production  is 
between  25,000,000  and  30,000,000  kilograms,  with  an  approximate  value  of 
1,000,000  pesos.    Now  that  the  supply  of  the  pineapples  is  greater  than  the 


PRODUCTS  OF  THE  VEGETABLE  KINGDOM.  21 

demand,  the  consumer  profits  by  the  competition  of  the  producers,  and  the 
grower  who  markets  the  best  grade  of  fruit  is  benefited  commercially. 

Plantain. — Notwithstanding  the  natural  advantages  that  the  lands  of  the 
Central  American  continent  possess  over  those  of  the  Island  of  Cuba,  and 
notwithstanding  the  fact  that  this  island  may  be  considered  the  extreme  limit 
for  the  production  of  plantain,  the  fertility  of  the  soil  and  the  favorable 
meteorological  conditions  supply  the  deficiencies  of  geographic  situation,  and 
the  result  is  that  Cuba  produces  the  enormous  quantity  of  plantains  consumed 
by  her  people — or  more  than  120,000,000  kilograms — and,  in  addition, 
exports  from  45,000,000  to  50,000,000  kilos  each  year. 

Other  fruits. — Some  of  the  other  fruits  produced,  such  as  the  an6n  (custard 
apple),  the  caimito,  the  mammee,  the  guanabana,  the  plum,  the  sapote,  and 
the  tamarind,  are  used  only  for  the  consumption  of  the  inhabitants  of  the 
island;  while  others,  as  the  alligator  pear,  the  mango,  and  the  guava,  are  at 
present  exported  in  small  quantities — 600,000  to  800,000  kilos  per  year, 
valued  at  from  $20,000  to  $22,000 — although  the  demand  for  them  is  growing. 

Vegetable  products. — ^Until  the  importation  of  Chinese,  from  1860  to  1867, 
it  was  difficult,  even  for  wealthy  persons,  to  obtain  vegetables  for  consumption. 
The  Chinese,  when  they  were  freed  from  their  slave  contracts,  promoted  the 
cultivation  of  vegetables,  increasing  it  sufficiently  to  abundantly  satisfy  local 
necessities;  but  Caucasians  have  since  realized  the  benefit  of  an  export  trade 
of  Cuban  vegetable  products  to  the  United  States. 

Soon  after  the  Independence,  several  thousand  cases  of  vegetables  were 
exported  from  Giiines,  and  the  growth  of  the  industry  has  been  such  that 
during  the  fiscal  year  1906-7  the  exportation  reached  3,994,067  kilos,  which 
sold  for  $167,435.  These  figures  show  the  possibility  of  a  trade  which  promises 
to  be  much  more  extensive  in  the  near  future. 

FORAGE   PLANTS. 

At  the  Central  Agricultural  Station  experiments  have  been  made  with 
nearly  all  of  the  important  forage  plants,  and  in  every  case  the  result  of  the 
trial  has  been  to  prove  the  possibility  of  satisfactory  production;  but  the 
fields  of  Cuba  are  stocked  with  so  many  first-class  graminaceous  forage  plants 
that,  until  now,  the  necessity  of  cultivating  such  crops  has  not  been  felt,  except 
in  the  vicinity  of  the  large  cities,  where  the  millet  and  maloja  (corn  stalks  used 
for  fodder)  produced  throughout  the  year,  with  very  slight  effort,  furnish  great 
quantities  of  green  forage  of  very  good  quality. 

GRAINS. 

The  grain  producing  countries  are  in  the  Temperate  Zone,  but  the  Island 
of  Cuba,  situated  in  the  extreme  north  of  the  Torrid  Zone,  has  the  advantage, 
as  a  subtropical  country,  of  being  able  to  produce  grains,  or  at  least  several 
kinds  of  grain,  in  quantities  that  satisfy  home  necessities. 


22  NATURAL  RESOURCES. 

Wheat. — More  than  a  century  ago,  wheat  was  sown  in  the  province  of 
Santa  Clara,  but  the  crops  were  not  remunerative. 

Rice. — All  varieties  of  rice  are  easily  obtained  in  Cuba,  average  crops  being 
yielded;  ordinarily  only  the  dry  rice  is  cultivated,  being  produced  in  small 
quantities,  and  sold  at  a  very  good  price,  as  its  especially  agreeable  flavor 
causes  the  demand  to  be  always  in  excess  of  the  production. 

The  consumption  of  rice  in  Cuba  amounts  to  no  less  than  200,000  pounds 
daily;  and  if  the  country  were  capable  industrially  of  producing  this  grain,  it 
would  do  so,  for  the  need  is  evident  and  great.  In  1906,  101,931,690  pounds, 
at  a  value  of  $2,035,965,  were  imported. 

What  Cubans  consider  an  economic  error  prevents  North  Carolina,  South 
Carolina,  Louisiana,  and  other  rice  producing  states  of  the  Union  from  profit- 
ing by  a  market  so  ready  and  convenient. 

Indian  com. — This  grain  is  the  only  one  that  can  be  produced  in  Cuba  under 
as  favorable  conditions  as  in  its  native  Mexican  soil.  Two  crops,  and  some- 
times three,  are  gathered  in  a  year,  and  it  is  cultivated  on  a  large  scale  through- 
out the  island. 

Chemical  analyses  have  shown  that  the  Indian  corn  of  Cuba  contains  a 
greater  quantity  of  albuminoids,  fats,  and  phosphates  than  that  grown  in  any 
other  country;  on  this  account  it  is  so  highly  prized  that,  in  spite  of  the  large 
crops,  it  is  never  suflBcient  for  the  nourishment  of  man  and  the  domestic 
animals,  and  thus  some  importation  is  necessary.  In  the  year  1906,  65,732,531 
pounds,  valued  at  $661,202,  were  imported.  It  is  a  product  that  never  varies 
in  price  in  the  Cuban  market,  the  only  objection  to  it  being  that  no  process 
has  been  discovered  by  which  it  can  be  preserved  indefinitely. 

Millet. — This  is  a  nutritious  product  which  is  very  easily  obtained,  but  which 
until  now  has  been  cultivated  only  in  some  parts  of  the  island  as  food  for 
poultry  and  working  oxen. 

TUBERS  AND  NOURISHING   ROOTS. 

The  people  of  Cuba  will  always  be  insured  against  hunger  by  the  abundance 
of  its  tuberous  plants,  which  are  easily  produced  throughout  the  island. 
Those  most  commonly  cultivated  and  utilized  are  the  sweet  potato,  the  white 
potato,  the  yam,  and  the  arum. 

Sweet  potatoes. — Sweet  potatoes  are  utilized  in  two  ways:  the  vines  provide 
a  healthful  food  for  cattle,  and  the  tubers,  for  the  nourishment  of  man,  cattle, 
and  fowls.  The  products  are  obtained  successively  in  such  great  profusion 
that  a  Caballeria  produces  from  20,000  to  25,000  arrobas  (500,000  to  625,000 
lbs.)  of  comestible  tubers,  or  more  than  four  pounds  of  food  per  square  meter 
of  land,  in  addition  to  an  enormous  quantity  of  vines. 

White  potatoes. — ^These  potatoes  are  not  raised  in  suflBcient  quantities  in 
Cuba  to  meet  the  demand,  the  greater  part  of  those  consumed  being  imported; 
and  this,  notwithstanding  the  fact  that  the  country  is  so  well  adapted  for  their 
cultivation  that  in  the  district  of  Giiines,  where  they  are  grown  as  luxuries 


PRODUCTS  OF  THE  VEGETABLE  KINGDOM.  23 

and  for  exportation  to  the  United  States,  the  crop  rarely  falls  below  1,000 
arrobas  per  hectare. 

Arum. — The  arum  constitutes  a  healthful  and  perfect  food;  the  tuber, 
after  being  freed  from  the  earth,  can  be  preserved  almost  indefinitely;  the 
crop  never  fails,  and  the  leaves  constitute  a  well-known  food  for  poultry. 
Small  farmers,  consequently,  gladly  sow  this  useful  plant,  in  spite  of  the  fact 
that  the  crop  does  not  exceed  500  arrobas  per  hectare. 

Yam. — The  yam  may  be  considered  as  a  tuber  de  luxe,  as  it  requires  good 
earth  and  much  cultivation,  and  its  production  rarely  exceeds  400  arrobas 
per  hectare. 

Roots. — In  Cuba,  sago,  which  furnishes  a  good  farina,  is  scarcely  cultivated 
at  present,  and,  with  the  exception  of  the  yucca,  the  cultivation  of  all  other 
comestible  roots  is  being  abandoned.  There  are  many  varieties  of  yucca, 
but  those  which  are  commonly  cultivated  are  the  bitter  and  the  comestible 
yuccas.  The  bitter  yucca,  which  is  poisonous,  is  used  for  making  starch, 
constituting  the  basis  of  one  of  the  Cuban  industries.  The  comestible  yuccas 
which  are  cultivated  are  the  Carthagena  yucca,  which  is  the  most  highly 
prized,  and  the  pink,  the  yellow,  the  white,  or  bruja,  and  the  crystal  yuccas. 
All  of  these  are  obtained  in  abundance  and  with  ease,  and  furnish  a  wholesome 
and  palatable  food.  The  objection  to  this  tuber  is  that  it  can  be  preserved 
only  a  few  days  after  being  freed  from  the  earth;  but,  as  a  compensation,  it 
serves  for  making  cassava  bread  which  is  an  invaluable  food,  as  it  can  be 
preserved  almost  indefinitely,  is  very  easily  digested,  and,  at  the  same  time, 
is  nutritious. 

LEGUMINOUS   PLANTS. 

Among  the  leguminous  comestibles,  black  beans,  kidney  beans,  peas,  and 
chick-peas  are  cultivated  in  Cuba  on  a  small  scale.  All  of  these  are  obtained 
with  great  ease  and  in  profusion;  but  the  advantages  possessed  by  other 
countries,  where  wages  are  very  low  and  where  all  these  vegetables  are  grown 
on  a  large  scale,  prevent  this  branch  of  agriculture  from  being  developed  in 
Cuba,  and  it  pays  to  Mexico,  Spain,  and  other  countries,  without  any  com- 
mercial compensation,  .$1,144,252  for  these  necessities. 

y  OLEAGINOUS   PLANTS. 

Aside  from  the  coconut  and  the  cacao,  which  in  addition  to  their  multiplied 
uses  serve  also  as  oleaginous  plants,  other  plants  that  are  rich  in  fatty  materials 
can  be  cultivated  to  monetary  advantage  for  the  extraction  of  oils.  Prominent 
among  these  are  the  ajonjoli,  the  peanut,  and  the  castor  bean. 

Ajonjoli. — This  plant  is  cultivated  solely  for  use  as  a  condiment  and  in 
making  the  candy  called  "alegria,"  but  it  is  destined  to  have  an  important 
industrial  place  on  account  of  its  oil,  which  does  not  become  rancid,  and  which 
is  therefore  most  valuable  in  the  manufacture  of  fine  soaps. 

Peanuts. — The  peanut  grows  abundantly,  and  although  it  yields  55  per 
cent  of  its  weight  in  oil,  it  is  also  used  as  food  and  in  candy. 


24 


NATURAL  RESOURCES. 


Castor  bean. — Some  seventy  years  ago,  the  castor  bean  was  cultivated  in 
Cuba  for  the  extraction  of  its  cathartic  oil;  since  that  time  its  cultivation  has 
been  wholly  abandoned,  but  its  adaptation  to  this  soil  and  climate  is  such  that 
it  now  grows  profusely  as  a  wild  plant. 

MEDICINAL  PLANTS. 

The  Island  of  Cuba,  though  free  from  wild  beasts  and  venomous  reptiles 
and  having  no  extremes  of  climate  to  affect  the  constitution  of  man,  has, 
nevertheless,  indigenous  to  her  soil,  plants  of  wonderful  medicinal  virtue. 
These  plants  include  the  aguedita,  known  as  a  febrifuge;  the  gauguasi  and 
the  cana  fistola,  cathartics;  the  lirio  sanjuanero  (wild  lily)  and  the  wild  ipecac, 
emetics;  the  male  fern,  the  sour  pomegranate,  and  the  apazote,  vermifuges; 
the  chamisco,  an  antasthmatic;  the  yagruma,  a  tonic  for  the  heart;  and  several 
other  plants  of  slight  medicinal  properties. 

GUMMIFEROUS   PLANTS. 

The  only  gummiferous  plant  indigenous  to  Cuba  is  the  female  liana,  which 
contains  latex  producing  caoutchouc;  but  it  is  possible  to  cultivate  the  Castil- 
loa  Elastica  and  the  Manihot  Glaziovii  with  profit. 

FORESTS  AND  FOREST  PRODUCTS. 

The  forests  of  Cuba  have  been,  and  are  still,  treated  with  a  shocking 
vandalism,  and  no  protective  law  for  the  woodland  is  in  force.  However,  the 
richest  woods  for  cabinetwork  and  for  building  abound  in  such  quantities 
that  all  of  the  needs  of  the  country,  as  well  as  foreign  demands,  are  satisfied, 
and  a  residue  of  short  and  corded  wood  remains,  which  is  destroyed  for  want 
of  purchasers. 

The  area  of  the  public  forests  of  the  Island  of  Cuba  is  not  less  than  37,000 
caballerias,  or  496,540  hectares  (1,226,454  acres).  The  most  important 
provinces  in  respect  to  public  forests  are  Oriente  and  Santa  Clara.  The  timber 
forests  of  the  property  of  the  municipality  of  JiguanI,  with  an  area  of  46,759 
hectares  (115,591  acres),  have  also  been  included,  as  they  are  considered 
public  forests.   Following  is  a  statement  of  the  public  forests  in  each  province: 


PROVINCE. 

ABEA. 

Hectares. 

Acres. 

Total - 

496,540 

1,226,454 

Oriente 

210,200 
124,660 
60,000 
46,000 
35,680 
20,000 

519,194 

Santa  Clara 

307,910 

Pinar  del  Rio 

148,200 

Matanzas 

113,620 

CamagOey 

88,130 

Habana 

49,400 

PRODUCTS  OF  THE  VEGETABLE  KINGDOM. 


25 


The  names  and  the  applicability  of  the  trees  are  as  follows: 

FOR  CONSTRUCTION, 


COMMON  NAME, 

Technical  name. 

COMMON  NAME, 

Technical  name. 

Acana 

Bassia  albescens. 
Laplacea  curtyana. 
Erytroxylum  obovatum. 
Zanthoxylum  bombacifo- 

lium. 
Cordia  gerascanthoides. 
Byrsonima  lucida. 
Swietenia  mahogani. 
Cedrella  odorata. 
Bumelia  nigra. 
Cerasus  occidentalis. 
Chuncoa  abovate. 
Calicophyllura  candidissi- 

mum. 
Madura  tintorea. 
Rhus  metopium. 
Lenchocarpus  tatifolius. 
Casearia  totiodes. 

Guayacan 

Jaimiqui 

Jamaquey 

Jiqui  de  costa. . . 
Jocuma  prieto. . . 

Jucaro  prieto. . . . 
Maboa 

Guajacum  officinale. 

Almendro 

Arabo 

Byrsonima  lucida. 
Belaira  mucronata. 

Abua  amarilla. . . . 
Baria 

Malpighia  obovata. 
Syderoxylon  mastichoden- 

Came  de  doncella . 
Caoba 

Busida  capitata. 
Cameraria  latifolia. 

Cedro 

Majagua 

Moruro  de  costa. 
Quiebra  hacha. . . 

Roble  real 

Sabicu 

Hibiscus  tiliaceus. 

Cocuyo 

Acacia  littoralis. 

Cuajani 

Copaifera  hymenofolia. 

Chicharron  prieto . 

Tecoma  longiflora. 

Tengue 

Poeppigia  procera. 

Fustete 

Yaba 

Guao  de  costa .... 

Yaiti 

Excocaria  lucida. 

Frijolillo  amarilio . 

Yaya 

Gualteria  virgata. 

Guaguasi 

FOR  TANNING. 


Los  guayabos 

Maranon 

Moruro  de  sabana . 
Peralejo  de  sabana 


Psldium. 

Anacardium  occidentalis. 
Petophorum  adriatum. 
Byrsonima  crassifolia. 


Mangle  Colorado. 
Mangle  bianco. . . 

Encina 

Pataban 


Rhizophora  mangle. 
Avicennia  nitida. 
Quercus  virens. 
Lagunicularia  racemosa. 


DYEWOODS. 

Fustete 

Madura  tinctoria. 
Bixa  orellana. 

Brazil  Colorado.. 

Brazilete 

Peralejo  de  monte 

Ceesalpinia  crista. 

Bija  6  acbiote  an- 
nate. 

Coulteria  tintoria 
Byrsonima  cubensis. 

OIL  WOODS. 

Coco 

Cocos  nucifera. 

Cocos  crispa. 

Erythrina  corrallodendrum. 

Mamey  Colorado. 

Aguacate 

Encina 

Lucuma  bonplandii. 

Corojo 

Persea  gratissima. 

Pifion 

Quercus  virens. 

FIBER  WOODS  (USED  FOR  CORDAGE). 

Daquilla 

Guara  comun 

Majagua 

Majaguilla. . . 


Lagetta  lintearia. 
Cupania  tomentosa. 
Hibiscus  tiliaceous. 
Pavonia  racemosa. 


Guama  comun. 

Guacacoa 

Corojo 


Lonchocarpus  pyxidanlus. 
Daphnopsis  cubensis. 
Cocos  crispa. 


GUM  AND  RESIN  WOODS. 


Almacigo 

Ciruelo 

Bursera  gummlfera. 
Spondias  lutea. 
Cedrela  odorata. 
Voica  copal. 
Caseria  lotiodes. 
Rheedia  aristata. 
Clusia  rosea. 

Abey  hembra .  . . 
Maboa 

Papigia  excelsa. 
Cameraria  latifolia. 

Cedro 

Mango 

Manguiera  indica. 

Copal 

Maraflon 

Mamey  amarilio. 
Pino 

Anacardium  occidentale. 

Guaguasi 

ManajCi 

Mammea  americana. 
Pinus  occidentalis. 

Copey 

Yaba 

Andira  inermis. 

Emit  trees,  etc. — Besides  the  enumerated  species  there  are  about  fifty 
different  species  of  fruit  trees  and  a  great  number  of  other  trees  whose  wood  is 
used  for  fuel,  fencing,  carpentry,  and  cabinetwork. 


26 


NATURAL  RESOURCES. 


PRODUCTS  OF  THE  MINERAL  KINGDOM. 


The  contemporary  historians,  on  the  discovery  of  America,  made  especial 
mention  of  the  mineral  wealth  of  Cuba,  although  limiting  it  to  gold,  silver, 
and  copper,  and  in  regard  to  the  first,  expressing  themselves  in  the  most 
glowing  terms. 

Although  the  Spanish  conquerors  knew  well  the  auriferous  wealth  in  Cuba 
and  profited  by  it — they  withdrew  their  attention  from  these  mines,  and  with 
great  energy  exploited  those  of  less  precious  metals. 

Precious  stones  are  not  abundant  in  Cuba,  although  fine  opals  are  found  in 
some  rivers  and  streams;  in  the  suburbs  of  Habana  in  the  Guanabacoa  hills 
there  are  amethysts;  and  there  is  reason  to  believe  that  in  the  eastern  province 
there  are  beds  of  emeralds. 

Although  the  mineral  wealth  of  Cuba  is  considerable  and  its  value  is 
enhanced  by  its  proximity  to  the  United  States,  for  more  than  half  a  century 
capitalists  have  feared  to  risk  their  money  in  any  mining  enterprise,  chiefly 
because  of  the  scarcity  of  laborers  and  the  unstable  condition  of  the  country's 
laws. 

The  following  table  gives  an  idea  of  the  number  and  area  of  the  Cuban 
mines,  with  concessions  in  force  on  December  31,  1907: 


PINAB   DEI.   Bfo. 

HABANA. 

MATANZAS. 

MINERAL. 

Nimiber. 

Area, 
hectares.* 

Number. 

Area, 
hectares.! 

Number. 

Area, 
hectares.' 

Total 

06 

5.185 

49 

2.589 

41 

2,983 

Asphalt 

28 

6 

23 

<''3I 

911 

578 

1,206 

29 

8 
5 

1 

4 

956 
859 
413 
64 
189 

30 

1,459 

Coal 

Copper 

3 
1 
3 
1 
3 

97 

Gold 

125 

Iron 

560 

Manganese 

110 

Petroleum 

4 
4 

274 
76 

2 

108 

632 

SANTA   CLARA. 

CAMAOtJEY. 

OBIENTE. 

UINEBAL. 

Number. 

Area, 
hectares.! 

Number. 

Area, 
hectares.! 

Number. 

Area, 
hectares.' 

Total 

91 

4,028 

97 

5,646 

857 

72,667 

Asphalt 

12 

2 

24 

14 

189 

52 

459 

(') 
500 

16 

218 

7 
9 

223 
20 

271 

218 
3 

106 

253 

Coal 

521 

Copper 

27 

si 

1,274 
4 ',166 

7,745 

Gold 

537 

Iron 

44,999 

Manganese 

11,364 

Petroleum 

405 

All  other  minerals 

3g 

2,828 

3 

54 

6,843 

'A  hectare  is  equal  to  2,471  acres. 


*  Included  in  "all  other  minerals." 


PRODUCTS  OF  THE  MINERAL  KINGDOM.  27 

In  the  mines  in  the  provinces  of  Pinar  del  Rio,  Habana,  Matanzas,  and 
Santa  Clara  the  only  work  carried  on  was  the  work  of  investigation  and 
exploitation,  while  it  is  not  known  that  any  mine  in  Camagiiey  was  exploited. 
In  the  province  of  Oriente  a  number  of  mines  were  being  operated. 

There  are  other  mineral  riches  absolutely  neglected  which  are  no  less 
import;ant  than  those  mentioned,  and  which  will  prove  great  sources  of  wealth. 
Thus  vast  deposits  of  iron  of  very  good  quality  remain  unexploited,  and 
there  are  extensive  peat  beds  which  at  some  future  day  will  be  utilized  as  fuel 
and  in  the  production  of  nitrate. 


HISTORY. 


Many  books  have  been  written  about  Cuba,  but  there  are  few  detailed  and 
reliable  histories.  Such  information  as  is  available  with  regard  to  the  history 
of  this  country  is  in  fragmentary  form,  and  many  important  events  connected 
with  the  affairs  of  the  island  are  unrecorded,  or  so  briefly  discussed  as  to  be 
unintelligible. 

DISCOVERT  AND   SETTLEMENT. 

Cuba  was  discovered  by  Columbus  on  Sunday,  October  28,  1492.  Accord- 
ing to  the  most  reliable  evidence,  he  landed  in,  or  a  little  to  the  west  of,  what 
is  now  called  the  bay  of  Nuevitas,  on  the  north  coast  of  the  province  of  Cama- 
giiey.  He  took  possession  of  the  island  in  the  name  of  Christ,  Our  Lady, 
and  the  reigning  Sovereigns  of  Spain,  and  named  it  Juana  in  honor  of  Prince 
John. 

Continuing  his  voyage,  Columbus  sailed  west  as  far  as  the  Laguna  de 
Moron,  where  he  arrived  October  31.  On  November  12  he  left  this  place. 
The  records  in  his  journal  do  not  indicate  clearly  where  he  sailed  between 
that  date  and  November  26.  He  appears  to  have  returned  to  the  vicinity  of 
the  Guija  Islands  and  then  to  have  cruised  about  among  the  keys  and  islands 
off  the  province  of  Camagiiey,  finally  reaching  the  Bay  of  Nuevitas. 

On  November  26  he  sailed  southeast  along  the  coast  of  Oriente  and  on  the 
evening  of  November  27  he  arrived  at  Baracoa.  From  there  he  sailed,  on 
December  4,  to  Point  Maisi,  the  eastern  end  of  the  island,  and  on  the  following 
day  to  the  Island  of  San  Domingo. 

On  the  3d  of  May,  1493,  Pope  Alexander  VI  issued  a  bull  conferring 
on  Ferdinand  and  Isabella  all  lands  already  discovered,  or  to  be  discovered, 
in  the  western  ocean,  thus  confirming  by  divine  right,  to  all  Christendom, 
the  claims  of  Columbus. 

Colimabus  visited  Cuba  three  times  after  this.  In  1493,  during  his  second 
voyage,  he  followed  the  southern  coast  from  Point  Maisi  as  far  as  Batabano 
and  the  Isle  of  Pines,  which  he  reached  on  June  13,  ha\'ing  in  the  meantime 
discovered  the  Island  of  Jamaica.  During  this  voyage  Columbus  visited 
Guantanamo,  Trinidad,  and  probably  Cienfuegos.  During  his  fourth  and 
last  voyage,  he  touched  at  Cayo  Largo,  off  the  south  coast  of  the  province  of 
Oriente,  in  July,  1502,  and  again  in  May,  1503. 

Cuba  does  not  appear  to  have  been  visited  by  many  other  explorers.  In 
1508  Sebastian  Ocampo,  acting  under  the  orders  of  Nicolas  de  Ovando, 

(28) 


CUBA  UNDER  SPANISH  RULE.  29 

Governor  of  San  Domingo,  reported  that  Cuba  was  an  island,  but  it  is  probable 
that  this  fact  was  known  several  years  before.  Apparently  Cuba  did  not 
receive  much  attention  from  the  Spanish  authorities  prior  to  1511.  In  that 
year  Diego  Columbus,  Admiral  of  the  Indies  and  Governor  of  San  Domingo, 
sent  Capt.  Diego  Velasquez,  one  of  the  companions  of  Columbus  on  his 
second  voyage,  to  subdue  and  colonize  Cuba.  With  a  force  of  300  men  he 
sailed  from  San  Domingo  and  landed  near  Point  Maisi,  going  thence  to 
Baracoa,  where  the  first  settlement  was  made  in  1512.  In  1514  Velasquez 
founded  Trinidad  and  Santiago  de  Cuba,  on  the  southern  side  of  the  island, 
to  facilitate  communication  with  the  Spanish  colonies  of  Jamaica  and  the 
mainland,  and  established  settlements  at  Sancti-Spiritus,  Remedios,  Bayamo, 
Puerto  Principe,  and  San  Cristobal  de  la  Habana,  the  last  named  colony 
being  located  on  what  is  now  the  site  of  Batabano.  In  1519  the  name  of 
Habana  was  transferred  to  a  settlement  on  the  site  now  known  by  that  name. 
The  same  year,  Baracoa,  having  been  raised  to  the  dignity  of  a  city  and 
bishopric,  was  declared  the  capital,  and  so  remained  until  1522,  when  Santiago 
became  the  capital  and  the  seat  of  the  bishopric.  Habana  became  the  capital 
in  1552. 

On  the  death  of  Ferdinand,  January  23,  1516,  Velasquez  renamed  the 
island  Fernandina  in  his  honor.  It  was  subsequently  named  Santiago,  after 
the  patron  saint  of  Spain,  but  afterwards  the  name  was  changed  to  Ave 
Maria,  in  honor  of  the  Virgin.  Through  all  these  oflScial  changes,  however, 
it  retained  its  native  original  name. 

CUBA  UNDER  SPANISH   SULE. 

Until  his  death  in  1524  Velasquez  continued  to  govern  Cuba  as  adelantado, 
or  lieutenant-governor,  under  the  governor  and  audiencia  of  San  Domingo, 
He  had  five  successors  in  the  oflBce  of  lieutenant-governor.  The  first  governor, 
Hernando  de  Soto,  was  appointed  in  1536;  he  was  also  adelantado  of  Florida. 
The  first  Captain-General  was  Don  Gabriel  de  Lujan,  appointed  in  1581. 
After  the  founding  of  the  colonies  by  Velasquez,  the  Spanish  population 
increased  very  slowly;  for  more  than  one  hundred  years  only  two  additional 
towns  were  founded,  Guanabacoa  in  1555  and  El  Cobre  in  1558.  In  the 
seventeenth  century  but  two  towns  of  any  importance,  Matanzas  and  Santa 
Clara,  were  founded,  and  in  the  eighteenth  but  nine.  At  the  end  of  this  period 
the  population  of  the  island  is  said  to  have  numbered  275,000  souls,  while 
the  development  of  its  wealth  had  scarcely  begun. 

If  the  situation  and  many  natural  advantages  of  Cuba  be  considered,  it  is 
evident  that  either  the  Cubans  were  blind  to  their  opportunities  or  causes 
generally  beyond  their  control  retarded  the  growth  of  the  population  and  the 
development  of  the  island's  resources.  The  latter  would  seem  to  be  the  case, 
although  it  can  not  be  said  that  the  Cubans  were  not  in  some  measure  account- 
able. 

In  the  general  scheme  of  colonizing  the  West  Indies,  both  Cuba  and  Jamaica 


301  HISTORY. 


were  occupied  to  facilitate  trade  with  the  rich  colonies  of  the  Spanish  main, 
and  while  still  a  young  colony  Cuba,  as  a  depot  of  supply,  was  severely  taxed 
by  the  numerous  expeditions  which  sailed  from  her  shores  between  the  years 
1512  and  1538. 

It  is  by  no  means  true,  however,  that  in  the  administration  of  her  colonies 
Spain  was  an  exception  to  the  general  rule  of  liberal  and  generous  government 
on  the  part  of  the  various  countries  toward  their  colonial  dependencies.  In 
fact,  much  of  the  same  ideas  appear  to  have  influenced  all  of  them  at  the 
outset,  although  the  results  were  different,  as  might  be  expected  of  governments 
having  different  origins,  forms,  and  theories.  The  prevailing  idea  appears 
to  have  been  that  the  political  and  economic  interests  of  colonies  were  to  be 
subordinated  to  those  of  the  home  country,  no  matter  how  injurious  the  con- 
^sequences,  and  a  course  in  harmony  with  this  idea  was  followed  unremittingly 
by  Spain  to  the  end  of  her  supremacy  over  Cuba. 

Aside  from  the  fact  that  during  the  early  history  of  Cuba  Spain  had  little 
surplus  population  to  dispose  of,  and  that  through  the  expulsion  of  the  Jews 
and  Moors  she  lost  a  large  and  valuable  part  of  this  population,  her  trade 
restrictions  would  account,  in  some  measure,  for  the  slow  increase  in  the 
population  and  industries  of  Cuba.  These  restrictions  appear  to  have  origi- 
nated in  the  royal  cedula  of  May  6,  1497,  granting  to  the  port  of  Seville  the 
exclusive  privilege  of  trade  with  the  colonies.  At  the  same  time  the  Ca-sa  de 
Contratacion,  or  Council  of  Trade,  was  established  and  was  given  exclusive 
charge  of  the  regulation  of  trade  and  commence,  although  later  the  Council 
exercised  its  functions  under  the  general  control  of  the  Council  of  the  Indies. 
San  Domingo,  and  later  Vera  Cruz,  were  the  only  colonial  ports  authorized 
to  trade  with  Seville.  In  1717  the  trade  monopoly  of  Seville  was  transferred, 
by  royal  order,  to  the  port  of  Cadiz,  in  Spain. 

While  Santiago  was  the  capital  of  Cuba,  trade  between  the  island  and  the 
home  port  was  restricted  to  that  place,  and  when  the  capital  was  transferred 
to  Habana,  that  city  became  the  sole  port  of  entry.  Even  between  the  ports 
of  Habana  and  Seville  or  Cadiz,  until  1765,  there  was  no  free  communication, 
but  all  trading  vessels  were  gathered  into  fleets,  or  "flotas,"  from  time  to  time, 
and  made  the  voyage  accompanied  by  Spanish  warships,  partly  for  protection 
against  freebooters  and  pirates,  but  chiefly  to  prevent  trade  with  other  ports. 

The  maritime  laws  regulating  trade  and  commerce  forbade  trade  between 
the  colonies,  and  as  early  as  1592  trade  with  foreigners  was  only  permitted  by 
special  authority,  and  in  1614  and  1680  trade  with  foreigners  was  prohibited 
under  pain  of  death  and  confiscation  of  the  property  concerned. 

With  the  exception  of  the  period  when  the  English  occupied  the  island, 
1762-63,  Cuban  ports  were  practically  under  embargo  of  the  strictest  kind 
until  1778,  when  Habana  was  opened  to  free  trade.  By  the  royal  decree  of 
October  12,  1778,  trade  between  Santiago,  Trinidad,  Batabano,  and  other 
Spanish  ports  was  authorized.  This  privilege  was  extended  to  Nuevitas  in 
1784,  to  Matanzas  in  1793,  to  Caibari^n  in  1794,  and  to  Manzanillo  and 
Baracoa  in  1803. 


CUBA  UNDER  SPANISH  RULE.  31 

By  the  treaties  of  1648  and  1714  between  Spain  and  the  Dutch  provinces 
it  was  agreed  that  parties  to  the  treaty  should  abstain  from  trading  in  the 
ports  and  along  the  coast  of  the  Indies  belonging  to  the  other  nation.  Again, 
by  the  treaty  of  Madrid  between  England  and  Spain,  similar  agreements  were 
made,  although  it  was  provided  that  in  case  vessels  arrived  at  the  prohibited 
ports  under  stress  or  shipwreck  they  should  be  received  kindly  and  permitted 
to  purchase  provisions  and  repair  damages.  This  privilege  was  subsequently 
withdrawn  by  royal  orders  of  January  20  and  April  15,  1784,  which  prescribed 
that  no  vessel  belonging  to  a  foreign  nation  should  be  permitted  to  enter.  The 
severity  of  these  restrictions  was  modified  later  on  and,  by  a  royal  order  of 
January  8,  1801,  Cuban  ports  were  thrown  open  to  the  commerce  of  friendly 
and  neutral  nations. 

Other  commercial  privileges  granted  in  1805,  1809,  1810,  and  1812,  were 
due,  in  great  measure,  if  not  entirely,  to  the  French  invasion  of  the  peninsula 
and  its  effect  on  Spanish  possessions  in  the  West  Indies  and  America.  These 
concessions  to  trade  with  Spanish  colonies  were  but  temporary,  however,  as 
by  royal  orders  of  January  10,  November  17,  and  July  10,  1809,  foreign 
commerce  with  Spanish-American  ports  was  prohibited.  Against  these  last 
restrictions  of  trade  the  various  Spanish  colonial  governors,  and  especially 
the  Captain-General  of  Cuba,  protested  on  the  ground  of  the  necessities  of  the 
colonies  and  the  inability  of  Spain  to  meet  them.  These  objections  having 
been  favorably  considered  by  the  Council  for  the  Indies,  foreign  trade  with 
Habana  was  extended  for  a  time. 

Many  other  decrees  and  royal  orders  affecting  trade  with  Cuba  and  the 
other  Spanish  colonies  were  promulgated  during  the  period  between  1775 
and  1812,  but  it  is  plain  that  Spain  was  always  averse  to  granting  trade  facilities 
to  her  colonies,  and  only  did  so  for  a  time  when  forced  by  her  necessities. 
After  she  had  once  opened  Cuban  ports  and  to  that  extent  established  the 
privilege  of  foreign  trade,  it  was  a  difficult  matter  to  close  the  ports  again; 
consequently  the  next  step  was  to  restrict  the  trade  as  far  as  possible  by  duties, 
tonnage,  and  port  dues,  and  by  arbitrary  tariffs  imposed  from  time  to  time  in 
such  a  way  as  to  render  foreign  commerce  unprofitable.  Up  to  1824  duties  on 
foreign  commerce  were  much  greater  than  those  on  Spanish  merchandise, 
and  while  from  that  year  they  were  generally  less  restrictive,  still  they  were 
always  high  enough  to  compel  Cubans  to  purchase  from  Spanish  merchants, 
who,  as  Spain  did  not  herself  produce  what  was  needed,  bought  from  French, 
German,  American,  or  other  sources,  thereby  raising  prices  far  above  what 
they  would  have  been  under  a  system  less  hampering.  In  fact,  up  to  1818 
Cuba  does  not  appear  to  have  had  a  tariff  system.  In  that  year  a  tariff  was 
promulgated  making  the  duties  26^  per  cent  on  agricultural  implements  and 
43  per  cent  ad  valorem  on  other  foreign  merchandise.  This  was  modified  in 
1820  and  1822  and  the  duties  reduced  to  20  per  cent  on  agricultural  imple- 
ments and  37  per  cent  ad  valorem  on  foreign  industrial  products.  On  all 
Spanish  importations  under  this  classification  the  duties  were  two-thirds 
less.    The  tariff  of  1824  was  less  prohibitive. 


32  HISTORY. 


Apparently,  either  this  arrangement  for  excluding  foreign  trade  or  the 
amount  of  customs  revenue  was  not  satisfactory,  for  an  export  tariff  was 
established  in  1828  on  sugar  and  coffee,  which  had  by  that  time  become 
important  products.  The  duty  was  four-fifths  of  a  cent  per  pound  on  sugar 
and  two-fifths  of  a  cent  per  pound  on  coffee.  If  these  products  were  exported 
in  foreign  vessels,  the  duty  on  sugar  was  doubled  and  that  on  coffee  was 
increased  to  1  cent  per  pound.  With  slight  modifications  these  duties  con- 
tinued to  August  1,  1891,  when,  under  the  McKinley  tariff  law,  a  reciprocal 
commercial  agreement  was  proclaimed  by  President  Harrison  between  Spain 
and  the  United  States,  which  enabled  Cuba  to  seek  its  nearest  and  most 
natural  market.  In  a  short  time  nearly  the  entire  trade  of  Cuba  was  trans- 
ferred to  the  United  States,  and  Cuba  enjoyed  a  degree  of  prosperity  never 
before  attained. 

But  with  the  termination  of  this  agreement  by  the  tariff  law  of  1894,  the 
old  practice  was  reestablished,  thus  forcing  upon  the  Cubans  compulsory 
trade  with  Spain.  There  seems  to  be  no  question  among  impartial  and 
intelligent  judges  as  to  the  injurious  effect  of  this  system  on  the  growth  of 
Cuba's  population  and  material  progress,  both  largely  dependent  on  com- 
mercial advantages. 

Another  evil  born  of  the  system  and  given  a  certain  amount  of  immunity 
through  the  reverses  and  disasters  of  the  Spanish  navy,  is  smuggling,  which 
began  with  trade  restrictions  and  monopolies  and  has  continued  almost  to  this 
day,  the  amount  of  merchandise  smuggled  being,  for  many  years,  nearly  equal 
to  that  regularly  imported  and  exported.  Under  the  name  of  privateers, 
French,  Dutch,  English,  and  American  smugglers  and  buccaneers  swarmed 
in  the  Caribbean  Sea  and  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  for  more  than  two  centuries, 
plundering  Spanish  flotas  and  attacking  colonial  settlements.  Among  the 
latter,  Cuba  was  the  chief  sufferer.  In  1538  the  marauders  attacked  and 
burned  Habana.  In  1544  they  attacked  Baracoa  and  Matanzas,  and  again 
sacked  and  burned  Habana.  In  1604  Giron,  a  French  buccaneer,  landed 
twice  in  Santiago,  capturing  the  Morro,  and  in  1679  French  buccaneers  again 
raided  the  province. 

Coupled  with  trade  restrictions  and  extending  throughout  the  entire  life  of 
Cuba  as  a  dependency  of  Spain,  excessive  taxation  has  always  prevailed.  In 
addition  to  the  taxes  on  imports  and  exports,  taxes  were  levied  on  real  and 
personal  property  and  on  industries  and  commerce  of  all  kinds.  Every  pro- 
fession, art,  or  manual  occupation  contributed  its  quota,  while,  as  far  back  as 
1638,  seal  and  stamp  taxes  were  established  on  all  judicial  business  and  on  all 
kinds  of  petitions  and  claims  made  to  official  corporations,  and  subsequently 
on  all  bills  and  accounts. 

There  was  also  a  municipal  tax  on  the  slaughter  of  cattle  for  the  market. 
This  privilege  was  sold  by  the  municipal  council  to  the  highest  bidder,  with 
the  result  that  assessments  were  made  on  all  animals  slaughtered,  whether 
for  the  market  or  for  private  consumption,  with  a  corresponding  increase  in 
the  price  of  meat. 


CUBA  UNDER  SPANISH  RULE.  33 

Another  tax  established  in  1528,  called  the  derecho  de  averia,  required  the 
payment  of  20  ducats  ($16)  by  every  person,  bond  or  free,  arriving  in  the 
island.  In  1665  this  tax  was  increased  to  $22,  and  continued  in  force  for  one 
hundred  years,  thus  retarding  immigration,  and,  to  that  extent,  the  increase 
of  population,  especially  of  the  laboring  class. 

An  examination  of  the  taxes  shows  that  they  operated  to  discourage  Cubans 
from  owning  property  or  engaging  in  many  industrial  pursuits  tending  to 
benefit  them  and  to  promote  the  material  improvement  of  the  island. 

Up  to  the  year  1638  the  taxes  were  collected  by  royal  officers  appointed 
by  the  King,  and  their  accounts  were  passed  on  by  the  audiencia  of  San 
Domingo.  In  that  year  contadores  (auditors)  were  appointed  who  exercised 
fiscal  supervision  over  the  tax  collectors,  until,  by  royal  cednla  of  October  31, 
1764,  the  intendancy  of  Habana  was  established  and  the  administration  of 
taxes  was  conducted  as  in  Spain.  After  1892  the  taxes  were  collected  by  the 
Spanish  Bank  under  a  ten  years'  contract,  the  bank  receiving  a  commission  of 
5  per  cent.  About  18  per  cent  of  the  assessed  taxes  remained  uncollected 
between  1886  and  1897,  and  the  deficits  thus  caused  were  added  to  the  Cuban 
debt.* 

If  to  high  taxes,  high  tariffs,  and  utter  indifference,  apparently,  to  the  needs 
of  the  island  be  added  a  lack  of  banking  facilities  of  all  kinds,  and  a  system  of 
currency  dependent  entirely  on  the  Spanish  government  and  aflFected  by  all 
its  financial  difficulties,  we  have  some  of  the  reasons  why  the  economic  develop- 
ment of  Cuba  has  been  slow.  All  her  industrial  profits  were  absorbed  by 
Spain,  leaving  no  surplus  to  provide  for  the  accumulation  of  capital  and  the 
material  progress  of  the  island.^  For  many  years  Cuba  was  prohibited  from 
cultivating  such  raw  products  as  were  raised  in  Spain,  this  policy  being  the 
exact  opposite  of  the  theory  and  practice  under  which  England  subsequently 
developed  her  manufacturing  industries  at  home.  The  system  followed  in 
England  was  the  very  natural  process  of  paying  for  the  raw  products  of  her 
colonies  in  manufactured  articles,  and  no  nation  in  Europe  during  the  sixteenth 
"century  was  in  a  better  condition  than  Spain  to  establish  such  a  system,  as  she 
was  essentially  a  manufacturing  country.  With  the  expulsion  of  the  Moors^ 
however,  her  manufactures  were  practically  ruined,  and  she  became  little 
""more  than  a  clearing  house  for  foreign  products.  -^  '«mi»i 

""Long  after  repeated  warnings  should  have  suggested  a  greater  measure  of 
economic  and  political  independence  for  Cuba,  the  entire  system  of  Cuban 
government  and  administration  was  retained  in  the  hands  of  Spanish  officials 
to  the  exclusion  of  native  Cubans.    The  feelings  aroused  by  this  policy  would 

^According  to  the  data  of  the  tribunal  of  accounts  (tribunal  de  suentas)  of  Habana, 
referred  to  by  Seflor  la  Sagra,  Cuba  received  as  ordinary  and  extraordinary  "situados" 
from  Mexico,  from  1766  to  1788,  the  sum  of  57,739,346  pesos  fuertes,  and  from 
1788  to  1806,  50,411,158  pesos  fuertes. 

'The  proof  of  this  is  the  bad  condition  of  the  roads  and  harbors,  the  absence  of 
docking  facilities,  the  lack  of  adequate  water  supply  in  cities,  and  the  absence  of  sew- 
ers, paved  streets,  and  schoolhouses  and  other  public  buildings  essential  to  every 
conmaunity. 


M  HISTORY. 

undoubtedly  have  been  appeased  if  greater  economic  and  political  freedom 

had  been  allowed.     Political  independence  was  not  generally  advocated  at 

first.    Autonomy  under  the  protection  of  Spain  was  as  much  as  the  industrial 

•classes  wished,  and  had  this  been  granted  ten  years  earlier  Cuba  might  and 

iprobably  would  have  remained  a  Spanish  colony. 

The  first  serious  opposition  to  the  insular  government  was  brought  out  by 
the  attempt  of  Captain-General  Vicente  Roja  to  enforce  the  government 
monopoly  in  tobacco,  decreed  in  1717.  Several  bloody  riots  occurred  and 
Hoja  was  obliged  to  withdraw  temporarily  from  the  island. 

Apart  from  uprisings  among  the  negroes,  stimulated  no  doubt  by  the 
success  of  their  race  over  the  French  in  the  neighboring  island  of  San  Domingo, 
there  were  no  attempts  at  insurrection  on  the  part  of  Cubans  until  after  the 
conspiracy  of  1823,  planned  by  a  secret  society  known  as  the  "Soles  de 
Bolivar."  This  conspiracy  resulted  from  the  attempt  of  Captain-General 
Vives  to  carry  out  the  instructions  of  Ferdinand  VII,  after  the  abrogation  of 
the  Spanish  liberal  constitution  of  1812,  and  was  intended  as  a  protest  against 
a  return  to  absolutism  in  Cuba.  The  conspiracy  was  of  a  serious  character 
and  extended  over  the  entire  island.  The  conspiracy  failed  and  the  leader, 
Jose  Francisco  Lemus,  and  a  large  number  of  conspirators  were  arrested  and 
deported.  A  feeling  of  bitter  resentment  against  the  government  was  the 
result,  and  a  period  of  agitation  and  public  demonstration  followed.  Frequent 
unsuccessful  uprisings  were  attempted  in  1824. 

On  May  28,  1825,  a  royal  decree  was  issued,  conferring  on  the  Captain- 
•General  "all  the  powers  of  governors  of  cities  in  a  state  of  siege  *  *  *  with 
full  and  unlimited  authority  to  detach  from  the  island  and  to  send  to  the 
Peninsula  all  officials  and  persons  employed  in  whatsoever  capacity,  and  of 
whatsoever  rank,  class,  or  condition,  whose  presence  may  appear  prejudicial, 
or  whose  public  or  private  conduct  may  inspire  you  with  suspicion  *  *  *  and 
further  to  suspend  the  execution  of  any  order  or  general  regulations  issued  in 
whatever  branch  of  the  administration  and  to  whatever  extent  you  may  con- 
sider convenient  to  the  royal  service,  etc.,  to  see  that  faithful  servants  of  His 
Majesty  be  remembered,  at  the  same  time  punishing  without  delay  or  hesi- 
tation the  misdeeds  of  those,  etc."^ 

An  army  from  Spain,  intended  for  the  subjugation  of  former  Spanish 
colonies  in  South  America,  which  was  to  have  been  dispatched  from  Cuba, 
was  retained  there,  and  a  military  commission  was  permanently  organized 
to  try  political  offenses  under  the  above  decree  and  the  articles  of  war. 

Political  agitation  having  taken  the  form  of  revolutionary  demonstrations, 
there  was  a  gradual  separation  on  political  lines  between  the  Cubans  and 
Spaniards,  and  numberless  Cuban  secret  societies  were  formed  throughout 
the  island.  Allied  with  the  Cubans  were  all  of  the  more  radical,  as  well  as  the 
more  moderate  liberal  members  of  the  community,  while  the  Spanish  party 
included  beneficiaries  of  former  monopolies  and  the  conservative  and  reaction- 

'  Promulgated  again  in  the  royal  decrees  of  March  21  and  26,  1834. 


CUBA  UNDER  SPANISH  RULE.  35 

ary  elements,  which,  under  the  policy  of  the  Captains-General,  had  crystallized 
around  the  oflBcials  of  the  government  and  their  coadjutors  in  the  church. 

The  political  agitation  continued,  and  in  1826  a  small  uprising  took  place 
in  Camagiiey,  directed  by  the  Sociedad  de  la  Cadena,  and  aimed  against  the 
abuses  of  the  regiment  Leon  quartered  there.  The  same  year  (June  22)  the 
Congress  of  American  Republics  assembled  at  Panama.  The  object  of  this 
congress  was  to  urge  the  establishment  of  liberal  principles  of  commercial 
intercourse  in  peace  and  war,  the  advancement  of  religious  liberty,  and  the 
abolition  of  slavery,  and  to  discuss  the  relations  of  Haiti,  the  affairs  of  Cuba 
and  Porto  Rico,  the  continuation  of  the  war  of  Spain  on  her  Spanish  colonies, 
and  the  Monroe  doctrine. 

While  the  United  States  no  doubt  sympathized  with  the  objects  of  the  con- 
gress, the  debates  in  the  Senate  and  House  of  Representatives  indicated  a 
desire  to  avoid  interference  with  Spain.  As  a  result,  the  American  delegates 
were  given  limited  powers,  and  this,  coupled  with  the  conservative  attitude 
of  the  United  States,  resulted  in  the  failure  of  the  congress  to  achieve  any  result. 

The  year  before,  Francisco  Agiiero  and  Manuel  Andres  Sanches,  a  second 
lieutenant  in  the  Colombian  army,  had  been  sent  from  Cuba  to  the  United 
States  and  to  Colombia  to  seek  the  assistance  of  these  countries.  An  expedition 
was  organized  in  Colombia  to  be  led  by  the  famous  Colombian  patriot,  Simon 
Bolivar,  but  the  failure  of  the  Panama  congress  caused  the  abandonment  of 
the  expedition.  On  the  return  of  the  emissaries  to  Cuba  they  were  arrested, 
tried,  and  executed. 

In  1830  a  revolution  was  planned  by  the  society  of  the  "Black  Eagle,"  a 
Masonic  fraternity  having  its  base  of  operations  in  Mexico,  with  secondary 
bases  in  Habana  and  at  various  points  throughout  the  island.  The  conspiracy 
failed,  and  several  of  the  conspirators  received  sentence  of  death,  which  was 
afterwards  commuted  by  Captain-General  Vives  to  sentence  to  life  imprison- 
ment. The  object  of  the  conspiracy  was  the  independence  of  Cuba,  the  pretext, 
a  report  that  the  island  was  to  be  ceded  to  Great  Britain. 

In  1836  the  constitution  of  1812  wag  reestablished  in  Spain,  but  this  change 
did  not  benefit  Cuba.  On  the  contrary,  the  deputies  sent  from  Cuba  to  the 
constitutional  convention  in  Madrid  were  excluded,  and,  by  a  royal  decree  of 
1837,  the  representation  in  the  Cortes  which  had  been  given  Cuba  in  1834  was 
taken  away,  and  it  was  announced  that  Cuba  would  be  governed  by  special 
laws.  These,  the  Cubans  claim,  were  never  published.  From  this  time  to 
1847  several  uprisings  or  insurrections  occurred  throughout  Cuba,  followed 
in  that  year  by  a  revolutionary  conspiracy  organized  by  Narciso  Lopez,  and 
having  in  view  the  liberation  of  the  island  or  its  annexation  to  the  United 
States.  It  had  been  arranged  to  make  the  first  demonstration  on  the  4th  of 
July,  in  the  city  of  Cienfuegos,  but  the  plot  was  made  known  to  the  Spanish 
governor,  and  Lopez  and  his  companions  fled  to  the  United  States,  where,  in 
1849,  they  organized  a  filibustering  expedition,  which  was  prevented  from 
leaving  by  the  vigilance  of  the  government  of  the  United  States.    In  1850 


36  fflSTORY. 


Lopez  organized  a  second  expedition,  which  sailed  from  New  Orleans,  May 
10,  and  landed  with  600  men  at  Cardenas,  attacking  its  small  garrison.  A 
portion  of  the  garrison  surrendered  with  Governor  Ceniti  and  the  remainder 
went  over  to  the  insurgents.  As  the  uprising  upon  which  Lopez  depended  did 
not  take  place,  he  reembarked  the  same  day  and  made  his  escape  to  Key  West. 

Undeterred  by  these  failures,  in  1851  he  organized  a  third  expedition  of 
480  men,  which  sailed  from  New  Orleans  and  landed,  August  12,  at  Playitas, 
near  Bahia  Honda,  55  miles  west  of  Habana.  Colonel  Crittenden,  of  Ken- 
tucky, with  150  men  formed  part  of  the  force.  On  landing  Lopez  advanced 
on  Las  Pozas,  leaving  Colonel  Crittenden  in  El  Morrillo.  Meeting  a  Spanish 
force  under  General  Enna,  Lopez  was  defeated  after  a  gallant  fight;  his 
force  was  dispersed;  and  he  and  some  50  of  his  men  were  captured  and  taken 
to  Habana,  where  he  was  garroted.  In  attempting  to  escape  by  sea  Crittenden 
and  his  party  were  captured  and  on  the  16th  of  September  were  shot  at  the 
castle  of  Atares. 

In  the  same  year  an  uprising  took  place  in  Camagiiey,  but  the  movement 
came  to  naught  and  the  leader,  Juaquin  de  Aguero,  and  several  of  his  com- 
panions were  executed. 

Following  the  attempt  of  Aguero  came  the  conspiracy  of  Vuelta  Abajo, 
oi^anized  in  1852  by  Juan  Gonzalez  Alvara,  a  wealthy  planter  of  the  province 
of  Pinar  del  Rio.  Associated  with  him  were  several  other  prominent  Cubans, 
among  them  Francisco  de  Fras,  Count  of  Pozos  Dulces.  This  attempt  at 
revolution  was  discovered  and  the  leading  conspirators  arrested.  They  were 
tried  and  sentenced  to  death,  but  were  finally  transported  under  sentence  of 
life  imprisonment. 

Meantime  the  Liberal  Club  of  Habana  and  the  Cuban  Junta  in  New  York 
were  raising  money  and  oi^anizing  expeditions  destined  for  Cuba.  But 
these  expeditions  accomplished  little. 

The  revolution  of  1868  was  commenced  at  Yara  in  the  pro\ince  of  Cama- 
giiey, and  was  ended  by  the  capitulation  of  Zanjon,  February  10,  1878.  No 
battles  were  fought,  but  there  were  many  deaths  from  disease,  executions, 
and  massacres,  and  the  Spanish  troops  suffered  severely  from  yellow  fever, 
which  prevailed  at  all  times  in  the  seacoast  cities.  The  war  is  said  to  have 
cost  the  contestants  S300,000,000,  which  was  charged  to  the  debt  of  Cuba. 

By  the  treaty  of  Zanjon  Spain  agreed  to  give  greater  civil,  political,  and 
administrative  privileges  to  the  people  of  Cuba.  It  has  been  claimed  by 
Cubans  that  the  promises  were  never  fulfilled,  and  this  and  the  failure  of  the 
Cortes  to  pass  the  bill  reforming  the  government  of  Cuba,  introduced  in  1894 
by  Senor  Maura,  minister  for  the  colonies,  are  generally  given  as  the  causes 
of  the  last  rebellion.  On  the  other  hand,  Spain  has  always  insisted  that  every 
promise  was  observed,  and  that  even  more  was  granted  than  was  promised 
in  the  articles  of  the  capitulation.  Thus,  by  the  decree  of  March  1,  1878, 
Cuba  and  Porto  Rico  were  given  representation  in  the  Spanish  Cortes,  upon 
the  basis  of  their  respective  populations,  and  the  provincial  and  municipal 


ATTITUDE  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES.  37 

laws  of  1877  promulgated  in  Spain  were  made  applicable  to  Cuba.  By 
proclamation  of  March  24, 1878,  full  amnesty  was  given  to  all,  even  to  Spanish 
deserters  who  had  served  in  the  insurgent  army;  on  May  23,  1879,  the  penal 
code  of  Spain  and  the  rules  for  its  application  were  made  effective  in  Cuba; 
on  April  7,  1881,  the  Spanish  constitution  was  extended  to  Cuba  by  law;  in 
1885  the  Spanish  law  of  civil  procedure  was  given  to  Cuba;  and  on  July 
31,  1889,  the  Spanish  civil  code,  promulgated  in  1888,  was  put  in  operation 
in  Cuba  and  Porto  Rico. 

After  examining  all  the  evidence,  however,  the  student  of  Cuban  history 
will  probably  conclude  that  while  the  Spanish  government  was  technically 
correct  in  claiming  to  have  enacted  all  laws  necessary  to  make  good  her 
promises,  there  usually  was  a  failure  to  execute  them,  and  that,  as  a  matter 
of  fact,  political  conditions  in  Cuba  remained  practically  as  they  were  before 
the  war,  although  very  much  improved  on  the  surface.  It  was  the  interpreta- 
tion and  execution  of  the  laws  by  governors  having  but  little  sympathy  with 
the  natives,  rather  than  the  laws  themselves,  that  caused  most  of  the  trouble 
in  Cuba. 

A  serious  permanent  fall  in  the  price  of  sugar  in  1884  and  the  final  abolition 
of  slavery  in  1887  added  to  the  economic  troubles  of  the  people,  and  in  eon- 
junction  with  continued  political  oppression,  kept  alive  the  feeling  which 
brought  on  the  war.  From  1893  to  1898  the  revenues  of  Cuba,  under  exces- 
sive taxation,  high  duties,  and  the  Habana  lottery,  averaged  about  $25,000,000 
per  annum,  although  the  amount  was  very  much  larger  in  previous  years,* 
varying  according  to  the  financial  exigencies  of  the  Spanish  government. 
Of  this  amount  $10,500,000  went  to  Spain  to  pay  the  interest  on  the  Cuban 
debt;  $12,000,000  was  allotted  for  the  support  of  the  Spanish-Cuban  army 
and  navy  and  the  maintenance  of  the  Cuban  government  in  all  its  branches, 
including  the  church;  and  the  remainder,  $2,500,000,  was  allowed  for  public 
works,  education,  and  the  general  improvement  of  Cuba,  independent  of 
municipal  expenditures.  As  the  amounts  appropriated  annually  in  the 
Cuban  budget  were  not  sufficient  to  cover  the  expenditures  and  there  was  a 
failure  to  collect  the  taxes,  deficits  were  inevitable.  These  were  charged  to 
the  Cuban  debt.  By  1897,  as  a  result  of  this  and  other  causes,  the  debt 
aggregated  about  $400,000,000,  or  $283.54  per  capita — an  amount  more  than 
three  times  as  large  as  the  per  capita  debt  of  Spain  and  much  larger  than  the 
per  capita  debt  of  any  other  European  country. 

ATTITUDE   OF  THE   UNITED   STATES. 

The  United  States  had  always  shown  a  friendly  interest  in  the  affairs  of 
Cuba,  and  the  question  of  its  annexation  had  been  discussed  as  far  back  as 
1825,  when  Mr.  John  Quincy  Adams  was  President.  A  popular  movement 
for  the  annexation  of  Cuba  was  started  in  the  Southern  states  during  the 

•In  1860,  $29,610,779;  1880,  $40,000,000;  1882,  $35,860,246.77.  Cuba  was  ex- 
pected to  contribute  whatever  was  demanded. 


38  HISTORY. 


Mexican  war  (1846).  Two  years  later  President  Polk  made  propositions  to 
the  Spanish  government,  through  the  American  minister  in  Madrid,  having 
in  view  the  purchase  of  the  island. 

In  1854,  the  strained  relations  between  Spain  and  the  United  States, 
growing  out  of  the  detention  of  the  American  steamer  Black  Warrior  in  the 
harbor  of  Habana,  on  the  charge  of  violating  the  customs  regulations,  and 
the  search  of  several  American  vessels  by  Spanish  cruisers,  resulted  in  the 
"Ostend  Manifesto,"  which  was  drawn  up  by  the  American  ministers  to 
England,  France,  and  Spain.  In  this  manifesto  it  was  declared  "that  the 
possession  of  Cuba  by  a  foreign  power  was  a  menace  to  the  peace  of  the 
United  States,  and  that  Spain  be  offered  the  alternative  of  taking  §200,000,000 
for  her  sovereignty  over  the  island  or  having  it  taken  from  her  by  force." 
During  the  ten  years'  war.  President  Grant  expressed  to  the  Spanish  govern- 
ment his  belief  that  only  independence  and  emancipation  could  settle  the 
Cuban  question  and  that  intervention  might  be  necessary  to  end  the  war, 
and  repeatedly  proffered  the  good  offices  of  the  United  States  in  reestablishing 
peace.  Meanwhile,  in  1873,  the  capture  of  the  Virginius  and  the  execution 
of  53  of  her  passengers  and  crew  in  the  city  of  Santiago  de  Cuba  by  order  of 
the  Spanish  commander  came  near  involving  the  countries  in  war,  which, 
however,  was  avoided  by  diplomatic  action. 

As  the  rebellion  of  1895  proceeded,  much  sympathy  was  felt  for  the  Cubans 
by  the  people  of  the  United  States,  which  being  reflected  in  Congress,  resulted 
in  a  concurrent  resolution  of  strict  neutrality,  coupled  with  a  declaration  that 
the  United  States  should  proffer  its  good  offices  to  Spain,  through  President 
Cleveland,  with  a  view  of  ending  the  war  and  securing  the  independence  of 
the  island;  but  nothing  came  of  it.  In  1896,  both  Republican  and  Demo- 
cratic national  conventions  passed  resolutions  of  sympathy  for  the  Cubans 
and  demanded  that  the  government  take  action. 

Although  the  Committee  on  Foreign  Relations  in  the  Senate  reported  a 
resolution,  December  21,  1896,  recognizing  the  republic  of  Cuba,  it  was  never 
taken  from  the  calendar.  Meanwhile  reports  of  outrages  and  indignities  to 
American  citizens  in  Cuba  and  of  the  dreadful  effects  of  reconcentration 
were  frequently  communicated  to  the  government  or  published  in  the  press. 

In  May,  1897,  Congress  appropriated  $50,000  for  the  purchase  of  supplies 
for  the  reconcentrados,^  as  it  was  reported  that  many  of  them  were,  or  claimed 
to  be,  American  citizens.  The  supplies  were  sent  under  permission  of  Spain, 
and  were  distributed  to  the  reconcentrados,  whether  Americans  or  not,  and 
soon  aftenvards  the  revocation  of  the  edict  of  reconcentration  and  the  recall 
of  Captain-General  Weyler  were  requested  by  the  United  States.  While 
these  requests  were  favorably  received  by  Spain,  it  was  very  evident  that 

•  Reconcentrados,  or,  as  they  were  called,  "Pacificos,"  were  the  country  people  (small 
farmers)  who  sympathized  with  the  insurgents  and  gave  them  such  assistance  as 
they  could.  The  proclamation  of  Captain-General  Weyler,  issued  in  1896,  required 
them  to  abandon  their  homes  and  property  of  every  kind  and  move  into  the  nearest 
towns,  where  many  of  them  died  of  starvation  and  disease.  Their  homes  were  de- 
stroyed. 


THE  SPANISH-AMERICAN  WAR.  39 

little  was  being  done,  and  as  the  war  continued  apparently  on  the  same  lines, 
it  was  thought  advisable  to  send  a  man-of-war  to  Habana  for  the  protection 
of  American  citizens.  The  battleship  Maine  was  selected  for  this  duty,  and 
sailed  in  January,  and  before  long  the  Spanish  cruiser  Viscaya  was  ordered 
to  visit  New  York,  as  evidence  of  existing  friendly  relations.  On  the  night  of 
February  15  the  Maine  was  blown  up  and  2  officers  and  264  sailors  lost  their 
lives.  A  board  of  naval  officers  was  convened  by  the  President  of  the  United 
States  to  examine  into  the  circumstances,  and  after  a  careful  investigation, 
extending  over  a  month,  reported  that  the  ship  had  been  blown  up  from  the 
outside.  A  contrary  report  was  the  result  of  a  Spanish  investigation.  The 
report  of  the  naval  board  was  laid  before  the  Congress  of  the  United  States 
by  the  President,  who  meanwhile  had  used  every  effort  to  avoid  war  by  diplo- 
matic action. 

Early  in  April  it  became  known  that  Spain  had  proposed  to  the  insurgents 
a  suspension  of  hostilities,  to  be  followed  by  a  capitulation,  and  had  appro- 
priated $600,000  for  the  relief  of  the  reconcentrados,  but  that  the  proposal 
had  been  rejected  by  the  insurgent  leaders.  The  President  sent  a  message 
to  Congress  on  April  11,  requesting  authority  to  end  the  war  and  to  secure 
in  Cuba  the  establishment  of  a  stable  government  capable  of  maintaining 
order  and  observing  its  international  obligations.  On  April  19  Congress 
passed  joint  resolutions,  which,  after  reciting  the  conditions  existing  in  Cuba, 
demanded  the  withdrawal  of  Spain  from  the  island,  and  empowered  the 
President  to  use  the  military  and  naval  forces  of  the  United  States  to  carry 
the  resolutions  into  effect. 

THE   SPANISH-AMERICAN   WAR. 

This  was  practically  a  declaration  of  war,  and,  on  April  23,  the  President 
issued  a  proclamation  calling  for  125,000  volunteers,  which  number  was 
subsequently  increased  to  200,000,  and  the  regular  army  to  60,000  men. 
By  a  formal  declaration  of  April  30,  Congress  announced  that  war  had  existed 
since  April  21. 

On  April  24  Commodore  Dewey,  commanding  the  Asiatic  squadron,  was 
notified  by  the  Secretary  of  the  Navy  that  war  with  Spain  had  begun,  and 
he  was  ordered  to  proceed  to  the  Philippine  Islands  and  capture  or  destroy 
the  Spanish  fleet.  On  April  27  he  sailed  from  Hongkong  and  on  the  afternoon 
of  April  30  arrived  at  the  entrance  of  Manila  bay,  where,  on  the  following 
day,  he  captured  or  destroyed  all  of  the  vessels  of  the  Spanish  fleet. 

On  June  14  an  American  army,  numbering  15,000  men,  under  command 
of  Gen.  W.  R.  Shafter,  sailed  from  Port  Tampa,  Fla.,  for  Santiago  de  Cuba, 
where  it  arrived  on  the  morning  of  June  20,  and  on  July  1  and  2  the  battle  of 
San  Juan  took  place,  resulting  in  the  defeat  of  the  Spanish  troops  and  the 
investment  of  Santiago.^  On  the  morning  of  July  3,  the  Spanish  fleet,  under 
Admiral  Cervera,  attempted  to  escape  from  the  harbor,  but  was  intercepted 

» This  included  the  operations  of  Lawton  at  El  Caney ,  July  1 . 


40  HISTORY. 

by  the  American  fleet  under  Capt.  William  T.  Sampson  and  totally  destroyed. 
On  July  16  articles  of  capitulation  were  signed  at  Santiago  de  Cuba,  and  the 
formal  surrender  of  the  Spanish  forces  in  the  eastern  district  of  Santiago 
followed  on  July  17. 

On  August  12  a  protocol  provided  for  a  cessation  of  hostilities,  and  on 
December  10  a  treaty  of  peace  between  the  United  States  and  Spain  was 
signed  at  Paris.  It  was  ratified  by  the  President  on  February  6,  1899,  and  by 
the  Queen  Regent  of  Spain  on  March  19,  and  proclaimed  in  Washington, 
D.  C,  on  April  11. 

Cuba  was  to  be  free  at  last  on  the  single  condition  that  "she  establish  a 
stable  government  capable  of  maintaining  order  and  observing  international 
obligations." 

While  the  ten  years'  war  was  not  without  disastrous  effects  on  the  economic 
development  of  Cuba,  these  effects  were  trifling  as  compared  with  those  of 
the  war  of  1895-1898,  during  which,  according  to  a  conservative  estimate, 
the  population  of  the  island  decreased  12  per  cent  and  its  wealth  two-thirds. 

THE  FIRST  AMERICAN   INTERVENTION. 

On  the  withdrawal  of  Spain  the  government  of  the  island  devolved  on  the 
army  of  the  United  States  under  the  laws  of  war,  and  Maj.  Gen.  John  R. 
Brooke  was  appointed  Military  Governor.  He  entered  on  his  duties  January 
1,  1899,  and  in  order  to  acquaint  the  people  of  the  island  with  the  intentions 
of  the  President  as  Commander  in  Chief  of  the  army,  issued  the  following 
proclamation: 
To  ike  People  of  Cuba: 

Coming  among  you  as  the  representative  of  the  President,  in  furtherance  and  in 
continuation  of  the  humane  purpose  with  which  my  country  interfered  to  put  an  end 
to  the  distressing  condition  in  this  island,  I  deem  it  proper  to  say  that  the  object  of 
the  present  government  is  to  give  protection  to  the  people,  security  to  person  and 
property,  to  restore  confidence,  to  encourage  the  people  to  resume  the  pursuits  of 
peace,  to  build  up  waste  plantations,  to  resume  commercial  traffic,  and  to  afford  full 
protection  in  the  exercise  of  all  civil  and  religious  rights. 

To  this  end  the  protection  of  the  United  States  government  will  be  directed,  and 
every  possible  provision  made  to  carry  out  these  objects  through  the  channels  of 
civil  administration,  although  imder  military  control,  in  the  interest  and  for  the 
benefit  of  all  the  people  of  Cuba,  and  those  possessed  of  rights  and  property  in  the 
island. 

The  civil  and  criminal  code  which  prevailed  prior  to  the  relinquishment  of  Spanish 
sovereignty  will  remain  in  force,  with  such  modifications  and  changes  as  may  from 
time  to  time  be  found  necessary  in  the  interest  of  good  government. 

The  people  of  Cuba,  without  regard  to  previous  affiliations,  are  invited  and  urged 
to  cooperate  in  these  objects  by  the  exercise  of  moderation,  conciliation,  and  good 
will  one  toward  another;  and  a  hearty  accord  in  our  humanitarian  purposes  will 
insure  kind  and  beneficent  government. 

The  military  governor  of  the  island  will  always  be  pleased  to  confer  with  those 
who  may  desire  to  consult  him  on  matters  of  public  interest. 

On  January  11  General  Brooke  revised  the  cabinet,  vesting  the  administra- 
tion of  the  civil  government  in  a  department  of  state  and  government,  a 


THE  REPUBLIC  OF  CUBA.  41 

department  of  finance,  a  department  of  justice  and  public  instruction,  and 
a  department  of  agriculture,  commerce,  industries,  and  public  works. 

Many  changes,  having  in  view  the  better  administration  of  the  government, 
were  made  by  General  Brooke  and  his  successor,  Gen.  Leonard  E.  Wood, 
who  was  appointed  Military  Governor,  December  20,  1899.  The  object  was 
to  confer  upon  the  people  of  Cuba  full  civil  rights,  together  with  all  the 
powers  of  local  self-government — municipal,  provincial,  and  insular — and 
to  do  this  as  rapidly  as  possible  under  the  local  conditions  and  the  serious 
international  obligations  to  protect  life  and  property  in  the  island,  which 
were  assumed  by  the  United  States  under  the  treaty  of  Paris. 

This  object  was  accomplished  successfully,  and,  in  addition,  great  benefits 
were  gained  by  the  people  of  Cuba  through  the  thorough  and  stringent  sani- 
tary measures  put  into  operation,  the  upbuilding  of  the  public  schools  of  the 
country,  the  development  and  improvement  of  highways,  the  extension  of  the 
postal  and  telegraph  systems,  and  the  general  administration  of  public  affairs 
so  as  to  permit  the  rapid  development  of  agricultural  and  commercial  business. 
A  period  of  prosperity  resulted,  which  not  only  reflected  great  credit  on  the 
American  administration,  but  gave  substantial  proof  of  the  wonderful  re- 
sources of  the  island,  and  its  great  possibilities  for  material  advancement. 

THE   REPUBLIC   OF   CUBA. 

On  May  20,  1902,  the  military  government  of  Cuba,  by  order  of  President 
Roosevelt,  issued  in  compliance  with  the  promise  made  by  the  United  States 
Congress,  in  the  Teller  Resolution,  transferred  the  government  of  Cuba  to 
its  newly  elected  President  and  Congress,  and  the  new  Republic  entered  on 
its  national  life  under  the  best  auspices.  In  its  relation  with  the  United 
States,  Cuba  was  different  from  other  Latin  American  Republics ;  this  unique 
position  was  due  to  the  fact  that  the  Cubans  had  adopted  as  a  part  of  their 
constitution,  a  law  enacted  by  the  Congress  of  the  United  States  and  known 
as  the  Piatt  amendment  and  later  had  incorporated  it  in  a  permanent  treaty 
between  their  country  and  the  United  States.  According  to  the  law  and 
treaty,  the  Republic  of  Cuba  undertook  to  enter  into  no  compact  with  any 
foreign  power  which  would  tend  to  impair  the  independence  of  the  Republic, 
to  contract  no  public  debt  to  the  service  of  which  it  could  not  properly  attend, 
to  lease  coaling  stations  to  the  United  States,  and  to  execute  and  extend  plans 
for  the  sanitation  of  the  cities  of  the  island,  and  consented  that  the  United 
States  might  exercise  the  right  to  intervene  for  the  preservation  of  Cuban 
independence  and  the  maintenance  of  a  government  capable  of  protecting 
life,  property,  and  individual  liberty,  and  of  discharging  such  obligations 
imposed  by  the  Treaty  of  Paris  on  the  United  States  as  were  now  to  be  assumed 
and  undertaken  by  the  government  of  Cuba. 

The  progress  of  Cuba  under  its  own  government  was  for  some  time  most 
gratifying  to  its  friends  throughout  the  world.  But  political  dissensions  arose 
in  1905  and  increased,  until  in  August,  1906,  open  revolt  against  the  govern- 


42  HISTORY. 

ment  began.  In  that  month  a  small  armed  force  took  the  field,  and  uprisings 
immediately  followed  throughout  the  country,  led  by  men  disaffected  with 
the  government.  The  ranks  of  the  insurgents  were  doubtless  augmented  on 
account  of  the  tendency  to  insurrection  that  had  been  cultivated  by  a  long 
period  of  rebellion  in  Cuba,  as  well  as  by  the  inclination  of  many  to  secure 
relief  from  toil  and  to  live  on  the  country  and  the  property  of  others.  The 
power  of  this  irregular  force  to  do  damage  was  incalculable. 

The  government  of  Cuba  found  itself  entirely  unprepared.  Its  artillery 
and  rural  guard  were  comparatively  small,  and  so  scattered  as  to  be  unable 
to  cope  with  the  insurrectionists.  The  government  made  desperate  efforts 
to  organize  militia,  but  with  very  unsatisfactory  results. 

THE  APPEAL  TO   THE   UNITED  STATES  FOR   INTERVENTION. 

By  the  beginning  of  September  the  Cuban  government  realized  the  help- 
lessness of  its  situation,  and  applied  to  the  United  States  government  for 
intervention;  and  President  Palma  announced  his  irrevocable  intention  to 
resign  his  oflBce  in  order  to  save  his  country  from  complete  anarchy.  The 
American  State  Department  did  all  in  its  power  to  discourage  the  request, 
and  President  Roosevelt  dispatched  the  Secretary  of  War,  Mr.  Taft,  and  the 
Assistant  Secretary  of  State,  Mr.  Bacon,  to  Habana  to  render  all  possible 
aid  in  securing  peace. 

THE   PEACE   COMMISSION. 

Secretaries  Taft  and  Bacon  arrived  in  Habana,  September  19,  1906.  The 
task  confronting  them  was  extremely  serious.  Though  there  was  no  doubt 
that  the  American  naval  forces  assembling  in  Habana  harbor  could  in  a  short 
time  disperse  any  large  bodies  of  insurgents,  it  was  quite  evident  that  the 
employment  of  force  would  certainly  give  rise  to  guerrilla  warfare,  which 
would  mean  the  loss  of  many  lives,  the  destruction  of  a  great  deal  of  property, 
and  the  expenditure  of  large  sums  of  money. 

The  Peace  Commission,  consisting  of  Secretaries  Taft  and  Bacon,  gave 
hearing  to  prominent  men  of  the  island,  had  many  conferences  with  the 
leaders  of  the  different  political  parties,  received  and  considered  suggestions 
for  the  settlement  of  the  pending  differences,  and  finally  proposed  a  com- 
promise. The  compromise  contemplated  the  resignations  of  the  Vice-Presi- 
dent, Senators,  Representatives,  Governors,  and  Provisional  Councilmen 
elected  at  the  fraudulent  elections  of  December,  1905;  the  laying  down  of 
the  arms  of  the  insurgents;  the  constitution  of  a  commission  for  the  purpose 
of  drafting  laws  most  urgently  needed;  and  the  holding  of  elections  under 
the  provisions  of  the  electoral  law  to  be  drafted  by  such  commission.  The 
earnest  endeavors  of  the  commission  to  have  the  plan  accepted  by  all  parties 
were  without  avail.  The  President  insisted  on  resigning,  all  the  cabinet 
officers  resigned,  and  the  President  called  a  special  session  of  Congress  in 
order  that  he  might  submit  his  own  resignation  and  that  of  the  Vice-President. 


THE  PEACE  COMMISSION.  43 

Pursuant  to  the  call,  Congress  met  September  28,  received  the  resignations, 
and  adjourned  on  the  same  day  without  electing  a  successor  to  the  President. 
The  country  was  thus  left  without  a  government,  and  President  Palma  so 
informed  the  Peace  Commission,  and  stated  that  it  was  necessary  for  him 
to  turn  over  the  national  funds  to  some  responsible  person.  Secretary  Taft 
accordingly  issued  the  following  proclamation  establishing  the  provisional 
government  of  Cuba: 

To  the  people  of  Cuba: 

The  failure  of  Congress  to  act  on  the  irrevocable  resignation  of  the  President  of 
the  Republic  of  Cuba,  or  to  elect  a  successor,  leaves  this  country  without  a  govern- 
ment at  a  time  when  great  disorder  prevails,  and  requires  that  pursuant  to  a  request 
of  President  Palma,  the  necessary  steps  be  taken  in  the  name  and  by  the  authority 
of  the  President  of  the  United  States,  to  restore  order,  protect  life  and  property  in 
the  Island  of  Cuba  and  islands  and  keys  adjacent  thereto  and  for  this  purpose  to 
establish  therein  a  provisional  government. 

The  provisional  government  hereby  established  by  direction  and  in  the  name  of 
the  President  of  the  United  States  will  be  maintained  only  long  enough  to  restore 
order  and  peace  and  public  confidence,  and  then  to  hold  such  elections  as  may  be 
necessary  to  determine  those  persons  upon  whom  the  permanent  government  of  the 
Republic  should  be  devolved. 

In  so  far  as  is  consistent  with  the  nature  of  a  provisional  government  established 
under  authority  of  the  United  States,  this  will  be  a  Cuban  government  conforming, 
as  far  as  may  be,  to  the  Constitution  of  Cuba.  The  Cuban  flag  will  be  hoisted  as  usual 
over  the  government  buildings  of  the  island.  All  the  executive  departments  and 
the  provisional  and  municipal  governments,  including  that  of  the  city  of  Habana, 
will  continue  to  be  administered  as  under  the  Cuban  Republic.  The  courts  will 
continue  to  administer  justice,  and  all  laws  not  in  their  nature  inapplicable  by  reason 
of  the  temporary  and  emergent  character  of  the  government,  will  be  enforced. 

President  Roosevelt  has  been  most  anxious  to  bring  about  peace  under  the  con- 
stitutional government  of  Cuba,  and  has  made  every  endeavor  to  avoid  the  present 
step.    Longer  delay,  however,  would  be  dangerous. 

In  view  of  the  resignation  of  the  Cabinet,  until  further  notice,  the  heads  of  all 
departments  of  the  central  government  will  report  to  me  for  instructions,  including 
Major-General  Alejandro  Rodriguez,  in  command  of  the  Rural  Guard  and  other 
regular  government  forces,  and  General  Carlos  Roloff,  Treasurer  of  Cuba. 

Until  further  notice,  the  Civil  Governors  and  Alcaldes  will  also  report  to  me  for 
instructions. 

I  ask  all  citizens  and  residents  of  Cuba  to  assist  in  the  work  of  restoring  order, 
tranquillity,  and  public  confidence. 

The  general  public  satisfaction  with  this  action  is  apparent  from  the  fact 
that,  though  the  government  and  the  insurgents  had  thousands  of  men  under 
arms,  this  simple  decree  was  sufficient  to  establish  the  provisional  adminis- 
tration, the  only  American  force  landed  being  a  small  squad  of  marines  to 
protect  the  Treasury.  The  important  and  delicate  task  of  the  disarmament 
of  the  insurgent  forces  and  of  the  militia  was  then  successfully  carried  into 
effect  by  commissions  consisting  of  American  officers  and  prominent  Cubans; 
and  a  proclamation  of  general  amnesty  was  issued.  The  general  attitude  of 
the  people  of  Habana  toward  the  action  of  the  Peace  Commission  was  made 
evident  when  Secretaries  Taft  and  Bacon  embarked  for  the  United  States  on 


44  HISTORY. 

October  13,  1906.  The  people  of  Habana  forgot  their  political  differences, 
and  taking  thought  of  the  fact  that  the  horrors  of  civil  war  had  been  averted, 
all  parties  joined  in  a  demonstration  of  gratitude  and  praise  for  the  work  that 
had  been  accomplished. 

Upon  Secretary  Taft's  leaving  the  office  of  Provisional  Governor,  President 
Roosevelt  appointed  in  his  place  the  Hon.  Charles  E.  Magoon,  who  had 
shortly  before  retired  from  the  position  of  Governor  of  the  Canal  Zone  and 
American  Minister  to  Panama,  in  which  post  he  had  successfully  carried  out 
the  difficult  task  of  organizing  the  Canal  Zone  government,  and  had  estab- 
lished friendly  relations  with  the  Republic  of  Panama.  To  assist  him,  officers 
of  the  United  States  army  were  appointed  advisers  to  the  acting  secretaries 
of  the  Cuban  executive  departments. 

ELECTION   OF   PRESIDENT   g6mEZ. 

The  plan  approved  by  the  Peace  Commission  provided  for  the  enactment 
of  a  new  electoral  law.  Accordingly,  there  was  appointed  an  advisory  law 
commission  which,  after  a  thorough  investigation,  recommended  the  law 
promulgated  by  the  Provisional  Governor  in  April,  1908.  This  law  provided 
for  an  electoral  college  of  106  electors,  apportioned  among  the  six  provinces 
at  the  ratio  of  one  elector  for  twenty-five  thousand  inhabitants.  By  a  decree 
issued  a  few  weeks  later  the  presidential  election,  at  which  the  members  of 
the  lower  house  of  congress  were  also  to  be  chosen,  was  set  for  November  14, 
1908.  Absolute  peace  and  order  marked  the  election,  which  followed  a 
vigorous  political  campaign.  The  liberal  candidates.  General  Jos6  Miguel 
G6mez  for  President,  and  Senor  Alfredo  Zayas  for  Vice-President,  received 
a  total  of  195,197  votes,  being  a  majority  of  68,069  over  the  conservative 
candidates.  General  Mario  Menocal  for  President  and  Senor  Rafael  Montoro 
for  Vice-President. 

The  electoral  college  met  on  December  19,  1908,  and  consummated  the 
election  of  President  G6mez  and  Vice-President  Zayas,  and  recommended 
that  they  be  inaugurated  at  noon  on  January  28,  1909.  This  recommenda- 
tion was  approved  by  the  President  of  the  United  States.  The  law  provides 
that  their  term  of  office  shall  extend  to  May  20,  1913. 


THE  SURRENDER  TREE  NEAR  SAN  JUAN  HILL. 


CUMATE. 


In  the  year  1899,  the  United  States  Weather  Bureau  established  meteoro- 
logical stations  at  the  following  7  points :  Habana  and  Matanzas  on  the  north 
coast;  Cienfuegos  and  Santiago  de  Cuba  on  the  south  coast;  and  Pinar  del 
Rio,  Santa  Clara,  and  Camagiiey  in  the  interior  of  the  island.  These  stations 
were  maintained  by  the  United  States  until  the  organization  of  the  Cuban 
Weather  Bureau  in  1905,  when  they  were  transferred  to  it.  The  Cuban 
Weather  Bureau  has  established  24  additional  stations,  making  a  total  of  31. 
At  7  of  the  stations  observations  have  been  made  almost  continuously  for  more 
than  seven  years,  and  at  the  rest  observations  have  been  made  since  1905,  but 
with  numerous  breaks  in  continuity. 

The  climate  of  Cuba  is  tropical  and  insular.  There  are  no  extremes  of 
heat,  and  there  is  no  cold  weather.  There  are  but  slight  ranges  of  temper- 
ature between  day  and  night,  and  between  summer  and  winter.  Rainfall, 
though  everywhere  abundant,  is  nowhere  excessive  in  amount.  The  humid- 
ity of  the  atmosphere  is  great.    The  prevailing  winds  are  the  easterly  trades. 

As  a  result  of  the  slight  extent  of  the  island  from  north  to  south,  the  climate 
would  be  very  similar  everywhere,  were  it  not  for  differences  in  exposure  to 
the  prevailing  winds,  differences  in  distance  from  the  coast,  etc. 

TEMPERATURE. 

The  table  on  the  following  page  shows  the  monthly  and  annual  mean 
temperature  according  to  the  records  made  at  20  stations  of  the  Cuban 
Weather  Bureau  during  the  years  since  they  were  established. 

The  average  of  the  annual  mean  temperatures  of  all  of  the  Weather  Bureau 
stations  in  Cuba  was  77°  Fahrenheit,  which  may  be  accepted  as  an  approxi- 
mation to  the  average  mean  temperature  of  the  island.  The  range  among 
these  20  stations  was  from  74°  in  Aguacate  to  80°  in  San  Cayetano,  Batabano, 
and  Guayabal.  The  location  of  the  station,  whether  on  the  coast  or  in  the 
interior,  apparently  has  little  influence  upon  the  annual  mean  temperature. 

The  mean  of  all  the  stations  for  July,  commonly  the  warmest  month,  was 
82°,  and  for  January,  commonly  the  coolest  month,  71°.  In  the  latter  case, 
the  range  among  the  different  stations  was  9°,  from  67°  in  Aguacate  to  76°  in 
San  Cayetano  and  Guayabal.  In  the  former  case,  the  range  was  7°  only,  from 
78°  in  Aguacate  to  85°  in  Batabano.  The  ranges  in  monthly  means  at  the 
several  stations  differ  considerably,  varying  from  7°  to  15°,  but  there  seems  to 
be  no  relation  between  this  range  and  the  location  of  the  station. 

\(45h 


46 


CLIMATE. 


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TEMPERATURE. 


47 


The  following  tables  show,  first,  the  monthly  mean  maximum  temperatures, 
and  second,  the  monthly  mean  minimum  temperatures: 

Monthly  mean  maximum  temperatures. 
[Degrees  Fahrenheit.] 


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78 

80 

75 

77 

78 

81 

79 

82 

80 

84 

80 

84 

88 

83 

81 

82 

75 

80 

81 

85 

78 

82 

79 

82 

77 

79 

72 

74 

74 

70 

80 

84 

79 

81 

75 

77 

74 

75 

88 

89 

81 

80 

81 

83 

87 

88 

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88 

90 

90 

89 

86 

82 

83 

85 

86 

85 

86 

83 

80 

86 

89 

90 

91 

91 

88 

82 

87 

87 

89 

89 

87 

86 

82 

91 

89 

92 

90 

90 

87 

82 

89 

90 

91 

91 

90 

88 

85 

86 

87 

89 

90 

88 

86 

84 

88 

89 

91 

91 

90 

89 

87 
94 

88 
95 

89 
98 

79 
94 

78 
88 

98 

98 

90 

92 

93 

93 

92 

89 

85 

86 

87 

90 

90 

88 

85 

81 

88 

89 

90 

90 

89 

88 

81 

86 

88 

89 

88 

85 

88 

80 

84 

84 

86 

86 

85 

83 

78 

91 

92 

92 

93 

91 

89 

82 

86 

86 

89 

90 

90 

88 

86 

84 

85 

86 

87 

84 

82 

79 

80 

82 

85 

86 

86 

82 

79 

92 

92 

97 

97 

94 

94 

91 

92 

92 

95 

93 

91 

87 

85 

88 

90 

92 

93 

91 

88 

88 

91 

91 

92 

92 

90 

90 

91 

Pinar  del  Rio .  . 

Habana 

Matanzas 

Cienfuegos 

Santa  Clara .... 

Camagiley 

Santiago 

San  Cayetano. . 

Guana  jay 

Bataban6 

Aguacate 

Unifin  de  Reyes 
Banagtlises .... 
Sierra  Morena.. 

Cifuentes 

Camajuanl 

Yaguajay 

Sancti-Spiritus. 

Mor6n 

Guayabal 

Manzanillo 

Gibara 

Guantinamo. .. 


83 
79 
83 
83 
86 
85 
85 
84 
82 
88 
84 
81 
83 
76 
79 
86 
82 
80 
76 
90 
84 
84 
88 


85 
80 
83 
85 
86 
87 
86 
86 
83 
90 
85 
84 
85 
78 
80 
88 
83 
80 
77 
91 
87 
87 
88 


Monthly  m,ean  minimum  temperatures. 
[Degrees  Fahrenheit.] 


>, 

>) 

(.« 

a 

3 

3 

1 

is 

61 

63 

64 

64 

65 

66 

60 

60 

63 

62 

63 

64 

60 

59 

62 

62 

64 

66 

66 

67 

68 

60 

62 

64 

55 

56 

60 

68 

75 

73 

64 

66 

67 

60 

61 

62 

66 

67 

69 

60 

58 

65 

58 

60 

62 

65 

67 

67 

54 

54 

54 

64 

63 

64 

67 

69 

70 

66 

66 

66 

60 

62 

64 

Pinar  del  RJo .  . 

Habana 

Matanzas 

Cienfuegos 

Santa  Clara 

CamagOey 

Santiago 

Batabanfi 

Aguacate 

Uni6n  de  Reyes 
Banagtlises.  .  . . 
Sierra  Morena. . 

Cifuentes 

Camajuanl 

Yaguajay 

Sancti-Spiritus. 

Mor6n 

Guayabal 

Manzanillo 

Gibara 

Guant&namo . . . 


66 
68 
64 
65 
64 
67 
70 
67 
65 
74 
72 
62 
71 
61 
62 
70 
55 
67 
71 
69 
65 


70 
71 
68 
70 
65 
68 
72 
71 
67 
76 
73 
68 
75 
65 
64 
74 
59 
71 
66 
69 
67 


72 
73 
72 
73 
70 
70 
72 
73 
66 
78 
74 
69 
76 
66 
66 
74 
64 
72 
69 
71 
68 


73 
75 

72 
73 
70 
72 
72 
73 
63 
79 
75 
70 
77 
68 
70 
76 
66 
72 
66 
73 
65 


73 
74 
73 
73 
69 
71 
72 
72 
63 
77 
74 
71 
74 
68 
71 
73 
67 
71 
65 
71 
68 


71 
73 
70 
71 
68 
69 
72 
72 
62 
75 
76 
70 
75 
66 
70 
72 
64 
72 
70 
70 
68 


66 
69 
67 
68 
65 
67 
70 
69 
57 
73 
71 
67 
72 
61 
67 
70 
60 
69 
67 
68 
66 


The  highest  monthly  mean  maximum  temperature  is  apparently  at  Bata- 
bano,  where  the  maximum  temperature  averaged  98°  for  July,  August,  and 
September,  and  the  lowest  summer  maximum  at  Habana,  Cifuentes,  and 
Mor6n,  where  the  monthly  average  of  maximum  temperatures  was  only  86°. 


48 


CLIMATE. 


July  and  August  have  the  highest  monthly  mean  maximum  temperatures  in 
most  places. 

The  lowest  mimimum  is  apparently  at  Mor6n,  where,  for  each  of  the  three 
months  of  January,  February,  and  March,  the  minimum  temperature  averaged 
54°.  It  should  be  recalled,  however,  that  this  is  a  station  that  has  been  in 
operation  for  a  short  term  only,  and  a  longer  series  of  observations  may  change 
this  result.  The  monthly  mean  minimum  temperature  was  most  commonly 
lowest  in  January. 

The  following  table  shows  the  range  of  monthly  means  of  maximum  and  of 
minimum  temperatures  through  the  year,  and  also  the  range  between  the 
highest  maximum  and  the  lowest  minimum: 


Range  of 
maximum. 


Range  of 
minimum. 


Highest 

monthly 

maximum 

minus  lowest 

monthly 
minimum. 


Pinardel  RIo... 

Habana 

Matanzas 

Cienfuegos 

Santa  Clara. . . . 

CamagOey 

Santiago 

Bataban6 

Aguacate 

Unifin  de  Reyes 

BanagOlses 

Sierra  Morena. . 

Cifuentes 

CamajuanI 

Yaguajay 

Sancti-Spiritus. 

Mor6n 

Guayabal 

Manzanillo 

Gibara 

Guant&namo . . . 


29 

22 
31 
27 
33 
20 
24 
38 
38 
25 
26 
20 
20 
35 
32 
22 
32 
34 
32 
27 
32 


These  figures,  and  especially  those  of  the  third  column,  which  give  the 
differences  between  the  highest  temperatures  of  the  warmest  month  and  the 
lowest  temperatures  of  the  coolest  month,  illustrate  the  slightness  of  the 
temperature  range  in  the  island.  There  is  no  indication  here  that  the  range  of 
temperature  is  greater  in  the  interior  than  on  the  coast. 

The  two  tables  on  the  following  page  show  the  highest  and  the  lowest 
temperatures  recorded  during  the  years  of  observation. 

The  highest  temperature  here  recorded  was  at  Guayabal  in  1907,  when  the 
temperature  reached  113°.  This  place  and  Bataban6,  near  the  south  coast, 
recorded  the  highest  temperatures  for  each  year  since  records  for  them  have 
been  made.  The  maximum  at  Habana,  it  will  be  noted,  was  94°  in  the  year 
1901,  while  in  1905,  1906,  and  1907,  the  temperature  did  not  go  above  90°, 
and  in  1904  the  maximum  was  only  86°.  This  city  is  one  of  the  coolest  points 
in  Cuba,  not  only  in  regard  to  the  maximum  temperatures,  but  as  to  mean 
temperature. 

It  might  be  expected  that  the  extremes  of  heat  would  be  greater  in  the 


TEMPERATURE. 


49 


interior  than  on  the  coast,  especially  the  north  coast,  to  which  the  trade  wind 
comes  directly  from  the  sea.  This  theory  is  not,  however,  borne  out  by  the 
records,  since  equally  high  temperatures  are  found  on  the  coast  and  in  the 
interior. 

Absolute  Maximum. 
[Degrees  Fahrenheit.] 


STATION. 

1900 

1901 

1902 

1903 

1904 

1905 

1906 

1907 

Plnar  del  Rio 

95 
91 
94 
93 
96 

96 
94 
96 
94 
96 

95 
91 
101 
95 
97 
95 
93 

■■gi 

93 
96 
91 
93 
94 

93 

86 
91 
90 
91 
97 
92 

95 
90 
95 
94 
89 

100 
89 

103 
97 
93 
99 

100 
89 
97 
98 

108 
99 
97 

95 
90 
93 
91 
89 

102 
91 

105 
95 

■  '97' 
97 
89 
98 
95 
106 

98 

Habana 

90 

Banagtiises 

93 

92 

Mordn 

Camagfley 

Santiago 

95 

95 

93 

Bataband 

106 

Aguacate 

97 

Matanzas 

95 

San  Antonio 

97 

Camajuani 

Cifuentes 

90 

Santa  Clara 

Guayabal 

113 

Gibara 

GuantS,namo 

96 
97 

96 

Manzanilio 

Catalina  de  GQlnes 

97 

Sierra  Morena 

104 

95 

Congojas 

95 

95 

Sancti-Spiritua 

95 

Absolute  Minimum. 
[Degrees  Fahrenheit.] 


STATION. 

1900 

1901 

1902 

1903 

1904 

1905 

1906 

1907 

Pinar  del  Rio 

51 
53 
47 
46 
50 

47 
50 
42 
47 
45 

46 
51 
46 
46 
45 

50 

55 
57 
45 
46 
44 

■■ "58' 
55 
64 
49 
58 

47 
52 
52 
46 
43 
46 
54 
47 
40 
46 
45 
44 
63 
44 
42 
59 
54 
54 

49 
53 
43 
40 
38 
45 
55 
32 
45 



41 
40 
52 
43 
47 
46 

55 

Habana 

52 

BanagUises 

46 

Cienfuegos 

50 

Mor6n 

CamagQey 

Santiago 

59 

57 

55 

61 

Bataband 

60 

50 

Matanzas 

48 

San  Antonio 

48 

CamajuanI 

Cifuentes 

55 

Santa  Clara 

Yaguajay 

50 

Gibara 

Guant&namo 

50 

64 

52 

Manzanilio.  .               

Catalina  de  Gftines 

50 

Sierra  Morena 

46 

Cayamas 

46 

Congojas 

46 

Cruces 

59 

Sancti-Spiritus 

50 

j             " 

The  lowest  temperature  on  record  was  the  freezing  point,  reached  at  Bata- 
bano  in  1906.  The  temperature  has  been  as  low  as  38°  at  Mor6n,  and  as  low 
as  40°  at  several  other  points.  These  low  temperatures  are  the  result  of  cold 
waves  from  the  United  States.    At  Habana,  the  lowest  temperature  was  50°. 


50 


CLIMATE. 


There  were  16  stations  with  lower,  but  five  with  higher  absolute  minimum 
temperatures. 

As  with  the  maximum  temperatures,  so  with  the  minimum  temperatures, 
there  appears  to  be  no  relation  between  the  location  of  the  stations  and  the 
temperature.  At  the  interior  stations,  the  minimum  temperatures  were  no 
lower  than  at  those  on  the  coast. 

The  following  table  gives  the  highest  and  lowest  temperatures  on  record, 
and  the  difference  between  them,  or  the  extreme  range  of  temperature: 


Range  between  absolute  maximum  and  minimum  temperatures. 
[Degrees  Fahrenheit.] 


Maximum. 

Hflnjirmtn. 

gs 

46 

94 

60 

^     101 

42 

96 

40 

97 

38 

102 

44 

95 

54 

106 

32 

97 

40 

95 

46 

99 

41 

100 

40 

90 

52 

98 

43 

98 

42 

113 

46 

99 

64 

97 

50 

97 

54 

97 

50 

104 

46 

95 

46 

95 

46 

95 

59 

95 

50 

Range. 


Pinar  del  Rio 

Habana 

BanagtUses 

Clenf uegos 

Mordn 

CamagOey 

Santiago 

Bataban6 

Aguacate 

Matanzas 

San  Antonio 

CamajuanI 

Cif  uentes 

Santa  Clara 

Yaguajay 

Guayabal 

Gibara 

Guant&namo 

Manzanillo 

Catalina  de  GQines 
Sierra  Morena .... 

Cayamas 

Gongojas 

Cruces 

Sancti-Spiritus 


62 
44 

6» 
66 
69 
68 
41 
74 
67 
40 
68 
60 
88 
66 
66 
67 
45 
47 
43 
47 
68 
49 
60 
36 
45 


The  differences  between  the  maximum  and  minimum  temperatures  ranged 
from  36°  to  74°.  At  Habana,  the  difference  was  44°,  a  very  low  range.  Out 
of  the  25  stations,  20  have  larger  differences. 

The  differences  are  no  greater  in  the  interior  of  the  island  than  on  the  coast. 

RAINFALL. 

The  table  at  the  top  of  the  following  page  presents  for  21  stations,  the 
monthly  and  annual  rainfall,  obtained  by  taking  the  mean  of  all  the  avail- 
able observations.  The  figures  for  the  7  stations  established  in  1899  are  the 
only  ones  that  are  reliable,  since  the  period  of  the  other  stations  is  too  short 
to  give  the  figures  much  value.  Rainfall  varies  in  amount  so  greatly  from 
year  to  year  that  the  mean  of  three  years  only  may  be  far  from  the  truth. 

The  rainfall  differs  greatly  in  different  parts  of  Cuba.  During  the  period 
of  observation  the  least,  32.5  inches,  was  received  at  Batabano,  and  the 
greatest,  69.8  inches,  at  Cayamas.  The  period  of  record  for  each  of  these 
stations,  however,  has  been  short.  The  rainfall  at  Habana  was  but  40.6 
inches,  an  amount  exceeded  by  that  for  17  out  of  the  21  stations. 


RAINFALL. 


51 


Rainfall. 
[Inches.] 


STATION. 

1 

>> 

3 

•s 

si 
I 

t 

< 

^ 
S 

s 

3 

1 
to 

< 

S3 

a 

GQ 

1 

o 
O 

1 

o 

S3" 

i 

Q 

Pinar  del  Rio 

58.7 
40.6 
51.3 
54.1 
60.8 
64.9 
49.5 
32.5 
69.5 
60.0 
43.9 
69.8 
59.1 
69.3 
54.6 
61.2 
60.8 
64.5 
63.1 
37.2 
36.9 

2.9 
3.0 
1.8 
0.9 
1.2 
2.0 
1.5 
0.4 
1.8 
0.4 
1.7 
0.4 
0.5 
1.3 
1.7 
2.1 
2.2 
1.9 
0.7 
2.5 
1.0 

2.4 
1.8 
1.6 
1.5 
1.0 
1.5 
1.1 
0.4 
1.2 
1.8 
0.4 
0.8 
1.2 
0.5 
0.4 
0.5 
0.6 
1.3 
0.7 
1.8 
1.0 

3.1 
2.0 

2.8 
2.8 
2.0 
7.4 
2.1 
1.5 
4.7 
3.8 
2.8 
3.1 
2.3 
2.4 
2.1 
3.7 
2.0 
3.6 
2.0 
1.9 
2.6 

2.4 
1.1 
2.1 
2.9 
4.2 
3.1 
3.4 
2.2 
4.0 
4.4 
0.9 
3.9 
3.5 
4.9 
3.4 
3.2 
6.2 
1.1 
2.7 
2.2 
5.3 

8.0 
6.4 
7.6 
6.9 
6.9 
8.4 
6.4 
3.6 
8.2 
5.6 
4.0 
5.7 
6.0 
7.6 
5.9 
5.5 
5.6 
10.0 
5.4 
4.3 
3.4 

7.2 

5.0 

8.5 

9.0 

13.3 

11.8 

6.6 

3.1 

12.3 

11.7 

8.5 

15.8 

17.3 

17.2 

12.9 

14.2 

16.7 

9.6 

9.7 

6.0 

4.9 

6.2 
3.2 
6.0 
6.0 
6.1 
6.3 
2.4 
1.8 
8.5 
6.9 
6.9 
7.6 
6.9 
7.6 
6.1 
5.3 
5.1 
4.7 
4.0 
1.4 
2.1 

7.0 
3.9 
5.2 
5.6 
5.8 
6.3 
3.5 
3.4 
6.5 
10.7 
6.8 
8.0 
6.7 
9.0 
3.6 
4.6 
5.7 
7.9 
8.0 
2.8 
2.6 

10.8 
4.3 
6.0 
8.2 
6.5 
7.3 
7.8 
8.7 
8.3 
6.5 
2.8 
8.7 
6.4 
6.1 
4.6 
4.7 
3.7 
5.1 
8.6 
4.2 
4.9 

5.8 
4.6 
3.7 
6.8 
7.9 
6.0 
9.7 
4.4 
4.1 
3.8 
1.6 
6.9 
2.0 
3.5 
3.3 
4.3 
6.0 
5.1 
6.9 
2.0 
6.9 

1.4 
2.6 
1.5 
2.6 
2.6 
3.4 
4.0 
1.6 
4.1 
2.8 
4.0 
2.9 
3.9 
6.2 
6.8 
8.6 
6.7 
3.7 
3.6 
7.1 
1.9 

1.5 
2.7 

Matanzas 

4.5 

1.9 

Santa  Clara 

4.3 

1.4 

Santiago 

1.0 

1.4 

5.8 

Banagtlises 

3.6 

Sierra  Morena 

Cayamas 

4.5 
6.1 

3.4 

Cifuentes 

3.1 

3.8 

Yaguajay 

4.5 

Mor6n 

1.4 

Guayabal 

0.5 

Manzanillo 

0.8 

Gibara 

1.0 

Guantfinamo 

0.4 

As  a  rule,  the  rainfall  is  least  upon  the  seacoast,  and  greatest  in  the  interior. 
For  all  the  stations,  the  average  rainfall  on  the  north  coast  was  50  inches 
annually;  on  the  south  coast,  45  inches;  and  in  the  interior,  i.  e.,  at  stations 
more  than  five  miles  from  the  shore,  60  inches. 

There  is  little,  if  any,  difference  in  rainfall  between  the  eastern  and  western 
parts  of  the  island. 

In  the  distribution  of  rainfall  through  the  year,  there  are  well-defined  wet 
and  dry  seasons,  the  former  including  the  six  months  from  May  to  October. 
In  that  half  of  the  year,  about  72  per  cent  of  the  annual  rainfall  is  received. 

The  following  table,  made  from  the  data  for  all  of  the  stations,  with  due 
consideration  as  to  the  time  of  operation,  shows  the  proportion  of  the  annual 
rainfall  for  each  month: 


January. 
February 
March.  .  . 
April .  .  . . 

May 

June 


Per  Cent. 


11 
19 


July 

August 

September 
October. . . 
November 
December . 


Per  Cent. 


10 

11 

12 

9 

7 

5 


The  following  table  shows  the  proportion  of  the  annual  rainfall  which  was 
recorded  in  each  month  at  each  station: 


52 


CLIMATE. 


Per  cent  of 

onnuoZ  rainfall. 

STATION. 

1 

i 
1 

J3 
1 

i 

< 

^ 

S 

i 

3 
•-> 

< 

« 
B 

0) 

CO 

1 

2 

CO 

S 
« 

> 

o 
"A 

1 

Plnar  del  Rio 

6 

7 
4 
1 
2 
3 
3 
1 
3 
1 
4 
1 
1 
2 
3 
3 
4 
4 
1 
7 
3 

4 
4 
3 
3 
2 
2 
2 
1 
2 
3 
1 
1 
.    2 
1 
1 
1 
1 
2 
1 
5 
3 

5 
5 
6 
5 
3 
12 
4 
5 
7 
6 
6 
4 
4 
3 
4 
6 
3 
7 
4 
5 
7 

4 
3 

4 
5 
7 
5 
7 
7 
6 
7 
2 
6 
6 
7 
6 
6 

10 
2 
5 
6 

14 

14 

16 

15 

11 

10 

13 

13 

11 

12 

9 

9 

8 

8 

11 

11 

9 

9 

18 

10 

12 

9 

12 
12 
16 
17 
22 
18 
13 
9 
17 
20 
19 
23 
29 
25 
23 
23 
26 
18 
18 
16 
13 

11 

8 

12 

11 

10 

10 

5 

6 

12 

10 

14 

11 

12 

11 

11 

9 

8 

9 

8 

4 

6 

12 
10 
10 
10 

9 
10 

7 
10 

9 
18 
15 
11 
11 
13 

7 

8 
10 
14 
15 

8 

7 

18 

11 

12 

15 

11 

11 

16 

27 

12 

9 

7 

12 

11 

9 

8 

8 

6 

9 

16 

11 

13 

10 

11 

7 

13 

13 

9 

20 

13 

6 

6 

4 

10 

3 

5 

6 

7 

10 

9 

13 

5 

19 

2 
6 
3 
5 
4 
5 
8 
6 
6 
5 
9 
4 
7 
9 
13 
14 
11 
7 
7 
19 
5 

3 

7 

Matanzas 

0 

4 

Santa  Clara 

7 

2 

Santiago 

2 

Bataban6 

6 

8 

BanagOises 

6 

Sierra  Morena 

10 

Cavamas 

g 

6 

Cifuente3.          

4 

Camajiiant 

7 

Yaguajay 

7 

Mor<5n 

2 

Guayabal 

1 

Manzanillo 

2 

Gibara 

2 

Guant&namo 

1 

WIND  DIRECTION. 

The  following  table  shows  the  prevailing  winds  at  the  7  long-term  stations: 


STATION. 

3 
*-> 

i 

2 
1 

i 

< 

3 
•-> 

-> 

< 

« 

1 

o. 
<o 

CO 

"i 

o 

1 

S 

s 

> 

O 

1 

PinardelRIo 

Habana 

E 
E 

NE 

NE 

E 

NE 
NE 

N 
E 

E 

NE 
E 

NE 
NE 

NE 
E 
V 

NE 
E 

NE 
NE 

E 
E 

NE 

NE 

E 

NE 
NE 

E 
E 

NE 
NE 
E 
NE 
NE 

E 
E 
E 

NE 

E 
NE 

V 

E 
E 
E 

NE 

E 

NE 

NE 

E 
E 

NE 
NE 
E 
NE 
NE 

E 
E 

NE 

NE 

E 

NE 
NE 

E 

E 

NE 

NE 
E 

NE 
NE 

NE 
ENE 
NE 
NE 

E 
NE 

V 

NE 
ENE 

NE 
NE 
NE 
NE 

N 

E 
E 

Matanzas 

NE 

Cienfuegos 

NE 

Santa  Clara 

CamagQey 

NE 
NE 

Santiago 

N 

The  prevailing  wind  over  Cuba  is  the  northeast  trade  wind.  Its  uniformity 
is  modified  by  the  season  and  by  the  time  of  day;  it  is  broken  by  barometric 
disturbances;  and  it  is  deflected  in  many  localities  by  local  topography. 

In  summer,  when  the  sun  is  high,  and  Cuba  is  on  or  near  the  equator,  the 
direction  of  the  trade  wind  is  very  nearly  east,  while  in  winter  it  is  more  nearly 
northeast.  At  points  on  or  near  the  coast,  the  land  and  sea  breezes  deflect  it 
very  appreciably.  Thus,  in  Habana,  in  July,  the  wind  at  night  blows  from 
the  ESE,  and  in  the  day  from  the  NE,  changing  at  about  10  a.  m.  and  10  p.  m. 
The  following  are  the  wind  directions  in  that  city  for  each  two  hours: 


AN   AVENUE   OF  ROYAL  PALMS,   MATANZAS. 


CLIMBING   THE   ROVAL  PALM. 


ATMOSPHERIC  PRESSURE. 


53 


TIME. 

Direction. 

TIME. 

Direction. 

2  a.  m 

ESE 
ESE 
ESE 
ESE 

ENE 
NE 

2  p.  m 

NE 

4          

4           

ENE 

6          

6           

ENE 

8              

8           

E 

10           

10           

E 

12  m   

12  night 

ESE 

ATMOSPHERIC   PRESSURE. 


The  following  table  gives,  for  6  stations,  the  annual  and  monthly  mean 
atmospheric  pressures,  corrected  for  temperature  and  reduced  to  sea  level: 


Pinar 
del  Rio. 


Habana. 


Matan- 
zas. 


Cien- 
fuegos. 


Cama- 
gdey. 


Santiago. 


Year. 

January.  . 
February . 
March.  .  .  . 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August .  .  . 
September 
October.  . 
November 
December. 


30.02 


30.14 
30.03 
30.08 
30.01 
29.94 
29.94 
30.03 
30.06 
29.99 
29.98 
30.03 
30.02 


29.99 


30.08 
30.04 
30.02 
29.98 
29.93 
29.93 
30.03 
30.00 
29.95 
29.92 
29.97 
30.03 


30.02 


30.17 
30.05 
30.07 
30.00 
29.98 
29.92 
30.05 
30.04 
29.94 
29.95 
30.00 
30.04 


29.97 


30.05 
30.00 
30.01 
29.97 
29.93 
29.92 
29.98 
29.97 
29.92 
29.90 
29.99 
30.02 


29.98 


30.04 
30.02 
30.03 
29.99 
29.95 
29.95 
30.00 
29.98 
29.92 
29.89 
29.98 
30.02 


29.96 


30.03 
30.00 
30.00 
29.96 
29.93 
29.94 
29.96 
29.97 
29.91 
29.90 
29.94 
29.97 


The  annual  average  pressures  at  different  stations  range  closely  about  30 
inches,  and  the  average  of  the  6  stations  is  29.99.  At  all  stations,  the  pressure 
is  greater  in  the  cool  than  in  the  warm  season.  The  average  pressures  for  the 
six  months  from  November  to  April,  and  those  for  the  remaining  six  months 
are  as  follows  for  6  of  the  original  stations: 


November  to 
April. 


May  to 
October. 


Difference. 


Pinar  del  Rio 

Habana 

Matanzas.  . . . 
Cienfuegos. . . 
CamagUey . .  . 
Santiago 


30.05 
30.02 
30.06 
30.01 
30.01 
29.98 


29.99 
29.96 
29.98 
29.94 
29.95 
29.93 


0.06 
0.06 
008 
0.07 
0.06 
0.05 


The  differences  in  pressure  at  the  two  seasons  of  the  year  range,  at  different 
stations,  from  5  to  8  hundredths  of  an  inch.  It  will  be  recalled  that  the  months 
of  comparatively  low  pressure  are  those  which  constitute  the  rainy  season. 
It  will  also  be  noted  that  the  slight  increase  in  pressure  in  July  and  August 
accompanies  a  slight  diminution  in  the  rainfall. 


54 


CLIMATE. 


SUNSHINE. 


The  following  table  shows  the  number  of  clear  days  in  1907,  and  in  each 
month  of  that  year  at  each  of  the  14  stations  for  which  the  record  was  com- 
plete: 

Number  of  clear  days. 


Pinar  del  Rio. 

Habana 

Bataband .  . . . 

Aguacate 

Matanzas 

Banagtiises. . . 
Sierra  Morena 

Congo  jas 

Cienfuegos.  .  . 

Cruces 

Clfuentes 

Guayabal. . . . 

Santiago 

Guant&namo . 


153 
101 
218 
252 
200 
246 
264 
193 
259 
207 
274 
68 
160 
268 


20 
6 
24 
21 
13 
30 
31 
22 
29 
23 
20 
28 
18 
21 


23 
31 
26 
29 
26 
30 
22 
28 
31 
30 
31 
0 
28 
29 


14 

8 

12 

21 

15 

21 

20 

13 

26 

16 

23 

1 

9 

25 


10 
4 
13 
16 
20 
11 
11 
20 
24 
14 
21 
12 
11 
21 


7 

3 

9 

19 

23 

16 

27 

12 

20 

7 

23 

4 

10 

19 


7 

5 

16 

18 

14 

9 

19 

7 

22 

10 

26 

0 

8 

20 


8 

9 
17 
24 

9 
25 
25 
18 
11 
19 
31 

0 
11 

6 


14 
6 
22 
19 
19 
25 
29 
22 
19 
22 
27 
6 
15 
26 


10 

7 
28 
24 
15 
21 
27 
12 
15 
18 
17 

1 
11 
28 


The  different  stations  present  a  wide  range  in  the  number  of  clear  days, 
the  variation  being  from  68  in  Guayabal  to  274  in  Cifuentes.  The  location 
of  the  stations,  whether  on  the  north  or  the  south  coast  or  in  the  interior,  does 
not  seem  to  affect  the  amount  of  sunlight. 


PROVINCES  AND  THE  ISLE  OF  PINES. 


The  Republic  of  Cuba  is  divided  into  6  provinces,  which  from  west  to  east 
are  as  follows:  Pinar  del  Rio,  Habana,  Matanzas,  Santa  Clara,  Camaguey, 
and  Oriente. 

These  provinces  are  subdivided  into  82  municipalities,  in  the  following 
proportion:  Pinar  del  Rfo,  12;  Habana,  18;  Matanzas,  10;  Santa  Clara,  21; 
Camaguey,  5;  Oriente,  16. 

The  municipalities  are  in  turn  divided  into  barrios  or  wards,  which  cor- 
respond, somewhat,  in  extent  and  organization,  to  our  election  districts, 
their  object  being  to  aid  municipal  control  by  means  of  delegates  known  as 
alcaldes  de  barrio,  an  office  equivalent  to  the  justice  of  the  peace  in  the 
United  States.  The  number  of  these  in  the  entire  island  is  nearly  1,100.  Both 
municipalities  and  barrios  differ  widely  in  area  and  population.  The  five 
municipalities  of  Camaguey  are  large  in  area,  while  several  in  Habana  and 
one  or  two  in  Oriente  are  in  area  little  more  than  cities.  In  population,  on 
the  other  hand,  the  municipalities  range  from  Habana,  with  about  300,000 
people,  down  to  municipalities  containing  little  more  than  3,000  inhabitants. 
In  Cuba  the  sections  of  the  island  are  popularly  known  as  Vuelta  Ahajo,  or 
the  portion  from  the  meridian  of  Habana  to  Cape  San  Antonio;  the  Vuelta 
Arriba,  from  the  meridian  of  Habana  to  that  of  Cienfuegos;  Las  Cinca 
Villas,  from  the  meridian  of  Cienfuegos  to  that  of  Sancti-Spiritus;  and 
Sierra  Adentro,  from  the  latter  to  Cape  Maisi. 

The  following  table  gives  the  area  of  each  of  the  6  provinces  and  also  the 
population  of  each  as  shown  at  the  different  censuses: 


Area, 
square 
miles. 

POPULATION. 

18611 

1887 

1899 

1907 

Total 

44,164 

1,396,530 

1,631,687 

1,572,797 

2,048,980 

Pinar  del  Rio 

5,206 
3,170 
3,256 
8,257 
10,064 
14,211 

146,685 
393,789 
234,524 
271,310 
85,702 
264,520 

225,891 
451,928 
259,578 
354,122 
67,789 
272,379 

170,354 
427,514 
202,444 
356,536 
88,234 
327,715 

240,372 

Habana 

538,010 

Matanzas 

239,812 

Santa  Clara 

457,431 

CamagOey 

118,269 

Oriente 

455,086 

'  Population  of  provinces  estimated. 


PROVINCE   OF   PINAR  DEL  Rfo. 


The  province  of  Pinar  del  Rfo  is  situated  at  the  western  extremity  of  the 
island,  and  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  on  the  east  by  the 


(66) 


66  PROVINCES  AND  THE  ISLE  OF  PINES. 

province  of  Habana,  on  the  south  by  the  Caribbean  Sea,  and  on  the  west  by 
the  Yucatan  Channel. 

Pinar  del  Rio  is  divided  into  5  judicial  districts:  Pinar  del  Rfo,  San 
Crist6bal,  Guanajay,  Guane,  and  Consolaci6n  del  Sur. 

The  lands  of  this  province  differ  greatly  in  their  formation;  the  Quater- 
naries are  found  forming  two  bands  or  zones,  one  to  the  north  and  the  other  to 
the  south,  excepting  the  piece  of  land  pertaining  to  Cabo  Corrientes.  The 
southern  band  is  a  great  deal  wider  than  the  northern.  These  lands  are 
limited  by  the  coasts  and,  generally  speaking,  are  low  and  marshy;  they  are 
used  chiefly  for  raising  cattle  and  swine,  for  the  manufacture  of  charcoal,  and 
for  the  gathering  of  leaves  and  bark  of  the  red  mangrove. 

The  lands  of  the  Tertiary  formation  also  are  found  in  two  strips  parallel  to 
the  above  mentioned.  They  are  especially  suited  to  the  culture  of  tobacco, 
because  of  their  arenaceous,  argillocalcareous,  humiferous  composition, 
especially  in  the  southern  part  of  the  province  (municipalities  of  Guane,  San 
Juan  y  Martinez,  San  Luis,  Consolaci6n  del  Sur),  where  the  Vuelta  Abajo 
vegas  of  world  wide  fame  are  located. 

All  of  the  central  highlands  oiihe  province  belong  to  lands  of  the  Secondary 
period.  On  the  summit  of  these  mountains  small  spaces  of  igneous  soil, 
mostly  composed  of  serpentine  rocks,  are  found.  These  lands  are  generally 
of  bad  quality.  Some  coffee  grows  on  them,  but  their  principal  products  are 
feed  for  cattle,  timber  for  construction,  and  wood  for  making  charcoal.  This 
portion  of  land  is  the  most  mountainous  of  the  province. 

To  the  southwest  of  the  Cordillera  de  los  Organos  (Organos  Ridge)  exists  a 
zone  pertaining  to  the  Primitive  formation,  covered  by  woods  almost  in  its 
total  area. 

The  principal  products  of  the  province  of  Pinar  del  Rfo  are  tobacco  (the 
most  renowned  in  the  world),  sugar  cane,  coffee,  timber,  fruits,  charcoal,  and 
cattle. 

Pinar  del  Rio,  a  city  with  10,634  inhabitants,  is  the  capital  of  the  province. 
This  city,  situated  in  a  fertile  valley  near  the  river  Guama,is  in  the  heart  of  the 
famous  tobacco  growing  district  of  Vuelta  Abajo. 

The  city  itself  is  an  antiquated  one,  although  many  changes  and  improve- 
ments have  been  introduced  lately.  It  has  several  good,  solid  buildings,  such 
as  the  civil  governor's  residence,  the  jail,  the  institute,  and  the  old  Spanish 
cuartel  or  armory.    It  has  also  a  good  hospital,  cemetery,  etc. 

An  excellent  macadamized  road  connects  the  city  with  the  port  of  La 
Coloma,  on  the  south  coast  of  the  island. 

Other  important  cities  and  towns  in  this  province  are  Guanajay,  San  Luis, 
Vinales,  San  Juan  y  Martinez,  San  Diego,  Los  Palacios,  Cabanas,  Bahia 
Honda,  Mariel,  Consolaci6n  del  Sur,  Remates  de  Guane,  and  San  Crist6bal. 
The  quarantine  station  of  the  Republic  is  located  at  Mariel  and  one  of  the 
naval  stations  ceded  by  the  Cuban  Republic  to  the  United  States  has  been 


PROVINCE  OF  HABANA.  57 

established  at  Bahfa  Honda.    San  Diego  de  los  Banos  is  famous  for  its  sulphur 
springs,  of  unequaled  excellence. 


7? 


PROVINCE   OF   HABANA. 


The  province  of  Habana,  the  smallest  in  area,  is  the  most  populous  section 
of  the  Republic. 

It  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  the  Florida  straits,  on  the  east  by  the  province 
of  Matanzas,  on  the  south  by  the  Caribbean  Sea,  on  the  west  by  the  province  of 
Pinar  del  Rio. 

It  is  divided  into  the  following  judicial  districts:  Habana,  Guanabacoa, 
Marianao,  Jaruco,  San  Antonio  de  los  Banos,  Bejucal,  Giiines,  and  Nueva 
Gerona. 

Land  of  the  Quaternary  period  is  found  in  all  of  the  south  coast  and  in  a 
small  portion  of  the  north  coast,  east  of  Habana. 

The  lands  of  the  Tertiary  formation  are  located  in  the  southern  and  western 
portions  of  the  province,  adjoining  the  zones  of  the  Quaternary  formation, 
although  the  strips  are  rather  narrow.  In  the  municipalities  of  Alqufzar  and 
Guira  de  Melena,  situated  in  the  southwest  section  of  the  province,  tobacco 
of  very  good  quality,  called  "Tabaco  de  Partido,"  is  cultivated,  and  also 
coffee,  bananas,  sugar  cane,  and  oranges. 

The  dark  soil  (black  earth)  of  the  municipalities  of  Giiines,  Melena  del  Sur, 
Nueva  Paz  and  San  Nicolas,  on  the  south  coast,  to  the  east,  produces  sugar 
cane,  and,  in  Giiines,  also  potatoes  and  many  other  excellent  vegetables,  the 
quantities  produced  being  sufficient  to  supply  the  Habana  markets  and  to 
furnish  a  portion  for  export  to  the  United  States. 
^  The  arenose-argillo-calcareous  lands  of  the  municipality  of  Bauta,  to  the 
'  west  of  Habana,  are  adapted  to  the  cultivation  of  white  and  violet  pineapples, 
which  are  being  shipped  in  large  quantities  to  New  York  and  other  American 
markets. 

The  lands  of  the  Secondary  period  form  a  strip  beginning  to  the  south  of  the 
city  of  Habana  and  running  east  to  the  limits  of  Matanzas.  In  this  zone  are 
located  parts  of  the  municipalities  of  Madruga,  Tapaste,  Santa  Maria  del 
Rosario,  Casiguas,  and  others. 

A  small  portion  of  igneous  soil  can  be  found  in  the  municipality  of  Guana- 
bacoa, to  the  east  of  Habana. 

Among  the  principal  productions  of  the  province  are  sugar  cane,  alcohol, 
tobacco,  pineapples,  "yucca,"  starch,  coffee,  bananas,  corn,  and  fruits  and 
vegetables  of  every  kind. 

The  capital  of  the  province,  and  of  the  Republic,  is  Habana,  a  city  with  a 
population  of  nearly  300,000  inhabitants.  It  is  situated  on  the  west  side  of  the 
beautiful  bay  of  Habana,  known  to  Columbus  and  his  companions  as  the 
"Puerto  de  Carenas,"  because  of  the  fact  that  the  great  admiral  found  in  its 
bosom  safe  shelter  to  carry  on  the  difficult  task  of  overhauling  his  damaged 


^ 


58  PROVINCES  AND  THE  ISLE  OF  PINES. 

ships,  "carena"  being  a  Spanish  word  meaning  "overhaul."  The  mouth  of 
the  harbor  is  rather  narrow,  but  the  harbor  itself  is  wide  and  deep,  and  a 
thousand  ships  can  safely  anchor  there  at  one  time. 

Habana  occupies  a  very  strategic  position  at  the  mouth  of  the  Gulf  of 
Mexico,  a  fact  which  has  served  to  give  it  the  name  of  the  "Key  of  the  Gulf." 
The  harbor  is  strongly  fortified,  the  entrance  being  guarded  on  one  sFde  by^e 
Morro  and  the  frowning  heights  of  La  Cabana  Fortress,  and  on  the  other  by 
La  funta  and  other  smaller  coast  batteries,  and  these  in  turn  being  supported 
by  the  batteries  of  Castillo  del  Principe,  Castillo  de  Atares,  etc.,  and  by  the 
sand  batteries  extending  upon  the  coast  on  both  sides  of  the  harbor. 

The  water  supply  of  Habana  is  one  of  the  most  abundant  and  at  the  same 
time  purest  and  healthiest  in  the  world,  the  water  being  obtained  from  the 
springs  in  Vento,  tanked  in  reservoirs  at  a  place  called  "Palatino,"  near  Ha- 
bana, and  carried  to  the  city  by  means  of  an  aqueduct. 

The  city  has  beautiful  drives,  among  which  are  the  famous  J^^alecdn 
(embankment),  which  runs  parallel  to  the  sea;  the  Paseo  de  Marti,  running 
from  the  Malec(5rrto  the  Parque  Central;  the  Avenida  de  las  Palmas;  and 
the  Avenida  de  la  Independencia.  Its  parks  also  are  very  beautiful,  especially 
the  Central  park  and  the  Parque  de  Colon. 

The  city  has  a  number  of  associations  for  purposes  of  instruction  and 
recreation,  several  clubs,  an  academy  of  sciences,  a  university,  a  high  school, 
charity  institutions,  asylums,  civil,  military,  and  private  hospitals,  several 
theaters  (the  principal  one,  named  Teatro  Nacional,  being  widely  celebrated), 
large  markets,  a  system  of  magnificent  waterworks,  an  extensive  and  beautiful 
cemetery,  sea  baths,  churches,  convents,  and  good  hotels,  which  are  being 
improved  yearly. 

It  is  a  favorite  winter  resort  for  Americans,  who  find  in  the  Cuban  capital 
the  combined  pleasures  of  seashore  and  city  life. 

Since  Habana  is  the  capital  of  the  Republic,  it  is  the  residence  of  the 
President  of  the  Republic,  the  seat  of  the  Congress  of  the  Republic,  the  seat 
of  the  general  government,  supreme  court,  superior  court  of  Habana  (audien- 
cia),  general  direction  of  finance,  naval  station,  arsenal,  observatory,  diocese 
of  the  bishopric,  and  the  residence  of  all  the  administrative  heads  of  the  island 
(civil,  military,  maritime,  judicial,  and  economical). 

There  are  numerous  cigar  and  cigarette  factories,  tanneries,  and  manu- 
factories of  sweetmeats,  rum,  candles,  gas,  beer,  carriages,  soap,  perfumery, 
glycerin,  etc. 

Habana  is  the  most  important  commercial  center  of  the  island. 

Its  principal  exports  to  the  United  States  consist  of  tobacco,  fruit,  wax  and 
honey,  sugar,  and  molasses.     '/ 

THE   ISLE   OF   PINES.* 

The  Isle  of  Pines,  located  about  fifty  miles  south  of  the  narrowest  part  of 
Cuba,  is  a  municipality  of  the  province  of  Habana.    It  is  surrounded  by  the 

'The  data  have  been  derived,  principally,  from  the  manuscript  of  an  article  written 
by  Miss  I.  A.  Wright,  special  agent  of  the  Cuban  Department  of  Agriculture,  and 
kindly  loaned  to  the  Cuban  Census  Bureau,  in  advance  of  its  official  publication. 


THE  ISLE  OF  PINES.  59 

shallow  waters  of  the  Caribbean  Sea.  Its  area  is  approximately  1,200  square 
miles. 

The  island  is  divided  by  a  broad  swamp,  about  fourteen  miles  long  and 
from  one  to  three  miles  wide,  into  two  parts,  making,  in  effect,  two  islands. 
About  one-third  of  the  area  lies  south  of  this  swamp  and  is  a  low,  flat  wilder- 
ness, uninhabited  except  by  a  few  families  along  the  south  coast,  who  subsist 
mainly  by  wood  cutting,  charcoal  burning,  etc.  In  the  interior  of  the  southern 
section,  a  large  part  of  which  is  owned  by  Americans,  mahogany,  cedar,  and 
other  valuable  woods  are  abundant,  but  the  lack  of  roads  renders  impracti- 
cable any  extensive  business  in  utilizing  the  timber. 

The  northern  half  of  the  Isle  of  Pines  consists  essentially  of  a  plain,  which 
is  level  for  the  most  part,  although  it  is  occasionally  broken  by  low  hills. 
The  shore  of  the  northern  section  is  beach  sand  and  mangrove  swamps, 
varying  from  a  few  feet  to  five  miles  in  width,  and  from  sea  level  to  an  elevation 
of  from  twelve  to  fifteen  feet.  This  fringe  of  the  northern  part  is  broken  by 
two  headlands,  Punta  de  Colombo  and  Punta  de  la  Bibijagua,  which  project 
into  the  sea. 

There  are  a  few  broad  shallow  streams  with  gentle  slopes,  whose  sharp 
cut  channels  fill  during  the  rainy  periods.  During  the  dry  seasons,  some  of  the 
smaller  streams  go  dry. 

Two  elevations  rise  to  a  height  of  nearly  1,000  feet,  the  Casas  mountain 
west  of  the  town  of  Nueva  Gerona,  and  Caballos,  to  the  east.  These  moun- 
tains are  composed  of  marble,  which  is  sometimes  coarse  and  sometimes 
fine  grained  and  ranges  in  color  from  pure  white  to  dark  gray.  Marble  is  the 
most  important  mineral  resource  of  the  island. 

In  a  few  places  there  are  indications  of  iron  ore  deposits,  masses  of  brown 
hematite  being  found  scattered  over  the  surface,  but  no  veins  of  workable  size 
have  been  discovered.    A  few  small  deposits  of  manganese  have  been  found. 

"The  flora  of  the  island  combines  many  of  the  variations  of  Florida  with 
the  large  hard  wood  trees  of  Central  America  and  Mexico,  and,  singularly, 
the  pine,  characteristic  of  the  temperate  zone,  which  grows  over  the  greater 
part  of  the  island.  *  *  *  The  tall  pines  furnish,  for  exportation,  railway 
ties,  telegraph  poles,  poles  for  the  roofs  of  native  Cuban  huts.  *  *  * 
One  of  the  principal  sources  of  wealth  is  lumber.     *     *     *" 

"In  the  forests  are  found  extensive  groves  of  the  Creoduz  regio  (royal  palm) 
and  26  other  varieties  of  the  same  numerous  family;  the  mahogany,  lignum- 
vitae,  coco  wood,  from  which  reed  instruments  are  made;  cedrela  odorata, 
used  in  the  manufacture  of  cigar  boxes  and  the  lining  of  cabinet  woods  and 
producing  an  aromatic  oil  distilled  from  its  wood;  and  fistic,  or  logwood,  a 
dye  stuff.     *     *     *"^ 

There  are  many  native  fruit  trees  along  the  streams,  such  as  mangoes, 
caimitos,  aguacates,  zapotes,  and  wild  oranges.  Wild  bamboo  fringes  the 
water  courses,  while,  in  damp  places,  aeroid  plants  drape  the  trees.  Flowering 
shrubs  and  plants  grow  luxuriantly. 

There  are  no  large  animals  indigenous  to  the  island,  the  largest  being  the 

'Senate  Document  311,  oQth  Congress,  1st  Session. 


60  PROVINCES  AND  THE  ISLE  OF  PINES. 

hutfa,  an  enormous  rat,  nearly  as  large  as  a  rabbit.  This  animal  can  be 
domesticated,  and  is  regarded  as  edible  by  some  of  the  natives. 

Native  bats  are  abundant,  and  there  is  a  kind  of  vampire  peculiar  to  the  isle. 

More  than  20p  yMJifiifjggiSfiiM^  ^^  found  in  the  island;  of  these  about  115 
are  resident  wniletheothere  migrate  between  North  and  South  America, 
making  the  Isle  of  Pines  a  stopping  place  in  passage.  The  more  common  birds 
are  parrots,  thrushes,  cuckoos,  owls,  and  humming  birds. 

There  are  very  few  reptiles,  and  none  of  a  poisonous  kind.  The  largest  is 
the  maja,  a  species  of  constrictor,  whose  most  serious  fault  is  his  fondness  for 
domestic  poultry.  A  few  lizards  are  found,  also  tree  frogs.  There  are  spiders 
and  scorpions,  but  their  bites  are  not  dangerous. 

Ants  are  numerous  and  very  annoying,  as  are  also  the  sand  flies  (jejenas), 
fleas,  and  mosquitoes;  aside  from  these,  the  island  is  singularly  free  from 
noxious  animals  or  insects. 

There  are  two  principal  towns  on  the  island,  Santa  Fe  and  Nueva  Gerona. 
The  former  is  the  older,  but  the  latter  is  the  lai^er  and  more  important, 
being  the  capital  of  the  municipality.  The  villages  of  Columbia  and  Los 
Indios  are  attractive  settlements. 

The  island  has  been  brought  into  prominence  recently  through  the  efforts 
•of  landowners  to  sell  the  subdivisions  of  their  holdings  to  American  pur- 
chasers, as  well  as  through  the  actively  pushed  claims  of  American  residents 
that  the  territory  embraced  by  its  boundaries  is  not  subject  to  the  jurisdiction 
of  the  Republic  of  Cuba,  but  belongs  to  the  United  States.  These  claims 
have  received  no  recognition;  on  the  contrary,  Secretary  Root  pointed  out 
that  the  island  has  always  been  an  integral  part  of  Cuba,  and  that  any  change 
in  its  status  can  only  come  as  a  result  of  some  agreement,  hereafter,  between 
Cuba  and  the  United  States. 

The  Americans  began  to  exploit  the  island  immediately  after  the  signing 
of  the  Treaty  of  Paris  and  the  ending  of  the  Spanish-American  War,  in  1898. 
Since  then  the  isle  has  become  practically  Americanized,  although  the  natives 
constitute  the  majority  of  the  population.  American  money  is  the  only 
currency  used;  American  architecture  prevails  outside  the  towns;  there  are 
American  preachers  and  school  teachers;  and  American  wagons  and  carriages 
are  constantly  used  instead  of  the  clumsy  ox  carts  of  former  days.  The  roads, 
which  compare  favorably  with  the  best  American  highways,  have  been 
greatly  improved  during  the  present  provisional  government,  and  the  work 
of  road  making  is  still  going  on,  nearly  §200,000  having  been  appropriated 
for  this  purpose. 

The  principal  industry  in  which  American  settlers  have  engaged  is  the 
production  of  citrus  fruits — oranges,  lemons,  and  grape  fruit — though  pine- 
apples have  been  grown  successfully,  on  a  comparatively  small  scale.  Ex- 
perience has  shown  that,  in  the  cultivation  of  citrus  fruit  in  the  Isle  of  Pines, 
all  lands  must  be  highly  strengthened  with  fertilizers,  and,  in  most  localities, 
provision  should  be  made  for  irrigation  which  is  necessary  during  occasional 
years  of  drought. 


yi 


MATANZAN  INSTITUTE. 


PROVINCE  OF  MATANZAS. 


61 


Prior  to  the  last  war  with  Spain,  the  Isle  of  Pines  was  regarded  as  a  health 
resort,  and  was,  for  many  years,  visited  by  large  numbers  of  invalids  who 
found  relief  from  their  ailments,  not  only  in  its  salubrious  climate  but  also  in 
the  healing  waters  of  the  medicinal  springs  in  the  vicinity  of  Santa  F6.  These 
springs,  though  located  in  close  proximity  to  each  other,  have  various  con- 
stituents and  qualities.  Their  pronounced  efficacy  has  been  fully  demon- 
strated and  recognized  and  it  is  highly  probable  that,  within  the  near  future, 
they  will  cause  the  island  to  become  once  more  a  Mecca  for  health  seekers. 

At  the  Census  of  September  30,  1907,  the  population  was  as  follows: 


Total  population . 


Native  white.. . . 
Foreign  wliite . . . 

N  egro 

Mestizo 

Yellow  (Chinese) . 


Total. 


3,276 


2.188 

»761 

136 

198 

3 


Males. 


1,835 


1,137 

613 

82 

100 

3 


Females. 


1,441 


1,051 

238 

54 

98 


1  Of  these,  438  were  Americans. 


PROVINCE  OF  MATANZAS. 

The  province  of  Matanzas  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  the  Florida  straits, 
on  the  south  and  east  by  the  province  of  Santa  Clara,  and  on  the  west  by  the 
province  of  Habana. 

It  is  divided  into  5  judicial  districts :  Matanzas,  Cardenas,  Col6n,  San  Jos6 
de  los  Ramos,  and  Alacranes. 

The  Quaternary  formations  are  found  in  the  shape  of  narrow  strips,  running 
along  the  north  coast  from  the  bay  of  Matanzas  to  the  limits  of  Santa  Clara 
province. 

The  lands  of  the  Tertiary  formation  are  situated  on  the  west  side  of  Matan- 
zas, running  to  the  limits  of  Habana  province,  and  in  the  central  and  southern 
part  of  the  province  to  the  Zapata  swamps  and  limits  of  Santa  Clara. 

The  red  soil  of  the  municipalities  of  Jovellanos,  Giiira  de  Macuriges, 
Cervantes  (formerly  Perico),  Bolondr6n,  and  La  Union  are  considered  the 
very  best  kind  for  the  cultivation  of  sugar  cane,  coffee,  oranges,  bananas, 
sweet  potatoes,  "name,"  "yucca,"  corn,  etc.  The  soil  of  the  municipalities 
of  Alacranes,  Jagiiey  Grande,  Guanajayabo,  and  Guamacaro  is  of  argillo- 
arenose-calcareous  humiferous  composition,  of  dark  or  brown  color,  in  some 
instances  rather  humid.    It  is  good  for  the  cultivation  of  sugar  cane. 

The  lands  of  the  Secondary  formations  are  situated  in  the  central  highlands 
of  this  region,  forming  a  zone  beginning  to  the  west  of  the  village  of  Colon 
and  running  nearly  to  the  municipality  of  Uni6n  de  Reyes. 

The  parts  of  this  province  belonging  to  the  municipalities  of  Cimarrones 
and  San  Jos6  de  los  Ramos  are  extensively  flooded  during  heavy  rainy  seasons 
on  account  of  the  swelling  of  the  rivers  that  flow  through  or  near  these  districts. 

The  principal  products  of  the  province  are  sugar  cane,  alcohol,  and  timber. 


62  PROVINCES  AND  THE  ISLE  OF  PINES. 

Matanzas  city,  the  capital  of  the  province  and  a  city  with  nearly  40,000 
inhabitants,  is  located  about  60  miles  directly  east  of  Habana.  This  city  is 
noted  for  the  beauty  of  its  surroundings,  one  of  the  most  enchanting  views 
being  the  celebrated  valley  of  the  Yumuri.  Another  great  attraction  is  the 
Caves  of  Bellamar.  The  city  has  a  pretty  plaza  and  good  buildings,  the  most 
notable  being  the  Esteban  Theater  and  the  City  Hall. 

The  commercial  activity  of  Matanzas  is  great.  The  principal  industries 
are  rum  distilling,  sugar  refining,  and  the  manufacture  of  guava  jelly.  There 
are  railroad,  car,  and  machine  shops.  Sugar  and  molasses  are  sent  to  the 
United  States,  the  value  of  the  exports  of  such  products  from  1891  to  1895 
amounting  to  So9,988,497. 

The  climate  is  good  and  Matanzas  is  considered  the  healthiest  city  on  the 
island. 

Cdrdenas,  with  about  25,000  inhabitants,  is  also  an  important  commercial 
center.  Sugar  is  the  chief  article  of  export.  About  half  of  the  imports  are 
from  the  United  States. 

Colon  has  of  late  years  made  great  efforts  in  the  direction  of  educational 
advancement.    It  is  in  the  heart  of  the  sugar-producing  region. 

PROVINCE  OF  SANTA  CLARA. 

The  province  of  Santa  Clara  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  the  channel  of 
Bahama,  on  the  east  by  the  province  of  Camaguey,  on  the  south  by  the  Carib- 
bean Sea,  and  on  the  west  by  the  Gulf  of  Matamano  and  the  province  of 
Matanzas. 

It  is  divided  into  6  judicial  districts:  Santa  Clara,  Sagua  la  Grande,  Reme- 
dios,  Cienfuegos,  Trinidad,  and  Sancti-Spiritus. 

The  lands  of  the  Quaternary  formation  extend  from  the  limits  of  Matanzas 
province  to  the  north  of  Sagua  la  Chica  river  on  the  north  coast,  and  to 
Cienfuegos  on  the  south  coast. 

The  lands  of  the  Tertiary  formation  are  found  in  the  northern  part  of  the 
province,  from  Sagua  la  Chica  river  to  the  eastern  limit  of  the  province, 
forming  a  wide  zone,  extending  westward  to  the  province  of  Matanzas. 
In  this  zone  are  located,  in  part,  the  municipalities  of  Yaguajay,  San  Juan 
de  los  Remedios,  Taguayabon,  San  Antonio  de  los  Vueltas,  Camajuani,  and 
Sagua  la  Grande.  On  the  south  coast  Tertiary  lands  form  a  narrow  strip, 
beginning  at  the  port  of  Cienfuegos  and  ending  in  the  province  of  Camaguey. 
This  zone  becomes  wider  in  the  central  region  of  the  province,  occupying  a 
considerable  extent  of  land.  The  municipalities  of  Trinidad  and  Sancti- 
Spiritus  are  situated  in  this  zone.  Soil  of  the  same  formation,  occupied  by  the 
municipalities  of  Cartagena  and  Santa  Isabel  de  las  Lajas,  can  be  found  in 
the  western  portion  of  the  province. 

The  lands  of  the  Secondary  period  form  two  irregular  bands  joining  in  the 
west.  Lands  of  this  formation,  although  occup}'ing  a  small  area,  can  be 
found  to  the  north  of  Cienfuegos  port,  in  the  municipality  of  San  Fernando. 


PROVINCE  OF  CAMAGUEY.  63 

The  lands  of  the  Primitive  formation  are  found  on  the  east  side  of  the 
Arimao  river,  extending  to  the  north  slope  of  the  Siguanea.  The  renowned 
Manicaragua  vegas  are  located  on  this  formation. 

The  principal  products  of  the  province  are  sugar  cane,  tobacco,  coffee, 
cocoa,  corn,  bananas,  honey,  wax,  timber,  alcohol,  cattle,  charcoal,  and  bark 
and  leaves  for  tanning. 

Cienfuegos,  with  a  population  of  30,100  in  1907,  is  a  city  of  great  commercial 
activity.  It  is  located  on  a  peninsula  in  the  bay  of  Yagua,  6  miles  from  the 
sea,  and  has  a  fine  harbor. 

The  city  has  a  beautiful  plaza  and  its  streets  are  wide  and  straight;  its 
buildings  are  large  and  substantial  and  it  is  surrounded  by  a  great  number 
of  the  finest  sugar  plantations  on  the  island. 

The  commercial  importance  of  the  place  was  recognized  more  than  forty 
years  ago,  and  has  increased  with  the  development  of  the  sugar  industry. 
This  port  is  now  the  center  of  the  sugar  trade  for  the  south  of  the  island. 

Sugar  and  tobacco  are  exported  to  the  United  States,  and  soap  and  ice  are 
manufactured. 

Santa  Clara,  with  16,702  inhabitants,  is  the  capital  of  the  province.  This 
city  is  situated  in  the  center  of  the  island. 

Sagua  la  Grande,  Caibari^n,  San  Juan  de  los  Remedios,  Trinidad,  Sancti- 
Spiritus,  Cruces,  Camajuani,  Placetas,  and  Tunas  de  Zaza  are  important 
cities. 

PROVINCE   OF   CAMAGUEY. 

The  province  of  Camagiiey  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  the  channel  of 
Bahama,  on  the  east  by  the  province  of  Oriente,  on  the  south  by  the  Caribbean 
Sea,  and  on  the  west  by  the  province  of  Santa  Clara.  It  has  two  judicial 
districts,  Camagiiey  and  Moron. 

Lands  of  Quaternary  period  extend  in  a  narrow  strip  in  the  northern  part 
of  the  province  and  also  on  the  south  coast  from  the  port  of  Santa  Cruz  del 
Sur  to  Santiago  de  Cuba.  Lands  of  this  kind  can  be  found  also  at  the  mouth 
of  the  Santa  Clara  river. 

Lands  of  the  Tertiary  formation  form  two  parallel  zones,  one  in  the  north 
and  the  other  in  the  south  portion  of  the  province.  The  municipalities  of 
Moron,  Nue vitas,  Ciego  de  Avila,  and  Santa  Cruz  del  Sur  are  located  in 
these  zones. 

The  principal  products  of  the  province  are  cattle,  sugar  cane,  wax,  honey, 
timber,  and  hemp. 

Camagiiey  has  29,616  inhabitants,  and  is  the  capital  of  the  province.  The 
city  is  located  in  the  heart  of  one  of  the  wildest  parts  of  the  island,  528^ 
miles  from  Habana,  47  miles  from  the  port  of  Nuevitas  on  the  north,  and  50 
miles  from  Santa  Cruz  del  Sur  on  the  south  coast.  It  is  the  seat  of  a  court  of 
appeal. 

The  manufacture  of  cigars  is  extensive;  sugar,  tobacco,  wax,  and  honey 
are  important  articles  of  export. 


64  PROVINCES  AND  THE  ISLE  OF  PINES. 

Along  the  north  coast  are  three  large  isles  known  as  Cayo  Coco,  Cayo 
Romano,  and  Guanaja,  which  are  almost  barren,  though  possessing  rich  soil. 
They  are  inhabited  by  fishermen.  The  abundance  of  sea  birds  along  the 
coast  is  extraordinary. 

"La  Gloria,"  the  American  colony  developed  after  peace  was  restored, 
belongs  to  Camagiiey  province. 

Some  of  the  cities  are  Nuevitas,  Mor6n,  Ciego  de  Avila,  and  Santa  Cruz 
del  Sur.  The  first  and  last  are  situated  by  the  sea.  Cedar,  mahogany,  honey, 
and  wax  are  shipped  to  the  United  States  annually  to  the  value  of  $300,000 
to  $400,000. 

PROVINCE   OF  OMENTE. 

The  province  of  Oriente  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  the  Atlantic  ocean; 
on  the  east  by  the  Atlantic  ocean  and  Windward  Passage,  which  separates 
it  from  the  island  of  Haiti;  on  the  south  by  the  Straits  of  Colon,  which  separate 
it  from  Jamaica;  on  the  west  by  the  Gulf  of  Guaycanaybo  and  the  province 
of  Camagiiey. 

It  has  six  judicial  districts:  Santiago  de  Cuba,  Manzanillo,  Bayamo,  Hol- 
gufn,  Baracoa,  and  Guantdnamo. 

The  lands  of  the  Quaternary  formation  are  found  in  the  northern  part  of 
the  province,  and  also  in  the  southern  part,  where  they  extend  from  Cape 
Cruz  in  a  westerly  direction  to  the  limits  of  the  province  of  Camagiiey  and 
again  from  Puerto  Escondido  to  Cape  Maisi. 

Lands  of  the  Tertiary  period  exist  all  along  the  south  coast  except  for  the 
portions  which  have  been  mentioned  as  belonging  to  the  Quarternary  forma- 
tion. The  towns  of  Piedras,  Jiguanf,  Barajagua,  and  Mayari  are  situated 
on  this  kind  of  soil,  as  are  also  San  Pedro,  San  Marcos,  and  the  municipality 
of  Gibara. 

Lands  of  the  Secondary  formation  occupy  the  southern  part  of  the  province, 
from  Cape  Cruz  to  Guant^namo,  and  thence  extend  to  the  northeast  as  far 
as  the  mountains  of  Toa.    This  is  the  richest  mineral  region  in  the  province. 

Lands  of  the  Primitive  formation  are  of  limited  extent,  located  northeast 
of  the  port  of  Manatl. 

Igneous  soil  forms  a  wide  zone  embracing  the  municipalities  of  Bayamo, 
Holgufn,  and  Victoria  de  las  Tunas;  all  of  the  northern  slope  of  the  Sierra 
Maestra  is  also  of  the  same  kind  of  soil. 

The  principal  products  of  the  province  are  minerals,  coffee,  sugar  cane, 
tobacco,  cocoa,  wax,  honey,  coconuts,  bananas,  and  timber. 

This  province  contains  the  principal  mountain  ranges  of  Cuba.  Com- 
mencing at  Cape  Maisi  the  land  rises  in  a  series  of  irregular  terraces  of  lime- 
stone rock  until  an  elevation  of  about  1,500  feet  is  reached,  then  gradually 
slopes  upward,  and  forms  a  series  of  irregular  mountains  which  extend  from 
the  north  to  the  south  coast.  These  mountains  rise  to  an  elevation  of  about 
4,000  feet,  are  extremely  precipitous  and  irregular,  and  are   covered  with 


PROVINCE  OF  ORIENTE.  65 

vegetation  almost  to  the  summits.  Seventy  miles  from  Cape  Maisi,  on  the 
south  coast,  the  country  flattens  out  and  the  mountains  recede  from  the  ocean, 
leaving  a  large  and  comparatively  level  plain,  indented  by  a  deep,  irregular 
harbor,  furnishing  excellent  anchorage  for  any  amount  of  shipping.  This 
plain  is  known  as  the  Guantdnamo  valley,  and  the  harbor  is  the  harbor  of 
Guantanamo.  The  Guantanamo  river  is  a  stream  of  considerable  size  and 
navigable  for  light-draft  boats  for  about  6  miles.  The  valley  of  Guantdnamo 
is  extremely  fertile,  and  contains  some  of  the  largest  and  best  sugar  plantations 
in  Cuba.  Between  Guantdnamo  and  Cape  Maisi,  on  the  south  coast,  there 
are  no  settlements. 

West  of  Guantdnamo,  the  coast  is  extremely  rough  and  mountainous.  The 
mountains  here  reach  an  altitude  of  5,500  feet  and  extend  down  to  the  sea. 
At  a  point  about  25  miles  west  of  Guantdnamo  the  mountains  commence  to 
bend  back  from  the  seacoast,  leaving  near  the  sea  one  or  two  ranges  of  com- 
paratively low  foothills.  Near  Santiago  the  mountains  recede  farther  and 
farther  from  the  coast,  leaving  another  large,  irregular  valley  covered  with 
rolling  hills,  in  which  are  situated  the  city  of  Santiago,  and  the  villages  of 
Caney,  Cubitas,  Dos  Bocas,  Boniato,  and  Cobre. 

Santiago  is  a  city  of  about  46,000  inhabitants.  It  is  situated  on  a  limestone 
hill,  at  the  northeast  extremity  of  the  harbor.  The  harbor  is  about  4^  miles 
long,  and  varies  from  a  few  hundred  yards  to  a  mile  and  a  half  in  width.  It  is 
completely  landlocked  and  furnishes  an  absolutely  safe  harbor. 

The  mountains  form  an  almost  continuous  rim  around  Santiago.  On  the 
east  the  Sierra  Maestra  range  rises  to  an  altitude  of  5,500  feet;  then  gradually 
slopes  down  to  an  almost  even  ridge  of  grass  covered  hills  or  small  mountains, 
varying  in  height  from  1,000  to  1,800  feet,  and  rises  again  on  the  west  to  a 
height  of  nearly  6,000  feet.  A  great  central  plateau  sweeps  around  the  coast 
range  of  mountains  connecting  with  the  head  of  the  Guantdnamo  valley, 
gradually  losing  itself  in  the  foothills  of  the  mountains,  which  cover  the  whole 
breadth  of  the  eastern  portion  of  the  island.  To  the  northward  it  runs  for 
nearly  a  hundred  miles  in  an  almost  unbroken  succession  of  wonderfully  rich 
tracts  of  agricultural  land,  with  here  and  there  a  high  range  of  hills.  It  is  well 
watered  by  numerous  streams,  and  presents  almost  limitless  possibilities  in 
the  way  of  cultivation  and  development.  Throughout  the  center  of  this  great 
plateau  are  still  found  large  forests  of  mahogany  and  cedar,  as  well  as  other 
valuable  woods. 

To  the  westward  this  valley  swings  around  the  coast  range  of  mountains 
and  joins  the  great  valley  extending  from  Bayamo  to  Manzanillo,  and  to  the 
north  and  west  it  connects  with  the  level  rolling  country  of  Camagiiey. 

West  of  Santiago,  the  mountains  rise  to  the  height  of  over  7,000  feet  and 
extend  down  to  the  water's  edge.  In  fact,  from  Maisi  to  Cape  Cruz  the 
mountains  at  most  points  rise  from  the  sea,  and  anchorages  are  few  and  widely 
separated.  Between  Santiago  and  Cape  Cruz,  a  distance  of  about  1 18  miles, 
there  are  numerous  small  harbors,  none  of  them  practicable  for  large  ships. 


^  PROVINCES  AND  THE  ISLE  OF  PINES. 

At  Cape  Cruz  the  coast  bends  sharply  to  the  northward  and  the  mountains 
fall  back  from  the  sea.  This  is  the  commencement  of  the  great  valley  or  plain 
of  Manzanillo,  which  extends  from  the  mountains  on  the  east  to  the  Cauto 
river  on  the  west  and  north,  and  runs  inland,  becoming  merged  in  the  great 
•central  plateau  of  the  island.  Manzanillo  is  situated  at  the  head  of  the  Bay  or 
Gulf  of  Manzanillo  on  the  border  of  this  extremely  fertile  plain,  in  which  are 
some  of  the  finest  sugar  plantations  in  Cuba.  On  the  west,  and  sweeping 
■completely  around  the  head  of  this  valley,  is  the  Cauto  river,  the  largest  of  all 
the  Cuban  rivers,  and  navigable  for  light-draft  vessels  for  60  miles  from  its 
mouth.  At  the  head  of  the  valley  where  it  joins  the  table-land  is  situated  the 
picturesque  old  town  of  Bayamo.  It  was  destroyed  during  the  Ten  Years' 
War  to  prevent  its  capture  by  the  Spaniards.  Twenty  miles  beyond  is  the 
old  town  of  Jiguanf.  Years  ago  about  these  towns  were  almost  countless 
herds  of  cattle  and  horses,  but  these  entirely  disappeared  during  the  Ten 
Years*  War;  since  the  establishment  of  the  Republic,  however,  they  are  again 
becoming  important.  From  Bayamo  to  the  north  coast  a  beautiful  rolling 
country  is  broken  by  great  forests  of  timber.  To  the  west  from  Baracoa,  the 
coast  is  lofty  and  mountainous. 

Baracoa  is  the  oldest  settlement  in  Cuba.  Its  harbor  is  small  and  compara- 
tively shallow.  The  country  is  rough  and  mountainous,  and  extremely 
picturesque  and  beautiful.  The  principal  industry  is  the  cultivation  of  coco- 
nuts and  bananas;  tobacco  is  grown,  although  only  to  a  limited  extent.  The 
natives  of  Baracoa  are  very  skillful  in  manufacturing  articles  from  tortoise 
shell. 

The  first  harbor  of  importance  west  of  Baracoa  is  the  Bay  of  Nipe.  This  is 
probably  one  of  the  finest  harbors  in  the  world.  The  entrance  is  narrow  but 
deep.  The  harbor  itself,  which  is  completely  sheltered  from  the  ocean  by  a 
high  range  of  hills,  seems  almost  like  an  inland  sea.  It  is  about  15  miles  long 
and  8  or  9  miles  wide.  Flowing  into  it  are  two  comparatively  large  streams. 
The  larger  one,  known  as  the  Mayarl  river,  is  navigable  for  boats  and  scows 
for  about  15  miles,  up  to  the  town  of  Mayari.  About  Mayari  are  some  of  the 
best  tobacco  lands  in  Cuba;  also  large  forests  of  hard  wood.  The  country  is 
wonderfully  fertile.  Almost  any  kind  of  fruit  can  be  grown  here  in  the  greatest 
abundance.  Commencing  at  the  Bay  of  Nipe  the  mountains  recede  from  the 
ocean  and  gradually  merge  into  the  central  plain.  The  country  about  Nipe 
and  farther  on  to  the  border  of  Camagiiey  is  low  and  rolling,  and  in  former 
limes  was  the  seat  of  great  tobacco  and  sugar  plantations,  as  well  as  the 
cultivation  of  bananas. 

The  next  port  westward  of  Nipe  is  Banes — another  excellent  harbor,  much 
like  Nipe>  but  smaller  and  difficult  to  enter  on  account  of  strong  currents. 
The  entrance  is  deep,  narrow,  and  bordered  by  high  cliffs,  and  is  known  as 
the  "Canyon  of  Banes."  This  entrance  is  about  3  miles  long,  and  suddenly 
merges  into  the  beautiful  harbor.  The  vicinity  of  Banes  is  one  of  the  greatest 
banana  producing  districts  in  Cuba.    About  6  miles  from  the  port  is  the  little 


PROVINCE  OF  ORIENTE.  67 

town  of  Banes.  This  town,  like  most  others  in  this  section  of  Cuba,  was 
almost  entirely  destroyed  during  the  war,  but  it  has  been  rebuilt. 

Still  farther  to  the  westward  is  the  old  town  of  Gibara,  with  a  harbor  of  fair 
size.  The  town  is  a  quaint  and  picturesque  old  Spanish  town,  entirely  inclosed 
by  a  wall,  along  which  are  scattered  masonry  blockhouses.  This  town  has 
been  for  years  the  port  of  entry  for  all  the  northern  portion  of  the  province  of 
Oriente. 

Twenty  miles  in  the  interior  is  situated  the  old  town  of  Holguln.  While 
Gibara  has  always  been  a  commercial  town,  Holguln  has  been  dependent  on 
the  industries  of  an  agricultural  and  grazing  country  for  its  resources.  The 
town  is  situated  in  a  rolling,  barren  country,  similar  to  certain  sections  in  New 
Mexico.  In  former  times  small  amounts  of  gold  were  washed  in  the  streams 
near  Holgufn,  and  now  and  then  reports  are  circulated  relating  to  the  redis- 
coveries of  old  placer  mines. 

Westward  from  Gibara  is  Puerto  Padre,  a  small  and  comparatively  pros- 
perous village  at  the  head  of  a  magnificent  harbor.  The  country  back  of 
Puerto  Padre  is  low  and  rolling.  • 

About  40  miles  inland  is  the  old  town  of  Victoria  de  las  Tunas.  This  town 
was  practically  destroyed  during  the  recent  war.  The  country  all  through 
this  section  is  low  and  rolling  and  suitable  for  either  grazing  or  agriculture. 

The  general  character  of  the  soil  in  the  extreme  eastern  end  of  the  province 
is  rocky  and  barren,  except  in  the  narrower  valleys  between  the  mountains, 
where  it  is  extremely  rich  but  very  limited  in  extent.  Farther  westward  are 
the  rich  plains  of  Guantanamo,  Manzanillo,  Bayamo,  etc.,  with  a  rich  adobe 
soil  of  great  depth  and  of  almost  inexhaustible  richness.  Through  the  interior 
of  the  island  this  same  characteristic  obtains,  only  now  and  then  clay  or  loam 
crops  out.  Generally  speaking,  the  comparatively  level  tracts  of  land  are 
highly  fertile.  As  to  the  products  of  the  soil,  almost  all  vegetables  grow  rapidly 
and  quickly,  but  lose  flavor  unless  fresh  seeds  are  brought  in  every  two  or  three 
years.  The  tropical  fruits,  especially  bananas,  coconuts,  and  figs,  grow  in  the 
greatest  abundance;  no  attention,  however,  is  paid  to  the  cultivation  of  figs. 
Among  the  fruits  that  grow  wild  are  the  lime,  lemon,  nispero,  anoncillo,  sapote, 
mamey,  plantain,  guanabana,  caimito,  anon,  pineapple,  orange,  and  mango. 
Ordinary  "garden  truck"  grows  with  great  rapidity  and  is  of  good  quality. 

Excellent  tobacco  is  also  grown  all  about  the  Bay  of  Nipe  and  along  the 
Mayarf  river.  The  tobacco  is  rated  second  only  to  the  best  Pinar  del  Rfo 
tobacco.  Sugar,  of  course,  had  been  for  many  years  the  principal  product  of 
the  soil.  The  larger  sugar  estates  are  at  Guantdnamo,  at  San  Luis  and 
vicinity  on  the  plateau  back  of  Santiago,  at  Manzanillo,  and  along  the  north 
coast  of  Vita  and  Puerto  Padre.  At  these  large  plantations  are  found  modern 
machinery  and  appliances,  and  the  development  of  the  sugar  industry  is 
carried  on  upon  a  strictly  scientific  basis.  The  land  is  largely  loaned  to  the 
workingmen,  who  agree  to  turn  in  the  cane  at  the  "central"  mill  of  the 
owner  of  the  land.    He  pays  them  not  by  the  gross  weight  of  the  cane,  but  in 


68  PROVINCES  AND  THE  ISLE  OF  PINES. 

accordance  with  the  percentage  of  sugar  the  cane  produces.  This  is  an 
incentive,  of  course,  to  produce  the  very  best  kind  of  cane.  All  through  the 
extreme  eastern  part  of  the  island,  along  the  mountain  ranges  and  hillsides, 
are  the  remains  of  almost  numberless  coffee  plantations.  The  cultivation  of 
coffee  was  formerly  a  great  industry  in  eastern  Cuba,  but  the  coffee  plantations, 
like  almost  everything  else,  were  totally  destroyed  by  the  Ten  Years'  War  and 
the  recent  war.  These  plantations  were  principally  established  by  French 
refugees,  who  came  from  Haiti  after  the  uprising  of  the  negroes  in  that  island. 
These  coffee  plantations  were  a  great  source  of  revenue  to  their  owners  and 
to  the  state  for  many  years.  The  coffee  grown  was  of  excellent  quality  and, 
like  the  best  grades  of  the  present  Porto  Rican  coffee,  commanded  very  high 
prices  in  the  markets  of  Europe.  The  cocoa  was  also  grown  extensively  by 
these  same  Frenchmen,  cocoa  and  coffee  bushes  being  cultivated  together, 
the  former  furnishing  the  necessary  shade  for  the  latter. 

The  province  of  Oriente  includes  the  richest  mineral  region  in  the  island  of 
Cuba.  The  deposits  of  iron,  copper,  and  manganese  have  long  been  known 
and  have. been  extensively  and  successfully  worked.  In  addition  zinc  and 
lead  are  found. 

Santiago  de  Cuba,  the  capital  of  the  province,  has  a  fine  harbor,  beautiful 
drives,  and  rich  mines  of  iron,  copper,  and  manganese  in  its  immediate 
neighborhood.  It  has  a  number  of  tobacco  factories,  but  the  chief  business 
is  the  exportation  of  raw  materials,  and  the  importation  of  manufactured 
goods  and  provisions.  Sugar,  iron  ore,  manganese,  copper,  coffee,  cocoa, 
fruits,  and  timber  are  the  principal  products. 

The  city  is  full  of  historical  interest;  the  battlefields  of  San  Juan  and  Caney, 
the  peace  tree,  and  the  remains  of  the  Spanish  squadron,  destroyed  outside 
of  the  harbor  of  Santiago,  are  of  especial  interest  to  Americans. 


A  COCOA  GROVE. 


THE  SUGAR  AND  ALLIED  INDUSTRIES/ 


Producing  farms. — The  number  of  farms  contributing  to  the  sugar  crop  of 
1906-7,  was  186,  this  number  being  5  more  than  the  total  for  the  previous 
year,  and  7  more  than  the  total  for  the  year  1904-5. 

Cultivated  area. — Estimated  upon  the  basis  of  the  quantity  of  cane  ground 
and  the  average  yield  per  acre,  the  last  crop  required  a  cultivated  area  of  no 
less  than  849,100  acres  as  compared  with  748,733  acres  in  the  previous  year. 

Cane  ground. — The  quantity  of  cane  ground  increased  in  1907  as  compared 
with  1906,  1,679,947  English  tons,  the  large  amount  of  14,214,946  tons  being 
reached  in  the  former  year,  and  12,534,999  tons  in  the  latter;  the  quantity 
ground  in  the  latter  year,  in  its  turn,  exceeded  that  for  the  preceding  year, 
by  958,862  tons. 

Sugar  production. — In  consequence  of  the  increase  in  the  area  devoted  to 
the  cultivation  of  sugar  cane,  the  production  of  sugar  in  1906-7  exceeded  that 
of  1905-6;  the  amount  produced  was  1,444,310  tons  in  the  former  year  and 
1,229,737  tons  in  the  latter  year.  The  increase  was  214,573  tons.  The 
corresponding  increase  in  1905-6  as  compared  with  1904-5  was  only  46,389 
tons. 

Sirup  production. — The  production  of  both  molasses  and  sugar  sirups 
has  a  close  relation  to  that  of  sugar.  The  quantity  of  sirups  obtained  from 
the  crop  of  1906-7  was  46,745,736  gallons,  while  the  quantity  manufactured 
in  1905-6  was  37,917,752  gallons,  the  increase  was,  therefore,  8,827,984 
gallons,  an  increase  very  much  greater  than  the  increase  in  1905-6  as  com- 
pared with  1904-5,  the  latter  increase  being  2,760,497  gallons. 

Production  of  brandy  and  alcohol. — In  1906-7,  the  manufactures  on  sugar 
farms  included  1,853,648  gallons  of  brandy  and  400,120  gallons  of  alcohol  as 
compared  with  1,032,930  gallons  of  brandy  and  330,121  gallons  of  alcohol  for 
the  year  1905-6,  which  represents  an  increase  of  820,718  gallons  of  brandy 
and  69,999  gallons  of  alcohol,  quantities  which,  in  their  turn,  are  much  greater 
than  those  reached  in  the  comparison  between  1905-6  and  1904-5,  the 
increases  for  that  period  being  226,433  gallons  of  brandy  and  3,836  gallons  of 
alcohol.  The  production  of  each  of  these  liquors  in  factories  or  distilleries, 
aside  from  the  production  on  sugar  plantations,  shows  also  an  appreciable 
increase — 1,302,053  gallons  of  brandy  and  41,262  gallons  of  alcohol.     It 

'This  account  of  the  sugar  industry  of  Cuba,  and  of  the  other  industries  connected 
with  and  dependent  thereon,  is  based  upon  the  report  published  in  1908  by  the  Sec- 
tion of  General  Statistics  of  the  Cuban  Treasury  Department,  of  which  Dr.  Julian 
Betancourt  is  chief. 


70  THE  SUGAR  AND  ALLIED  INDUSTRIES. 

follows,  therefore,  that  the  excess  of  the  national  production  in  1906-7  as 
compared  with  1905-6  was  2,122,771  gallons  of  brandy  and  111,261  gallons 
of  alcohol.  The  total  production  of  those  liquors  for  1906-7  amounted  to 
6,806,333  gallons  of  brandy  and  2,954,809  gallons  of  alcohol,  an  aggregate 
of  9,761,142  gallons. 

Total  value  of  crops. — ^The  value  of  the  products  of  the  sugar  mills  may 
be  estimated  upon  the  basis  of  the  value  of  the  exports  of  these  products, 
except  in  the  case  of  alcohol,  with  which  brandy  and  rum  must  be  included 
because  details  are  not  given  for  this  product  in  the  custom-house  documents. 
As  estimated  these  products  were  valued  at  $73,896,899  in  1906-7  and 
$61,514,978  in  1905-6,  the  increase  being  $12,381,921.  These  crops  were 
exceeded,  however,  by  that  of  1904-5,  the  value  of  which,  estimated  in  the 
same  way,  was  $80,002,734. 

Exportation  of  sugar. — In  the  year  1907,  1,292,777  tons  of^-aw  sugar  were 
exported  by  the  national  custom-houses,  while  in  1906  only  1,180,615  tons 
and  in  1905,  1,077,193  tons  were  exported.  Although  the  quantity  of  these 
exports  increased  over  100,000  tons  each  year,  the  value  of  the  raw  sugar 
exported  in  1906  ($57,909,932)  was  less  by  $13,843,405  than  the  corresponding 
value  for  1905  ($71,753,337).  Fortunately  for  the  country,  this  threatened 
fall  in  prices  did  not  continue,  and  the  value  of  the  raw  sugar  exported  in 
1907  was  $69,416,689,  or  $11,506,748  more  than  the  value  for  the  previous 
year. 

With  regard  to  refined  sugar,  the  data  of  the  custom-houses  show  that  there 
has  been  an  extraordinary  increase  in  the  amount  exported,  the  amount 
increasing  from  1  ton  in  1905  to  8  tons  in  1906,  and  to  3,311  tons  in  1907, 
while  the  values  increased  from  $129  in  1905  to  $1,198  in  1906  and  $137,739 
in  1907. 

Exporiaiion  of  sirups. — ^The  same  unusual  condition  is  noted  with  respect 
to  sirups,  of  which  34,532,005  gallons  were  exported  in  1907,  31,530,398  in 
1906,  and  28,130,263  in  1905;  thio  reijresents  an  increase  for  1907  over  1906 
of  3,001,607  gallons  and  a  greater  increase,  3,400,135  gallons,  for  1906  over 
1905.  The  variation  in  the  total  value  of  these  exports  was  from  $794,542  in 
1905  to  $774,627  in  1906  and  $921,312  in  1907;  while  the  decrease  between 
1905  and  1906  was  $19,915,  the  increase  between  1906  and  1907  amounted  to 
$146,685. 

Exportation  of  other  products. — ^The  normal  relation  between  quantity  and 
value  exists  in  the  case  of  the  exports  of  sweets  and  preserves  and  liquors, 
other  than  brandy  and  rum,  obtained  from  sugar  cane.  The  exported  sweets 
and  preserves  amounted  to  627,900  pounds  valued  at  $33,047  in  1907  and 
380,989  pounds  valued  at  $31,935  in  1906,  thus  showing  an  increase  in  quan- 
tity and  in  value.  Similarly  the  exports  of  liquors  other  than  brandy  and 
rum  increased  from  5,676  gallons  valued  at  $1,415  in  1906  to  217,435  gallons 
valued  at  $59,886  in  1907.  In  the  case  of  brandy  and  rum,  the  quantity 
decreased  from  1,342,892  gallons  in  1906  to  1,270,745  gallons  in  1907  while 
the  value  increased  from  $250,809  to  $257,800. 


EXPORTS.  71 

Total  value  of  the  exports  mentioned. — ^The  total  value  of  the  exportations 
noted — namely,  sugar,  sirups,  sweets  and  preserves,  brandy  and  rum,  and 
other  liquors— amounts  to  $70,826,464  for  1907  as  compared  with  $58,969,- 
916  for  1906,  showing  an  increase  of  $11,856,548,  or  20.2  per  cent.  Of  this 
increase  the  greater  part  was  obtained  in  commerce  with  the  United  States, 
to  which  country  saccharine  products  to  the  value  of  $65,156,492  were  exported 
in  1907  as  compared  with  similar  exports  to  the  value  of  $58,433,121  in  1906, 
the  increase  in  1907  over  1906  being  $6,723,371. 

Importation  of  bags  and  machinery. — In  connection  with  the  sugar  and 
allied  industries  it  is  necessary  to  import  quantities  of  bags  and  machinery. 
In  1907,  sugar  bags  weighing  11,208  tons  were  imported;  these  were  valued 
at  $1,299,040.  In  the  same  year  18,481  tons  of  machinery  to  be  employed 
in  the  manufacture  of  sugar  and  brandy  were  imported  at  a  cost  of  $1,445,254. 
These  figures  compared  with  those  for  1906  show  decreases  in  quantity 
amounting  to  1,021  tons  for  bags  and  5,417  tons  for  machinery,  a  decrease 
of  $739,401  in  the  value  of  the  machinery,  and  an  increase  of  $80,749  in  the 
value  of  the  bags.  The  total  value  of  the  bags  and  machinery  imported 
amounted  to  $2,744,294  for  1907  and  $3,402,946  for  1906.  Thus  there  was 
an  excess  in  1906  over  1907  of  $658,652  for  importations. 

Balance.^ — ^A  comparison,  or  final  balance,  of  the  exportations  and  importa- 
tions which  have  been  mentioned,  shows  an  excess  in  the  value  of  the  exports 
amounting  to  $68,082,170  in  1907  and  $55,566,970  in  1906.  The  excess  for 
1906,  however,  is  over  five  million  dollars  less  than  that  for  1905,  the  excess 
for  1905  being  $68,313,230. 

'Subject  to  correction  for  1907. 


THE  POSTAL  AND  TELEGRAPH  SERVICES. 

By  J.  Charles  Hernandez,  Director  General  de  Comunicaciones,  Cuba. 


PROGRESS  FROM  JANUARY,  1899,  TO  JANUARY,  1908. 

The  military  intervention  of  the  United  States  of  America  in  Cuba  started 
a  new  era  of  progress  in  all  the  branches  of  the  public  administration.  During 
the  four  years  of  that  government  a  radical   transformation  was  effected. 

From  the  beginning  the  important  question  of  the  postal  and  telegraph 
services,  which  had  always  been  in  a  miserable  condition,  was  given  special 
attention  by  the  intervening  government  because  these  services  were  powerful 
governmental  resources  as  well  as  necessities  to  the  government  and  to  the 
people.  Among  the  numerous  changes  authorized,  the  following  may  be 
mentioned:  The  sale  of  postage  stamps  at  post  offices,  instead  of  at  the 
offices  of  "stamped  papers";  the  discontinuance  of  the  delivery  fee  (5  cents) 
collected  from  the  addressee  by  the  carrier  for  each  letter;  the  considerable 
increase  of  letter  boxes;  the  establishment  of  a  more  frequent  collection  of 
mail;  the  issue  of  a  stamp  for  use  on  mail  for  immediate  delivery;  and  the 
creation  of  the  Dead  Letter  Bureau. 

In  the  month  of  April,  1899,  the  postal  tariff  issued  by  the  intervening 
government  was  put  in  force.  The  rates  of  postage  were  as  follows :  Letters 
weighing  less  than  1  ounce,  2^  cents;  single  postal  cards,  1  cent;  double 
postal  cards,  2  cents;  newspapers  entered  as  second  class  matter  by  the 
editors,  1  cent  for  a  package  not  exceeding  1  pound  in  weight,  provided  the 
papers  were  to  be  distributed  at  the  office  of  destination  or  at  an  office  without 
free  delivery,  and  1  cent  for  a  package  not  exceeding  8  ounces  in  weight,  if 
the  papers  were  to  be  distributed  by  carriers  at  a  free  delivery  office;  printed 
matter  of  other  kinds,  1  cent  for  a  package  not  exceeding  2  ounces  in 
weight;  medicine,  merchandise,  and  samples,  1  cent  for  each  ounce  or  fraction 
thereof.    The  registry  fee  was  fixed  at  10  cqnts. 

Later  the  rate  of  postage  for  letters  not  weighing  over  1  ounce  was  reduced 
to  2  cents  and  the  registry  fee  to  8  cents,  including  the  return  receipt,  while 
the  rate  for  newspapers  entered  as  second  class  matter  was  fixed  at  1  cent  a 
pound. 

On  January  23,  1906,  a  law  authorized  by  Congress  was  promulgated, 
granting  domestic  franking  privilege  to  all  the  national  newspapers.  This 
prinlege,  which  it  was  feared  would  cause  the  second  class  mail  to  disappear, 
did  not  lessen  the  quantity  of  that  class. 

As  there  were  no  special  stamps  for  Cuba  at  the  time  of  the  American 
(72) 


PROGRESS  FROM  JANUARY,   1899,  TO  JANUARY,   1908.    73 

intervention  the  sale  of  United  States  stamps  was  authorized.  Afterwards 
Cuban  stamps  of  denominations  of  1,  2,  3,  5,  and  10  cents  were  issued;  of 
the  10  cent  denomination,  two  different  kinds  were  issued,  one  for  postage, 
and  the  other  for  special  delivery.  A  new  stamp  of  50  cents  has  been  issued 
lately,  which  is  used  chiefly  for  parcels  and  packages. 

The  Postal  Code  was  promulgated  on  June  21,  1899,  by  order  No.  115, 
of  the  General  Headquarters  of  the  division  of  Cuba.  This  order,  still  in 
effect,  granted  the  Postal  Ser\nce  the  most  complete  autonomy,  fixed  its 
rights  in  a  clear  manner,  pointed  out  the  duties  of  the  postal  oflScers,  and 
established  penalties  for  violations  of  its  provisions. 

During  the  Spanish  administration,  the  Postal  Service  was  practically 
limited  to  the  transportation  and  distribution  of  the  mails.  The  intervening 
government,  after  considering  the  public  needs  and  the  general  convenience, 
created  two  new  services:  the  Money  Order  and  the  Parcels  Post  systems, 
which  began  to  operate  shortly  after  the  promulgation  of  the  Postal  Code. 
These  two  systems,  which  formerly  were  not  known  in  Cuba,  were  welcomed 
by  the  public. 

The  Money  Order  Service  was  established  only  in  32  military  postal 
stations,  but  it  was  doon  transferred  to  the  post  offices.  At  first  this  service, 
outside  of  Cuba,  was  in  operation  only  with  the  United  States;  but  it  was 
extended  later,  to  Canada.  At  the  end  of  the  first  intervention  there  were  103 
post  offices  with  money  order  service  in  Cuba;  at  the  expiration  of  the  first 
government  of  the  Republic  there  were  120,  and  at  the  present  time  there 
are  155. 

At  the  close  of  the  first  Ameiican  administration  the  Parcels  Post  System 
was  in  operation  at  159  post  offices.  During  the  period  from  May  20,  1902, 
to  September  29,  1906,  it  was  established  in  56  additional  offices,  and  during 
the  present  provisional  government  of  the  United  States  45  more  have  been 
added,  making  a  total  of  260  at  the  present  time. 

No  important  changes  have  been  made  in  the  Money  Order  or  Parcels  Post 
systems.  A  new  money  order  blank,  similar  to  that  now  in  use  in  the  United 
States,  has  been  substituted  for  the  old  form  and  has  been  well  received  by 
the  public,  as  it  bears  a  picture  of  Commanding-General  Calixto  Garcia 
Iniguez. 

No  postal  treaty  was  concluded  during  the  epoch  of  the  intervention,  as 
Cuba  had  no  definite  status.  Upon  the  restoration  of  the  national  govern- 
ment, five  were  concluded  as  follows:  one  with  the  United  States  and  one 
with  Mexico  for  the  exchange  of  mail;  and  one  with  Mexico,  one  with  Ger- 
many, and  one  with  France  for  the  exchange  of  parcels.  By  virtue  of  the  first 
two  treaties,  the  domestic  rates  in  force  in  the  country  in  which  the  mail 
originates  are  charged.  With  the  exception  of  newspapers,  articles  under 
franking  privilege  in  the  domestic  service  arc  also  entitled  to  this  privilege  in 
the  International  service. 

Of  the  treaties  for  the  International  Parcels  Post  Service  those  with  Ger- 
many and  France,  which  are  the  most  perfect,  were  put  in  force  on  June  1, 

6 


74 


THE  POSTAL  AND  TELEGRAPH  SERVICES. 


1906,  and  January  1,  1907,  respectively;  but  the  service  did  not  begin  to 
operate  regularly  until  January,  1907. 

By  January  1,  1908,  it  had  developed  to  an  extraordinary  extent,  as  shown 
by  the  fact  that  in  this  short  period  of  time  15,000  parcels  were  received. 

The  mail  transportation  service  was  quite  deficient  during  the  Spanish 
administration.  No  assortment  or  distribution  of  mails  was  made  on  the 
trains  en  route.  The  intervening  government  established  such  distribution 
and  increased  the  number  of  routes.  On  May  20,  1902,  there  were  123  routes 
with  a  distance  run  of  1,541,265  miles;  on  September  29,  1906,  there  were 
137  with  a  run  of  2,476,819  miles;  and  at  present  there  are  145  routes  aggre- 
gating 5,324  miles  in  length,  and  with  an  annual  run  of  2,545,828  miles. 

Under  the  Spanish  administration  this  service  had  never  been  heavily 
subsidized.  The  government  granted  concessions  for  the  construction  of 
railroads  with  the  condition  that  they  should  convey  the  mails  without  charge. 
Only  two  railroad  companies  were  paid  therefor,  the  Puerto  Principe  and 
Nue vitas  Railroad  Co.,  and  the  Habana  United  Railway,  which  were  paid 
$816  and  $1,254  per  annum,  respectively.  The  intervening  government 
reduced  the  compensation  of  the  first  named  company  to  $660  but  made  no 
change  in  that  of  the  other.  The  government  of  ihe  Republic,  because  of 
exactions  of  the  railroad  companies  which  were  protected  by  Order  34  of  1902, 
and  because  of  the  increase  of  the  Postal  Service,  was  compelled  to  pay  all  of  the 
railroads  for  this  service,  and  appropriated  a  large  amount  for  that  purpose; 
consequently,  while  the  service  required  an  expenditure  of  only  $1,914  at 
the  end  of  the  first  American  intervention,  it  costs  at  present  about  $180,000. 

^Mien  the  oflScers  of  the  intervening  government  took  charge  of  the  postal 
service  a  list  of  310  post  oflBces  was  exhibited  to  them,  but  at  the  end  of 
February,  1899,  only  193  were  able  to  perform  service.  However,  at  the  time 
of  the  restoration  of  the  government  of  the  Republic  there  were  297  in 
operation,  and  at  the  end  of  that  administration,  366.  At  present  there  are  415 
post  offices. 

The  Registry  Service  established  by  the  intervening  government  has 
remained  without  change,  although  largely  increased  in  proportion  to  the 
development  of  business.  This  service  is  in  operation  in  all  of  the  post  offices 
of  the  island. 

The  following  table  shows  the  gradual  increase  of  the  Registry  Service  from 
1902  to  September  30,  1907: 


CLASS    OF  ICAUi. 


NUMBER   OF   REGISTERED    ARTICLES. 


1906-1907 


1905-1906 


1904-1905  I   1903-1904 


1902-1903 


Ag^egate 

Outgoing 

Domestic. . . 

Foreign.  .  . . 

Official 

Incoming 


^13,620 

682,747 
289,251 
179,261 
114,235 
330,873 


748,260 

522,252 
244,028 
123,328 
154,896 
226,008 


685.476 

490,044 
232,813 
114,372 
142,859 
195,432 


543,966 

366,366 
172,394 
112,534 
81,438 
177.600 


380.135 

265,639 
161,750 
103,789 


114,596 


PROGRESS  FROM  JANUARY,  1899,  TO  JANUARY,   1908.      75 

On  January  1, 1908,  there  were  in  the  Habana  post  office  2,000  undelivered 
registered  articles.  Some  of  them  had  been  lying  in  the  office  for  three  or  four 
yeai'S. 

At  the  time  the  intervening  government  established  the  Dead  Letter 
Bureau,  thousands  of  undelivered  letters  were  found.  Among  them  were 
some  of  the  year  1891.  From  January  to  June,  1899,  73,688  letters  were  sent 
to  that  Bureau.  In  the  following  years  the  number  gradually  grew  less  in 
proportion  to  the  mail,  which  shows  the  efficiency  in  the  delivery  service. 
During  the  one  year  of  the  present  provisional  government's  administration, 
the  proportion  of  dead  letters  has  been  6.4  per  thousand  in  the  domestic 
service  and  16.4  per  thousand  in  the  international  service,  the  majority  of 
such  letters,  chiefly  in  the  latter  service,  being  due  to  wrong  addresses. 

By  virtue  of  the  Universal  Postal  Convention  of  Rome,  which  was  put  in 
force  October  1,  1907,  the  Cuban  administration  adopted  two  measures  of 
considerable  importance.  One  fixed  the  postage  of  letters  addressed  to  foreign 
countries,  with  the  exception  of  the  United  States  and  Mexico,  at  the  rate  of 
5  cents  for  the  first  ounce,  and  3  cents  for  each  additional  ounce  or  fraction 
thereof.  The  other  accepted  the  exchange  of  international  answer-coupons, 
which,  when  bought  in  any  of  the  countries  where  they  are  admissible,  are 
exchangeable  for  25  centimes  in  postage  stamps  in  the  other  countries  included 
in  the  exchange  convention.  Both  decrees  of  the  provisional  government  of 
the  Republic  received  public  praise. 

Great  improvements  were  also  made  in  the  Telegraph  Service.  At  the  end 
of  the  war  of  Independence  there  was  only  a  small  number  of  telegraph  lines 
on  the  island  and  they  were  in  ruinous  condition.  The  Cuban  forces  had 
destroyed  all  the  lines  they  could  find,  for  the  purpose  of  interrupting  the 
communication  of  the  Spanish  government.  During  the  period  of  the  Ameri- 
can military  intervention,  the  telegraph  service  was  under  the  control  of  the 
Signal  Corps  of  the  Army  of  Occupation. 

This  Corps,  with  the  aid  of  the  liberal  appropriations  ordered  by  the 
military  government,  soon  restored  the  old  lines,  and  erected  new  ones, 
which  were  used  rather  for  the  military  service  than  for  the  convenience  of 
the  public.  The  intervening  government  introduced  a  more  reasonable 
telegraphic  tariff  than  the  one  in  force  under  the  Spanish  administration. 
When  the  intervention  ceased  the  telegraph  lines  of  the  government  measured 
3,499  miles,  with  service  at  77  stations  with  automatic  repeaters.  At  the 
establishment  of  the  Republic  the  Telegraph  Service  and  the  Postal  Service 
were  placed  under  one  Department,  which  was  called  "Comunicaciones." 

During  the  first  national  government  very  little  was  done  toward  improve- 
ment in  the  telegraph  lines.  The  service  was  generally  bad,  and  was  rapidly 
deteriorating  in  the  extreme  provinces  of  the  island.  In  that  period,  how- 
ever, two  wireless  telegraph  stations  were  installed,  one  at  Mariel,  Pinar  del 
Rio  province,  and  one  at  Nueva  Gerona,  Isle  of  Pines. 

At  the  end  of  the  national  government  of  the  Republic  there  were  5,855 
kilometers  of  telegraph  lines  and,  at  the  commencement  of  the  provisional 


76  THE  POSTAL  AND  TELEGRAPH  SERVICES. 

government  all  were  in  bad  condition,  as  a  result  partly  of  lack  of  repairs, 
and  partly  of  damages  caused  by  rain  storms  and  by  the  Revolutionary 
forccsl    All  these  lines  were  repaired,  and  a  few  new  ones  have  been  erected. 

The  Duplex-polar  apparatus  was  installed  on  the  central  line  of  the  island, 
from  Habana  to  Santo  Domingo  and  afterwards  to  Camagiiey;  as  a  result 
of  this  improvement  it  was  possible  to  transmit  600,604  messages  during  the 
first  year  of  the  provisional  government. 

There  are  now  under  construction  6  wireless  telegraph  stations:  one  on 
the  glacis  of  Morro  Castle  at  Habana,  and  one  each  at  Pinar  del  Rio,  Santa 
Clara,  Camagiiey,  Baracoa,  and  Santiago  de  Cuba.  The  one  now  in  opera- 
tion on  the  esplanade  between  Morro  Castle  and  Cabana  Fortress,  which  was 
previously  at  Mariel,.  will  be  removed  to  Bayamo  as  soon  as  the  new  one  ou 
the  glacis  of  Morro  Castle  is  completed. 

At  the  present  time,  6,196  kilometers  of  telegraph  lines  and  115  stations 
are  in  operation. 

The  Spanish  legislation  concerning  telephones  has  not  been  changed, 
hence,  the  laws  governing  telephone  service  are  not  consistent  with  modem 
methods. 

The  Department  of  Communications  had  on  January  2,  1908,  1,601  em- 
ployees distributed  as  follows:  In  the  Department  proper,  149;  in  Pinar  del 
Rfo,  117;  in  Habana,  501:  in  Matanzas,  200;  in  Santa  Clara,  283;  in  Cama- 
giiey, 102;  in  Oriente,  249.  There  were  in  addition  160  substitutes  without 
salary. 


MONEY,  BANKS,  AND  BANKING. 


MONEY. 


Cuba  has  no  currency  of  its  own  coinage.  The  official  money  of  the  Repub- 
lic is  United  States  currency,  and  all  taxes  and  public  debts  are  payable  in 
the  same,  except  fees  of  registers  of  property,  which  are  collected  in  Spanish 
gold.  In  wholesale  commercial  circles  Spanish  gold  is  the  basis  of  calculation, 
and  in  the  retail  trade  and  in  the  country  Spanish  silver  is  commonly  used. 

United  States  currency  is  always  at  a  slight  premium  over  Spanish  gold, 
but  this  premium  fluctuates  according  to  the  demand  for  Spanish  gold  and 
silver.  During  the  year  1907,  the  American  dollar  was  on  an  average  equiva- 
lent to  $1.03  Spanish  gold  or  $1.16  Spanish  silver. 

The  centen,  or  25-peseta  piece,  is  of  gold,  and  has  an  average  value  of  $4.85 
American  money.  The  silver  coins  are  the  peso,  peseta,  dos  pesetas,  real,  and 
medio.  The  dos  pesetas  is  a  silver  coin  valued  at  2  pesetas,  for  which  there  is 
no  corresponding  piece  in  the  American  coinage.  The  peseta  is  the  fifth 
of  a  peso. 

The  following  table  will  show  more  clearly  the  different  coins  in  circulation 
in  Cuba  and  their  value  in  American  money: 

COIN.  Spanish.       American. 

El  peso $1.00  $0.85 

l>os  pesetas .40  .34 

Una  peseta .20  .17 

Un  real .10  .08 

Medio  teal .05  .04 

Copper  1-centavo  (cent)  and  2-centavo  pieces  pass  current  at  their  face 
value  in  sums  not  exceeding  the  value  of  1  peseta.  For  the  government  the 
fixed  value  of  the  centen  is  $4.78  in  American  money  and  $3.83  in  French 
coins  or  coins  equal  in  value  to  the  fourth  part  of  a  Spanish  onza. 

BANKS  AND   BANKING. 

The  banking  facilities  existing  in  Cuba  at  the  present  time  are  inadequate. 
Under  the  tenure  of  Spain  no  effort  was  made  to  afford  the  Cubans  an  oppor- 
tunity to  bank  their  savings,  and  no  attention  was  given  to  such  channels 
for  the  distribution  of  money  as  are  usually  found  in  other  countries. 

On  July  21,  1S98,  immediately  following  the  occupation  of  Santiago  by 
the  American  troops,  the  President  of  the  United  States  appointed  the  North 

(77) 


78  MONEY,  BANKS,  AND  BANKING. 

American  Trust  Company,  of  New  York,  fiscal  agent  of  the  United  States, 
and  it  continued  to  act  as  such  until  July  18,  1901,  when  the  assets  and 
business  were  transferred  to  the  Banco  Nacional  de  Cuba. 

This  bank  was  organized  with  a  paid  up  capital  of  SI, 000,000  United  States 
currency.  It  purchased  part  of  the  assets  of  the  North  American  Trust  Com- 
pany, and  liquidated  the  company's  business  in  Cuba. 

The  bank  has  branches  established  at  Santiago  de  Cuba,  Matanzas,  Cien- 
fuegos,  Cdrdenas,  Manzanillo,  Sagua  la  Grande,  and  Pinar  del  Rio,  and 
correspondents  at  every  other  important  point  in  the  island. 

The  two  principal  conditions  from  which  the  financial  situation  in  Cuba 
suffered  were,  first,  scarcity  of  money  in  circulation;  and,  second,  the  lack 
of  banking  facilities  outside  the  city  of  Habana,  with  the  consequent  immobil- 
ity of  capital,  and  the  difficulty  of  transferring  money  and  credit  from  one 
point  to  another. 

The  bank  sought  to  meet  these  conditions  "by  establishing  its  branches  at 
the  points  mentioned,  through  which  the  government  makes  its  deposits  and 
disbursements  for  the  several  localities,  and  which  encourage  local  deposits, 
which  are  available  for  local  loans.  In  this  way  exchange  operations  have 
been  facilitated,  giving  mobility  to  capital  and  affording  opportunities  for 
individuals  and  companies  to  make  deposits  in  the  bank,  instead  of  keeping 
specie  hoarded  in  safes  as  theretofore. 

The  bank  has  a  savings  department,  which  serves  to  bring  money  into 
circulation,  in  addition  to  the  bank's  capital. 

Local  loans  are  made  and  used  for  the  development  of  business  in  each 
section.  The  surplus  of  one  section  is  transmitted  for  loans  in  other  sections 
where  there  is  a  demand  for  money.  This  prevents  the  mone}^  from  being 
concentrated  in  Habana  and  gives  facilities  for  the  development  of  the  several 
sections  of  the  island  instead  of  one  particular  section.  The  bank  has  cor- 
respondents all  over  the  world,  and  does  the  principal  part  of  the  exchange 
business  with  China. 

The  bank's  capital  of  $1,000,000  is  divided  into  10,000  shares  of  the  par 
value  of  $100  each.  United  States  currency.  This  stock  is  held  principally 
in  the  United  States,  although  a  large  amount  is  held  in  Cuba. 

J.  P.  Morgan  &  Co.  are  the  bank's  correspondents  in  New  York. 

Royal  Bank  of  Canada. — The  agency  of  the  Royal  Bank  of  Canada  (head 
office  at  Halifax,  Nova  Scotia),  established  in  Habana  in  1899,  has  rapidly 
gained  the  confidence  of  the  community,  and  is  now  ranked  among  the  most 
important  banking  concerns  doing  business  in  the  island.  This  institution, 
which  is  well  and  favorably  known  in  the  United  States  and  Canada,  has 
more  than  forty  branches  in  those  countries.  One  of  the  branches  is  in  New 
York  city,  and  furnishes  exceptional  facilities  for  the  handling  of  transactions 
between  that  city  and  Habana.  The  bank  has  correspondents  also  in  the 
principal  cities  of  Europe  and  in  the  East,  among  them  being  the  Bank  of 
Scotland,  the  Credit  Lyonnais,  the  Deutsche  Bank,  and  the  Hongkong  and 
Shanghai  Banking  Corporation. 


BANKS.  7& 

This  concern  has  recently  bought  out  the  business  of  the  "Banco  del 
Comercio." 

It  has  branches  in  Santiago  de  Cuba  and  Camagiiey. 

Bank  of  Nova  Scotia. — Recently  the  Bank  of  Nova  Scotia  established  a 
branch  in  Habana,  which  is  rapidly  gaining  favor  and  business. 

The  Spanish  Bank. — This  institution,  known  as  the  "Banco  Espanol  de 
la  Isla  de  Cuba"  (Spanish  Bank  of  the  Island  of  Cuba),  is  a  stock  company, 
and  was  incorporated  on  April  9,  1856,  with  a  capital  stock  of  $8,000,000, 
now  divided  into  80,000  shares  of  the  par  value  of  $100  each.  It  has  a  reserve 
fund  of  $456,000.  During  the  Spanish  Sovereignty  it  enjoyed  the  support 
of  the  government,  with  which  it  negotiated  many  large  transactions. 

Colonial  Loan  and  Deposit  Association,  of  Buffalo,  N.  Y. — This  associatior> 
has  an  authorized  capital  of  $20,000,000;  the  stock  is  divided  into  shares  of 
$100  each.  Its  object  is  to  bring  together  those  people  who  have  money  to 
invest  and  those  who  want  to  borrow;  and  to  furnish  a  safe  and  profitable 
system  for  investing  money  in  both  large  and  small  sums  in  a  manner  which 
will  assist  and  encourage  saving. 

In  addition  to  the  regular  banks  there  are  several  private  firms,  whose 
business  is  principally  that  of  loaning  money  on  securities. 


FOREIGN  COMMERCE. 


The  foreign  trade  of  Cuba  has  always  been  large  in  proportion  to  its 
population  and,  since  the  first  American  intervention,  it  has  increased 
greatly,  especially  in  exports,  which  have  more  than  doubled.  The  heaviest 
trade  was  in  1905,  The  decrease  in  1906  as  compared  with  1905  was  due, 
of  course,  to  the  revolution. 

The  following  table  shows  the  values  in  American  dollars  of  the  imports 
and  exports  of  Cuba  for  each  of  the  years  from  1899  to  1907: 


TEAS   ENDING   JUNE   30. 

Imports. 

Exports. 

1899 

175.303.612 
70,079.214 
67,743,033 
62,135,464 
67,077,676 
82,835.651 

103.220.985 
99.539,661 
97,334.195 

$49,698,772 

1900 

51    342  336 

1901 

66  502   169 

1902 

64  ,  948 , 804 

1903 

78  486  409 

1904 

89  978    141 

1905 

112  280  026 

1906 

108  909  667 

1907 

114  812,846 

In  1907  imports  were  valued  at  approximately  $47  and  exports  at  $56  per 
capita  of  the  population.  From  1899  to  1901  the  balance  of  trade  was  against 
the  island,  but  each  year  since  1902  the  value  of  the  exports  has  exceeded  the 
value  of  the  imports,  and  the  net  result,  in  the  9  years  of  record,  is  a  trade 
balance  of  $11,689,679  in  favor  of  Cuba. 
(80) 


VALUE  OF  IMPORTS  AND  EXPORTS. 


81 


< 

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m 

§ 

to 

a;  C 

i| 

$1,124,735 
1,399.226 
1,404,570 
1,482,681 
1,887,526 
2,463,764 
3,601,220 
3.376.016 
3.434,685 

iMioaowoseowo 

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— 'OOOiOCOt~CO'<l<» 
—  •OTfCOCO'^Ol^'O 

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p. 

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oi 
p 

H 

si 

tti|s.r^U500lNOOU31N 

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$1,714,473 
3.253.041 
2.623.025 
1,298,094 
1,134,372 
1,396,662 
1,199,222 
1,549,783 
1.038.983 

d 

$2,979,905 
1,013,003 

711,401 
1,681,294 
1,451,620 

773,824 
1,703,199 
1,162,402 

651,560 

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705,118 
505.347 
015,954 
498,587 
134,902 
000,145 
524,835 
6.39.563 
914,012 

COCOlOTjilOt^OClO 

Total 
value. 

l^CO-.DOO-*iMtD-.1< 

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82 


FOREIGN  COMMERCE. 


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VALUE  OF  EXPORTS,  BY  COUNTRIES. 


83 


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84 


FOREIGN  COMMERCE. 


The  following  table  derived  from  the  preceding  tables  shows  the  degree  in 
which  certain  countries  have  participated  in  Cuban  trade  during  the  past 
9  years: 


PER   CENT   OF  TOTAI-. 

TEAS.   ENDINO   JUNE   30. 

United 
States. 

Spain. 

Germany. 

France. 

United 
Kingdom. 

IMPOSTS. 

1899 

43.7 
43.8 
42.0 
41.7 
40.5 
42.7 
45.4 
48.6 
49.5 

16.6 
14.6 
15.2 
15.8 
14.4 
12.3 
10.7 
9.2 
8.5 

3.0 
4.5 
6.2 
6.0 
4.6 
6.5 
6.2 
6.5 
6.6 

4.1 
4.9 
4.3 
6.0 
5.3 
6.7 
6.6 
6.7 
6.6 

14.7 

1900 

15.7 

1901  

14.1 

1902 

15.0 

1903 

17.0 

1904 

16.5 

1905 

15.3 

1906 

14.4 

1907 

14.0 

EXPOBTS. 

1899 

83.0 
68.0 
76.0 
77.0 
77.8 
83.7 
86.5 
85.0 
88.8 

2.6 
1.7 
1.1 

1.7 
1.6 
0.8 
0.7 
0.7 
0.6 

3.5 
11.3 
6.7 
6.2 
6.9 
4.5 
3.5 
3.5 
2.7 

2.7 
2.5 
2.1 
2.0 
1.5 
1.1 
1.1 
1.5 
0.9 

6.0 

1900 

11. 1 

1901 

9.4 

1902 

9.0 

1903  

8.5 

1904 

6.6 

1905 

5.3 

1906 

6.7 

1907 

3.9 

The  principal  trade  has  been  with  the  United  States,  which  has  supplied 
from  two-fifths  to  almost  one-half  of  the  imports,  and  has  received  from  two- 
thirds  to  over  seven-eighths  of  the  exports. 

The  United  States  takes  practically  all  the  exports  of  sugar,  fruit,  and 
minerals,  and  more  than  nine-tenths  of  the  raw  tobacco. 

Next  to  that  of  the  United  States  the  trade  with  the  United  Kingdom  has 
been  the  most  important.  That  with  Spain  has  fallen  off  greatly.  Trade 
with  Germany  and  France  was  slight. 

Habana  is,  of  course,  by  far  the  most  important  port  in  Cuba,  since  69.5 
per  cent  of  the  imports  and  40.2  per  cent  of  the  exports  passed  through  it  in 
the  fiscal  year.  Santiago  de  Cuba  has  been  the  second  port  in  rank  in  the 
value  of  imports  for  the  last  four  years,  while  Cienfuegos  has  ranked  second 
in  the  value  of  exports  for  the  last  three  years. 

The  following  tables  classify  imports  and  exports  by  kind,  for  1899  to 
1908;   by  countries  and  class,  for  1907;  and  by  ports,  for  1899  to  1907. 


VALUE  OF  IMPORTS,  BY  CLASS. 


85 


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OH 

Metals  and  Its  manufactures: 
Gold,  silver,  and  platinimti 

Iron  and  steel 

Copper  and  its  alloys 

Otnpr  mpt.als 

11 

II 

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c  . 
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aj 
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> 

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03 
03 

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§ 

materials: 

Woods  and  their  manu- 
factures   

Other  vegetable  materials 

IMPORTS,  BY  CLASS  AND  COUNTRIES. 


91 


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MMCO 


lOOeoOOOOh^OO      t- 
N0300'*O00C000       t^ 


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•-^co        coco 


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0000^ 


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C0-^P» 


CO  O"*  CO  03  IN  CO  CO 
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5  *  2  S  tH  «a"ii 


a  £ 


92 


FOREIGN  COMMERCE. 


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a>a>  ao»<o  >a 

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COM 

eous 


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coco 


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TOBACCO   PACK  TRAIN. 


IMPORTS,  BY  PORTS. 


93 


0>  00  O  00  to  >0  «D  Tj*  Fl       NO'*'* 


rHNlO        r-lt^i-ieO        >-"r-(        i-l 


05t^O»COOO'*05C5C<3t^05'^C<5'<l<NC6MOSCO 

'-ioC5t^(N04Xooomeoow®0"3!Ocoi'^0 
eciocoooocoino<M<of»u30a30<Nocot>.e<s 

•-<0'<l<0!(N-^f^lNlOIN'<fO»  — COf^fO-H^TltM 
>-iO'-iOOWlNO'-'C0  03  OOCSOM  Orl'O 
ffl       -^  t»  IN  (N  00  00  lO  >0  0>       lOiOlO'*       rt       N 

-H  r-l(NtO       ^t^rtcq       ,-1  1-1       00 


lOO»t»'*t^e<Jt^'<J<MIN050N 

O00Q0tDC0C0t-<Nt^lO'<l<<NiC 

o-<j<a30<x3050'»j"est^tDm-H 


•-iO'<i<osr^'*cor~'*'*oO'*oo 

U3rH       rHTjfOOOO'-iM'*       t- 

i-icct'-'-ir-iOi-ieo     <-i 


"3O5O3miOt^O5'*O>00t»C<!e<3 

t~0(^tDr^o«c>)«'*>050o> 
(N(Nei'*i'~iooot'-iNai^4N»o 

Oiooo>-ioooo«oor~'*'<i<Mt^ 

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rH        t^  t- .-I  O  t- lO  IN -H 


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o^-r»05oo--T(<a>»^~oo'a<oocoo>us 

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OO-^uscO 


MOVEMENT  OF  SHIPPING. 


Statistics  concerning  the  movement  of  shipping  in  the  Cuban  ports  have 
been  compiled  by  the  Department  of  "Hacienda"  for  publication  in  this  report. 
The  data  presented  show  for  each  port  the  number  and  tonnage  of  incoming 
and  outgoing  vessels.  For  the  years  from  1899  to  1906  the  movement  of 
shipping  is  shown  for  the  vessels  engaged  in  domestic  trade  and  for  those 
engaged  in  foreign  trade,  while  for  the  year  1907  the  data  are  for  the  vessels 
engaged  in  foreign  trade. 

The  largest  movement  was  in  1906,  when  the  total  number  of  incoming 
vessels  was  17,570,  with  a  tonnage  of  13,463,932.  The  number  and  tonnage 
of  outgoing  vessels  were,  of  course,  practically  the  same  as  those  of  incoming 
vessels.  In  the  8  years  from  1899  to  1906,  domestic  tonnage  considerably 
more  than  doubled,  and  foreign  tonnage  increased  more  than  77  per  cent. 

The  most  important  port  so  far  as  foreign  trade  is  concerned,  is  Habana, 
which  had,  in  1906,  about  41  per  cent  of  the  tonnage  of  all  ports.  Next  is 
Santiago,  with  almost  14  per  cent.  Cienfuegos  and  Matanzas  were  nearly 
tied  for  the  third  place,  with  more  than  7  per  cent  each,  the  former  being 
slightly  ahead. 

In  domestic  trade,  Habana  was  but  little  in  advance  of  other  ports  in  1906. 
In  that  year  this  city  had  11  per  cent  of  the  tonnage,  while  Santiago  had  10 
per  cent,  and  Tunas  and  Guantdnamo  were  not  far  behind. 

The  foreign  trade  employed  more  than  three  times  as  much  tonnage  as  the 
domestic  trade  in  1906.  The  size  of  the  vessels  in  both  domestic  and  foreign 
trade  has  greatly  increased  in  recent  years.  In  1899  the  average  tonnage  of 
vessels  engaged  in  domestic  trade  was  157,  and  the  average  for  the  foreign 
trade  was  1,374;   in  1906  the  corresponding  averages  were  283  and  2,179. 

(96) 


96 


MOVEMENT  OF  SHIPPING. 


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UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA 
SANTA  BARBARA 


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IMMIGRATION. 


No  statistics  of  immigration  have  been  obtained  for  any  year  prior  to  the 
fiscal  year  1903.  The  following  table  shows  the  number  of  immigrants 
arriving  in  that  and  in  succeeding  fiscal  years: 


TEAR  ENDING  JUNE  30. 

Number 
of  Immi- 
grants. 

1903 

12,651 

1904 

19  817 

1905 

40,560 
52,632 
29  572 

1906 

1907 

There  was  a  rapid  increase  up  to  1906,  and  a  great  decrease  in  1907,  the 
decrea&e  being  caused,  doubtless,  by  the  revolution  and  the  consequent 
disturbed  conditions. 

The  following  tabic  classifies  the  immigrants  by  the  ports  at  which  they 
landed  in  Cuba,  for  each  fiscal  year  from  1903  to  1907: 

Immigrants,  by  ports:  1903  to  1907} 


PORT. 

Total. 

1903 

1904 

1905 

1906 

1907 

Total 

155,252 

12,651 

19,817 

40,560 

52,652 

29  572 

Baracoa 

32 

7 

306 

2 

1.233 

476 

399 

128,897 

221 

130 

164 

1,444 

513 

23 

22,083 

22 

32 

Batabanfi 

4 
19 

1 
201 

3 
3 

CaihariSn 

33 

1 

342 

40 

5 

36,076 

78 

21 

87 

266 

120 

isi 

Gilrdenas 

Cienfuegos 

290 

301 
419 

99 

Gihara 

17 

Guantanamo 

69 

10,144 

25 

33 

25 

17,456 

53 

61 

4 

241 

300 

42,574 

61 

9 

52 

395 

202 

17 

8,480 

22 

21  947 

Manzanillo 

'      4 

Matati/^as 

16 

21 

Nuevitas 

150 

392 

Pnerto  Padre 

311 

Sagua  la  Grande 

6 
1,999 

Santiago  de  Cuba 

1.691 

3,579 

6  334 

Tunas  de  Zaza 

»Year  ending  June  30. 


Habana  is  by  far  the  most  important  port,  since  83  per  cent  of  all  the 
immigrants  arriving  in  Cuba  during  the  five  years  landed  there.  At  Santiago 
de  Cuba,  the  next  most  important  port,  were  landed  14  per  cent  of  the  total 
number  of  immigrants. 

(105) 


106 


IMMIGRATION. 


The  following  table  classifies  immigrants  by  nationality: 
Immigrants,  by  nationality:  1903  to  IdCH } 


NATIONALITT. 

Total. 

1903 

1904 

1905 

1906 

1907 

Aggregate 

155,252 

12,651 

19,817 

40.660 

62,652 

29,572 

American 

15,810 

1,688 

2.049 

3.266 

5.161 

3,667 

48 
132 
934 

2,170 
896 

8,271 

3,359 
136,200 

7 

83 

140 

79 

169 

1,066 

144 

10,636 

17 

27 

173 

223 

113 

1,263 

233 

17,363 

24 

15 

235 

413 

250 

1,849 

479 

36,521 

Dominican 

4 

254 

738 

221 

2,384 

1,550 

46,566 

3 

Mexican 

132 

Porto  Rican 

717 

South  American 

United  States 

143 
1,709 

West  Indian,  not  speci- 
eed 

953 

European 

25,114 

Austro-Hungarian 

Belgian 

114 

53 

91 

3,718 

1,324 

586 

213 

9 

1,311 

11 

136 

8 

70 

441 

45 

128,003 

67 

2,980 

17 

3 

12 

371 

147 

64 

15 

2 

228 

24 

13 

11 

343 

194 

104 

4 

4 

274 

2 

17 

2 

7 

69 

7 

16,276 

12 

373 

16 

10 

27 

356 

333 

162 

4 

2 

255 

2 

27 

2 

26 

105 

16 

35,161 

17 

688 

21 
14 
16 
604 
369 
176 
109 

339 

7 

59 

36 
13 

Dutch 

25 

English 

2,044 

French 

281 

German. . ....... . . . . . 

80 

Greek. ... . ...... . . . . . 

81 

Irish. 

Italian 

215 

Polish 

Portuguese 

7 
1 
3 
41 
2 
9,716 

276 

26 

Roumanian 

3 

Russian  ^ 

26 

126 

10 

44,672 

18 

862 

9 

Scandinavian ' 

Scotch 

100 
10 

Spanish 

22,178 

Swiss 

13 

Asiatic 

781 

Arabian 

530 

9 

318 

8 

33 

7 

2 

26 

1,368 

689 

10 

51 

39 
3 

71 
4 

51 

5 

172 

207 

182 

Armenian 

1 

Chinese 

5 

1 

62 
3 

7 
1 

8 

Corean 

East  Indian 

26 

Japanese 

1 

i 

4 

Persian 

2 

Philippine 

3 

192 

23 

1 

372 
86 

7 

22 
332 
228 

Syrian 

168 
88 

3 

294 

Turkish 

264 

African 

Egyptian 

10 
.    252 

3 
29 

7 
79 

Other 

51 

73 

20 

>  Year  ending  June  30.  ^ 

2  Includes  i  Finlanders. 

'Includes  Danes,  Norwegians,  and  Swedes. 

Spaniards  form  an  overwhelmihg  majority  of  all  immigrants,  the  number 
arriving  during  the  five  years  being  ncariy  83  per  cent  of  the  total  number. 
Next  in  rank  are  immigrants  from  the  United  States,  although  they  formed 
less  than  6  per  cent  of  the  total  number.  There  were  more  immigrants  from 
the  United  States,  however,  than  from  Central  and  South  America  and  the 
other  West  Indies  combined.  Only  8,197  immigrants  other  than  Spaniards 
have  come  from  Europe,  and  nearly  one-half  of  these  came  from  Great  Britain. 


IMMIGRANTS  BY  COUNTRIES. 


107 


The  following  table  classifies  immigrants  by  the  countries  in  which  they 
last  resided  permanently: 

Immigrants,  hy  country  of  last  permanent  residence:  1903  to  1907} 


COUNTRY    OF   LAST 
PSSMANENT   RESIDENCB. 

Total. 

1903 

1904 

1905 

1906 

1907 

Aggn^egate 

155,252 

12,651 

19,817 

40,560 

62,652 

29  572 

America 

33,213 

3,277 

4,378 

6,976 

9,665 

8  917 

Canada 

45 

27 

7,614 

2,982 

41 

795 

11,647 

10,008 
54 

121,719 

2 

6 

732 

207 

40 

122 

1,427 

741 

18 

7 

15 

2,131 

919 

1 

202 

3,368 

3,022 

18 

Central  America 

5 

1,082 
344 

1 

Mexico 

1,949 
596 

1,720 

Porto  Rico 

916 

San  Domingo 

South  America 

United  States 

176 
1,816 

936 
19 

15,438 

222 
3,040 

1,117 
34 

33,401 

73 
1,996 

West  Indies,  not  speci- 
fied   

4,192 

Not  specified 

1 

Europe. 

9,374 

42,851 

20,655 

Austria 

11 

15 

18 

292 

968 

328 

79 

5 

543 

25 

18 

119,135 

16 

10 

244 

12 

320 

9 

2 

1 

27 

135 

52 

1 

4 

161 

1 

2 

11 

20 

287 

64 

7 

1 

Belgium 

11 

Denmark 

6 

England 

16 

59 

112 

1 
102 

134 

230 

64 

70 

95 

France 

257 

Germany 

36 

Greece 

Holland 

Italy 

7i 

2 

2 

32,916 

128 

17 

14 

42 , 103 

3 

5 

67 

136 

81 

Norway 

6 

Portugal 

1 
9,082 

i 

15,027 

13 

2 

20  007 

Switzerland 



3 

15 

Turkey 

162 

Not  specified 

3 
1 

4 

Asia 

183 

China 

93 

227 

j   . 

70 
113 

23 
113 

Turkey 

i 

I 

*Year  ending  June  30. 


The  following  table  classifies  the  immigrants  arriving  during  the  fiscal  year 
1907,  by  sex,  age,  conjugal  condition,  and  literacy,  as  well  as  by  nationality; 


108 


IMMIGRATION. 


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GAIN  OR  LOSS. 


109 


Four-fifths  (80. G  per  cent)  of  the  immigrants  of  that  year  were  males.  A 
very  large  proportion  (78.4  per  cent)  were  in  the  prime  of  life,  i.  e.,  between 
ihe  ages  of  15  and  44  years,  while  15.9  per  cent  were  children,  and  only  5.6 
per  cent  were  over  45  years  of  age.  Over  twenty-eight  per  cent  were  married, 
the  remainder  being  either  single  or  widowed.  Their  educational  condition 
was  high,  four-fifths  of  them  being  able  to  read  and  write. 

Three-fourths  of  all  immigrants  possessed  occupations.  Of  the  total 
number  1.6  per  cent  were  professional  men,  9.8  per  cent  were  of  the  skilled 
labor  class,  8  per  cent  of  the  mercantile  class,  while  more  than  half,  or  53  per 
cent,  were  laborers. 

The  difl'erence  between  the  number  of  passengers  arriving  and  the  number 
departing  is  the  not  increase  to  the  |)opulation  from  outside  sources.  While 
in  the  five  years  Cuba  received  155,252  immigrants,  the  net  increase  to  her 
poj)ulation  from  this  source  is  less  than  half  that  number,  or  75,227.  The 
following  are  the  gains  by  single  years: 


YEAfl    ENDING    JUNE    30. 

Net  gain. 

1903 

85 

1904 

9.509 

1905 

26.437 

1906 

33,697 

1907 

5,499 

One  effect  of  the  revolution  of  1906  was  to  reduce  the  number  of  arrivals 
and  increase  the  number  of  departures;  this  is  reflected  in  the  small  balance 
of  arrivals  over  departures. 

The  following  table  shows,  by  country  of  origin,  the  gain  or  loss  to  Cuba 
during  the  five  years: 


COUNTHY. 


Gain. 


Loss. 


Total. 


83,631 


America. 


6,650 


British  West  Indies. , 

Haiti 

Mexico 

Porto  Rico 

San  Dominpo 

South  America.  .  .  .\ . 

United  Slates , 

Other 


3,482 
622 


1,468 
1,078 


Europe . 


76,981 


England. 
France. . , 
Germany. 
Italy.  .. . 
Spain.  .  .  . 
Other.  .  . 


861 

1,596 

320 

457 

73,677 

70 


8,404 


8.404 


6,814 


260 

1,317 

13 


CRIMINAL  JURISDICTION  AND  PROCEDURE. 


By  Honorable  Manuel  Landa,  Acting  Chief  of  the  Department  of  Justice 
of  the  Republic  of  Cuba. 

The  jurisdiction  in  the  case  of  criminal  matters  in  Cuba  rests  solely  and 
exclusively  in  the  ordinary  courts  constituting  the  judiciary  of  the  Island. 

Upon  the  cessation  of  Spanish  sovereignty  in  Cuba  on  January  1,  1899, 
the  military  and  naval  courts,  which  acted  in  the  case  of  persons  entitled  to 
the  jurisdiction  of  a  special  forum  because  of  their  connection  with  these 
branches  of  the  service,  likewise  ceased,  and  all  citizens  became  subject  to  the 
jurisdiction  of  the  ordinary  courts. 

The  Supreme  Court  of  the  nation  was  organized  in  1899,  and  in  the  same 
year  the  Audienciaa  were  organized  in  the  following  order:  Pinar  del  Rfo, 
Habana,  Matanzas,  Santa  Clara,  Camagiicy,  and  Oriente,  each  corresponding 
to  the  province  of  the  same  name. 

Each  Audiencia  holds  its  sessions  in  the  capital  of  the  province  to  which  it 
belongs,  and  has  jurisdiction  and  control  over  the  inferior  courts  situated 
within  its  province.  In  cases  where  questions  of  jurisdiction  arise  among  the 
judges  of  the  different  localities,  such  questions  are  submitted  to  the  Supreme 
Court,  which  decides  them. 

The  Audiencia  of  Habana  has  a  president,  three  presidents  of  chamber, 
twelve  associate  justices,  a  fiscal,  a  deputy  fiscal,  and  four  assistant  deputy 
fiscals.  Four  courts  of  first  instance,  three  of  examination,  seven  of  first 
instance  and  examination,  and  two  correctional  courts  are  under  its  juris- 
diction. The  Audiencia  of  Habana  at  present  possesses  two  Chambers  for  the 
hearing  and  decision  of  criminal  matters. 

The  Audiencia  of  Pinar  del  Rfo  has  a  president,  five  associate  justices,  a 
fiscal,  and  a  deputy  fiscal.  Under  its  jurisdiction  are  one  court  of  first  instance, 
one  of  examination,  and  four  of  first  instance  and  examination. 

The  Audiencia  of  Matanzas  has  a  president,  five  associate  justices,  a  fiscal, 
a  deputy  fiscal,  and  an  assistant  deputy  fiscal.  Under  its  jurisdiction  are  a 
court  of  first  instance,  a  court  of  examination,  five  courts  of  first  instance  and 
examination,  and  two  correctional  courts. 

The  Audiencia  of  Camagiiey  has  a  president,  four  associate  justices,  a  fiscal, 
and  a  deputy  fiscal.  Under  its  jurisdiction  are  two  courts  of  first  instance  and 
examination  and  one  correctional  court. 

The  Audiencia  of  Oriente  has  a  president,  five  associate  justices,  a  fiscal, 
a  deputy  fiscal,  and  an  assistant  deputy  fiscal.  Under  its  jurisdiction  are  a 
(110) 


DEPARTMENT  OF  PUBLIC  PROSECUTION.  HI 

court  of  first  instance,  one  of  examination,  and  five  of  first  instance  and 
examination. 

In  places  where  there  are  no  correctional  judges,  the  judges  of  first  instance 
and  examination  act  in  cases  that  ordinarily  would  come  before  correctional 
judges.  In  cases  where  there  are  neither  correctional  judges  nor  judges  of 
examination,  the  municipal  judges  act  as  correctional  judges  in  cases  of  minor 
offenses. 

The  Department  of  Public  Prosecution,  with  the  Fiscal  of  the  Supreme 
Court  at  its  head,  represents  the  State  and  society,  and  intervenes  in  all 
criminal  causes,  exercising  supervision  over  the  proceedings. 

In  criminal  matters  the  Code  has  been  in  force  in  Cuba  since  1879,  and  the 
Law  of  Criminal  Procedure  since  1889;  while  in  1900  the  correctional  courts 
were  created  to  take  cognizance  in  an  oral  trial  of  minor  offenses  and  crimes 
of  but  slight  importance,  which  were  previously  submitted  to  the  various 
Audiencias  for  decision. 

The  procedure  in  correctional  courts  is  rapid  and  of  recognized  eflSciency. 
No  appeal  lies  from  the  sentence,  and  the  execution  thereof  is  immediate. 
The  penalties  which  may  be  imposed  by  a  correctional  judge  are  a  fine  of 
from  one  to  thirty  dollars  and  confinement  from  one  to  thirty  days  in  jail,  for 
a  misdemeanor,  and  a  fine  not  exceeding  five  hundred  dollars  and  imprison- 
ment not  exceeding  one  hundred  and  eighty  days,  for  a  crime.  In  default  of 
the  payment  of  the  fine  an  additional  term  of  imprisonment  must  be  served 
at  the  rate  of  one  day  for  each  dollar  of  fine. 

With  reference  to  the  procedure  for  hearing  and  determining  matters 
submitted  to  the  jurisdiction  of  the  Audiencias,  it  may  be  said  that  it  also  is 
rapid. 

The  investigation  of  a  crime  devolves  upon  the  judge  of  the  examination 
court  of  the  territory  or  judicial  district  in  which  it  occurred.  This  judge 
prepares  the  record  of  the  preliminary  proceedings  showing  the  data  to  be 
considered  finally  in  the  trial.  The  success  of  the  case  depends  largely  upon 
the  perspicacity  of  the  judge,  inasmuch  as  these  data  form  the  basis  of  the 
proof  upon  which  the  sentence  is  based. 

The  record  of  the  preliminary  proceedings  is  transmitted  to  the  Audiencia, 
through  the  Fiscal,  who  either  formulates  provisional  conclusions  or  asks  for 
a  dismissal,  according  to  the  merits  of  the  case.  If  he  asks  for  a  dismissal,  the 
prosecution  ordered  by  the  judge,  and  its  consequences,  become  of  no  effect; 
but  if  he  accuses  and  requests  that  a  penalty  be  imposed,  the  case  is  submitted 
to  the  court  for  decision,  after  an  oral  and  public  trial,  at  which  the  Fiscal  or 
the  accused  offers  the  evidence. 

A  case  may  arise  in  which  the  Fiscal  does  not  make  any  accusation,  but  the 
party  injured  by  the  crime  makes  the  accusation,  in  the  capacity  of  a  private 
accuser.  In  this  latter  case  the  decision  also  rests  with  the  court,  after  the 
holding  of  an  oral  trial,  because  the  Law  of  Procedure  provides  for  the  holding 
of  the  trial  whenever  there  is  a  lawful  party  ready  to  maintain  the  charge. 


112  CRIMINAL  JURISDICTION  AND  PROCEDURE. 

The  penalties  which  the  court  may  impose,  in  accordance  with  the  Penal 
Code  in  force,  arc  as  follows: 

Corporal  penalties — Death;  cadena  perpetua;  reclusi6n  perpetua;  relegaci6n 
perpctua;  perpetual  expulsion;  cadena  temporal;  reclubi6n  temporal; 
relegaci6n  temporal;  temporary  expulsion;  presidio  mayor;  prision  mayor; 
confinamiento;  perpetual  absolute  dis(]ualification;  perpetual  special  dis- 
qualification; and  temporary  special  disqualification. 

The  disqualification  in  the  last  two  cases  includes  suspension  from  public 
oflBce,  right  of  active  and  passive  suffrage,  and  profession  or  trade. 

Correctional  penalties — Presidio  correccional;  prisi6ncorreccional;  banish- 
ment; public  censure;  suspension  from  public  oflRcc,  right  of  active  and 
passive  suffrage,  and  profession  or  trade;  arresto  mayor,  and  arresto  menor. 

The  time  that  these  penalties  are  in  force  varies,  and  the  penalties  them- 
selves are  divided  into  three  degrees;  minimum,  medium,  and  maximum, 
which  degrees  are  subdivided  in  like  manner,  according  to  the  attenuating  or 
aggravating  circumstances  attendant  upon  the  commission  of  the  crime. 

EXECUTION  OF  DEATH  PENALTY. 

The  penalty  of  death  is  executed  by  means  of  the  instrument  known  as  the 
"garrote."  The  execution  takes  place  upon  a  board  platform  within  the  walls 
of  the  jail,  iti  the  day  time,  within  twenty-four  hours  after  notice  of  the  sentence 
is  given;  it  is  held  privately  and  in  the  presence  of  those  persons  who  are 
required  to  be  present  and  those  who  are  authorized  to  witness  it  by  the 
president  of  the  court.  The  body  of  the  felon  remains  exposed  upon  the 
gallows  for  four  hours,  and  is  then  handed  over  to  his  relatives  for  burial,  if 
they  request  it,  and  the  burial  must  take  place  without  any  pomp.  The  death 
penalty  will  not  be  executed  upon  a  woman  who  is  pregnant,  and  she  will  not 
be  notified  of  her  sentence  until  forty  days  have  elapsed  after  her  delivery. 

CADENA   PERPETUA   AND  TEMPORAL. 

These  penalties,  as  well  as  those  of  perpetual  reclud6n,  relegacidn,  and 
expulsion,  are  remitted  at  the  end  of  thirty  years,  unless  during  the  period  of 
their  imprisonment  the  prisoners,  in  the  judgment  of  the  government,  have 
made  themselves  unworthy  of  this  act  of  grace.  The  sentence  is  carried  out 
in  the  Penitentiary  of  the  Republic  according  to  the  regulations  thereof,  and, 
with  the  approval  of  the  Audicncia,  two  months  are  deducted  for  each  year 
in  the  case  of  convicts  whose  conduct  is  good. 

Tlie  provision  stipulatmg  that  a  chain  attached  to  the  foot  and  suspended 
from  the  belt  should  be  carried  by  those  sentenced  to  cadaia,  whether  per- 
petual or  temporal,  was  abolished  by  the  Decree  of  August  25,  1S98,  of  the 
Secretary  of  Grace,  Justice,  and  Government. 

The  convicts  are  put  to  work,  for  the  benefit  of  the  State,  upon  work  of 
public  utility,  either  inside  or  outside  the  institution,  if  they  are  under  the  age 
of  fifty-five,  and  are  not  prevented  hy  sickness  or  other  cause. 


PENALTIES.  113 


relegaci6n  perpetua  and  temporal. 

These  penalties,  which  were  executed  outside  the  islands  of  Cuba  and 
Porto  Rico,  are  now  inapplicable. 

reclusi6n  perpetua  and  temporal,  and  presidio. 

With  regard  to  the  execution  of  these  penalties,  the  same  legal  provisions 
arc  now  applicable  to  the  persons  sentenced  thereto  aa  those  previously  cited 
with  reference  to  the  penalties  of  cadena,  with  the  exception  of  the  differences 
prescribed  by  the  penitentiary  regulations.  This  Code  stipulates  that  the 
proceeds  of  convict  labor  shall  be  used:  1.  To  pay  the  civil  liability  growing 
out  of  the  crime;  2.  To  indemnify  the  institution  for  the  expenses  which  the 
prisoners  occasion;  and  3.  To  provide  the  prisoners  with  savings  and  create 
a  reserve  fund  to  be  delivered  to  them  at  the  time  of  their  discharge  or  to  be 
delivered  to  their  heirs  if  they  should  die  before  the  time  of  their  discharge. 
In  practice,  it  is  very  seldom  that  the  proceeds  of  convict  labor  are  applied  for 
the  first  of  the  purposes  specified. 

prisi6n  mayor  and  correccional. 

These  penalties  are  carried  out  in  the  Penitentiary  of  the  Republic  and 
consist  principally  in  the  dcpiivution  of  liberty,  since  the  convict-i  are  allowed 
to  engage,  for  their  own  benefit,  in  such  work  of  their  choice  as  may  be  com- 
patible with  the  regulation  discipline.  They  arc,  neverrhcless  subject  to  the 
work  of  the  inotitution  for  the  first  two  purposes  stated  in  the  preceding 
paragraph. 

CONFINAMIENTO. 

This  penalty,  which  was  formerly  executed  in  Isle  of  Pines,  is  not  now 
applied. 

arresto  mayor. 

This  penalty  is  carried  out  in  the  jails  and  consists,  like  pritidn  mayor  and 
correctional  imprisonment,  in  the  deprivation  of  liberty,  but  only  for  a  period 
lasting  from  a  month  and  a  day  to  six  months. 

arresto  menor. 

The  correctional  judges  have  power  to  impose  this  penalty  for  a  number  of 
days,  which  are  served  in  the  city  jails,  or  in  those  institutions  which  are  used 
for  that  purpose. 

JUDICIAL  CRIMINAL   STATISTICS. 

The  Department  of  Justice  has  furnished  the  following  summary  showing 
the  number  and  the  character  of  the  offences  recorded  in  the  courts  of  each 
province  during  the  year  which  terminated  June  30,  1907. 


114 


CRIMINAL  JURISDICTION  AND  PROCEDURE. 


Total 

Against  the  constitution 

Against  the  public  peace 

Falsification 

Against  the  public  health 

Gambling  and  raffling 

Wrongful  acts  of  public  em- 
ployees in  the  exercise  of 
their  duties 

Against  persons 

Against  chastity 

Against  honor 

Against  the  civil  condition  of 
persons 

Against  liberty  and  safety 

Against  property 

Miscellaneous  offences 

Gases  not  covered  by  the  Penal 
Code 


Total. 


12,601 


33 
358 
249 

39 
1 


316 

1,969 

1,527 

45 

8 

237 

6,682 

211 

926 


Habana, 


Matan- 
zas. 


3,994 


1.610 


14 

126 

94 

17 

1 


120 

657 

357 

27 

5 

90 

,143 

106 

337 


2 
27 
13 

5 


20 
251 
121 


22 

936 

22 

100 


Santa 
Clara. 


2,057 


11 

84 

48 

6 


80 

435 

346 

8 

1 

63 

1,723 

44 

118 


Orlente. 


Fenar 
del  Rio. 


Cama- 
gOey. 


2,485 


960 


686 


3 
82 
68 

7 


54 

410 

482 

6 

1 

35 

1,107 

16 

214 


3 
20 
13 

1 


10 

18 

3 


18 

168 

140 

1 


18 

434 

12 

123 


24 

148 

72 


1 

10 

330 

11 

34 


PRISONS,  ASYLUMS.  AND  HOSPITALS. 


PBISONERS  CONFINED  IN   PENAL  INSTITUTIONS. 

Reports  were  received  from  30  penal  institutions,  in  which  3,898  prisoners 
were  confined  on  September  30,  1907.  The  numbers  of  such  institutions  and 
of  persons  under  confinement  in  each  province  on  the  given  date  were  as 
follows: 


PROVINCE. 

Number  of 
prisons. 

Number  of 
prisoners. 

Total 

30 

3  808 

Pinar  del  Rio 

3 
9 

4 
6 
2 
6 

309 

Habana 

2  178 

Matanzas 

281 

Santa  Clara 

614 

136 

Oriente 

380 

'  This  classification  by  provinces  has,  however,  no  significance  as  to  the 
distribution  of  crime  throughout  the  island,  inasmuch  as  many  criminals  are 
confined  in  the  presidio,  in  Habana,  for  crimes  committed  in  other  provinces. 

The  total  number  of  prisoners  is  1,9  in  each  1,000  of  the  population,  or  50 
per  cent  more  than  the  corresponding  ratio  for  the  United  States,  and  two 
and  one-half  times  that  for  the  Philippines  in  1903. 

As  is  elsewhere  the  case,  males  are  overwhelmingly  in  the  majority  among 
the  delinquent  classes.  Of  the  prisoners,  3,722  were  males  and  176  were 
females,  the  proportion  being  95.5  and  4.5  per  cent,  respectively. 

The  following  table  gives  the  number  and  percentage  of  prisoners  of 
different  races,  or  colors: 


COLOR. 

Number. 

Per  cent. 

Total 

3,898 

100.0 

White 

1,934 

1,156 

781 

27 

49.6 

Black 

29.7 

20.0 

Yellow 

0.7 

The  proportion  of  white  criminals  is  much  less  than  the  proportion  of  whites 
in  the  total  population,  and  the  proportion  of  the  black  and  mestizo  prisoners 
is  much  greater  than  the  proportion  of  these  races  in  the  total  population. 

'The  data  regarding  prisoners  under  confinement,  the  sick  and  insane  in  hospitals, 
and  inmates  of  asylums,  have  been  obtained  through  the  courtesy  of  Col.  E.  St.  J. 
Greble,  Adviser  to  the  Department  of  Government.  The  figures,  in  all  cases,  relate 
to  the  date  September  30,  1907. 

(115) 


116  PRISONS,  ASYLUMS,  AND  HOSPITALS. 


ASYLUMS  FOR  ORPHANS,   FOUNDLINGS,    AND   AGED   PEOPLE. 

Eleven  asylums  of  various  sorts,  for  orphans,  foundlings,  aged  people,  etc., 
were  reported,  four  of  the  institutions  being  in  the  province  of  Habana,  four 
in  Matanzas,  one  in  Camagiiey,  and  two  in  Oriente. 

The  largest  institution,  the  Casa  de  Beneficencia  y  Maternidad  in  the  city 
of  Habana,  contained  more  inmates  than  all  of  the  others  combined. 

The  total  number  of  inmates  in  these  asylums  on  September  30,  1907,  was 
1,595,  of  which  805  were  males,  and  790  females.  The  classification  by  color 
shows  1,155  whites,  232  blacks,  151  mestizos,  and  57  yellow,  or  Chinese.  The 
proportion  of  blacks  in  these  asylums  is  below  the  proportion  of  blacks  in  the 
population,  and  that  of  mestizos  is  far  below  their  proportion. 

The  classification  of  the  inmates,  by  ages,  is  as  follows:  Under  1  year,  32 
1  to  4  years,  131;  5  to  9  years,  289;  10  to  14  years,  364;  15  to  24  years,  202 
25  to  34  years,  35;  35  to  44  years,  51 ;  45  to  54  years,  64;  55  to  64  years,  90 
65  years  and  over,  333;  and  unknown,  4,  making  a  total  of  1,595  inmates. 

Of  those  shown  as  65  years  of  age  and  over,  no  fewer  than  60  were  reported 
as  90  years  of  age  and  over,  and  of  these,  19  were  said  to  be  100  or  more. 
Indeed,  such  extreme  ages  as  108,  110,  114,  and  115,  were  reported.  It  is 
extremely  improbable,  however,  that  the  correct  ages  were  stated  in  these 
cases. 

As  to  birthplace,  1,296,  or  81  per  cent,  were  born  in  Cuba;  142,  or  9  per 
cent,  in  Spain;  66  in  Africa  (all  negroes  and  formerly  slaves);  and  64  in 
China,  the  few  remaining  being  widely  scattered  or  of  unknown  birthplace. 
Very  few  indeed  were  born  in  other  islands  of  the  West  Indies,  or  in  Central 
or  South  America. 

The  occupations  of  1,067,  or  two-thirds  of  the  total  number,  were  unknown. 
Of  the  remaining  588,  142  were  reported  as  at  school,  95  as  at  home,  and  71 
as  beggers,  all  of  these  classes  being  dependents.  The  others  were  scattered 
over  a  long  list  of  occupations. 

Elementary  education,  as  indicated  by  ability  to  read,  was  possessed  by  972 
inmates,  while  472  were  unable  to  read,  and  the  condition  of  151  was  unknown. 
Since  most  of  these  institutions  maintain  schools  for  the  instruction  of  the 
young,  most  of  those  between  the  ages  of  5  and  24  years  (96  per  cent)  are  able 
to  read.  Of  those  of  greater  age,  the  proportion  is  much  smaller,  being  only 
20  per  cent. 

HOSPITALS. 

The  reports  show  that  there  were  in  Cuba,  on  September  30,  1907,  56 
hospitals  with  a  total  of  5,906  patients.  One  hospital  was  for  the  insane  and 
cared  for  1,782  insane  patients.  In  the  55  hospitals  in  which  the  non-insane 
sick  are  cared  for,  there  were  4,124  patients,  or  one-fifth  of  one  per  cent  of 
the  population. 

The  discussion  which  follows  relates  only  to  the  non-insane  sick  in  55  of  the 
56  hospitals.  The  following  table  gives  the  number  of  these  hospitals  and  of 
the  patients  therein,  in  each  province: 


THE  INSANE. 

117 

PROVINCE. 

Number  of 
hospitals. 

Number  of 
Inmates. 

Total 

55 

4   124 

Pinar  del  Rio 

3 
13 

6 
15 

4 
14 

125 

Habana 

2  048 

Matan/:as 

381 

Santa  Clara 

776 

Camagfiey 

202 

Oriente 

592 

The  large  number  in  Habana  province,  amounting  to  very  nearly  one-half 
of  all  patients,  is  significant  only  as  it  illustrates  the  provision  for  the  sick 
existing  in  that  province  and  mainly  in  the  city  of  Habana.  Of  the  2,048 
patients  in  hospitals  of  Habana  province,  1,961  were  in  those  of  the  city  of 
Habana. 

Of  the  4,124  patients,  no  fewer  than  3,195,  or  77.5  per  cent,  were  males, 
and  only  929,  or  22.5  per  cent,  were  females.  This  is  due,  in  part,  to  the  fact 
that  the  great  proportion  of  the  sick  in  hospitals  are  of  foreign  birth,  a  class 
composed  mainly  of  the  male  sex.  Moreover,  among  those  of  Cuban  birth, 
the  practice  of  sending  the  sick  to  the  hospital  is  less  prevalent  in  the  case  of 
women  than  in  the  case  of  men. 

Nearly  all  of  the  patients  are  adults,  only  162,  or  less  than  4  per  cent,  being 
below  the  age  of  15.  This  is  due,  in  part,  to  the  large  proportion  of  foreign 
born  in  hospitals,  and  in  part  to  the  manifest  disposition  to  treat  sick  children 
at  home. 

The  proportion  of  whites  is  greater  and  that  of  the  colored,  including  blacks 
and  mestizos,  is  less  than  the  corresponding  proportions  in  the  population, 
while  the  proportion  of  the  yellow  race  is  far  greater.  Practically  all  of  the 
individuals  in  this  last  class  are  of  foreign  birth  and  are  in  Cuba  without  their 
families;  hence,  when  sickness  overtakes  them,  they  go,  of  necessity,  to  the 
hospital.  The  same  is  true,  though  in  smaller  measure,  of  the  whites  among 
the  foreign  born. 

THE   INSANE. 

There  is  only  one  hospital  for  the  insane  in  Cuba,  but  that  is  a  very  large 
one,  located  at  Santiago  de  las  Vegas,  in  Habana  province.  On  September  30, 
1907,  this  contained  1,782  patients,  classified  as  982  males  and  800  females, 
the  excess  of  males  being  due  to  the  excess  of  males  among  the  foreign  born. 

The  following  table  classifies  the  insane  by  sex  and  by  color: 


COLOR. 

Total. 

Males. 

Females. 

Total 

1.782 

982 

800 

White 

1,001 

491 

251 

39 

596 

218 

129 

39 

405 

Black 

273 

122 

Yellow 

118  PRISONS,  ASYLUMS,  AND  HOSPITALS. 

The  proportion  of  colored  in  the  hospital  for  the  insane  is  much  greater 
than  their  corresponding  proportions  in  the  population;  that  is,  while  the 
colored  form  about  one-third  of  the  population,  they  form  not  less  than  44 
per  cent  of  the  inmates  of  this  asylum.  Since  it  is  probable  that  the  pro- 
portion of  colored  insane  in  confinement  is  smaller  than  the  corresponding 
proportion  of  white  insane,  it  follows  that  insanity  is  much  more  preva- 
lent among  the  colored  than  among  the  whites. 

It  will  also  be  noted  that  in  the  case  of  the  whites,  males  outnumber  females 
in  the  proportion  of  60  to  40,  while  in  the  case  of  the  blacks,  females  outnumber 
the  males  in  the  proportion  of  56  to  44.  In  the  case  of  the  mestizos,  the 
numbers  are  about  equal.  In  the  case  of  the  Chinese,  there  are  no  females, 
this  condition  being  due,  of  course,  to  the  fact  that  there  are  practically  no 
Chinese  women  in  the  island. 

Very  few  of  the  insane  confined  in  the  asylum  were  below  the  age  of  15 
years.  For  all  ages  imder  65  years,  the  number  of  males  is  greater  than  that 
of  females. 

Of  the  whole  number  whose  country  of  birth  is  known,  82  per  cent  were 
born  in  Cuba  and  18  per  cent  were  born  abroad,  mainly  in  Spain.  The 
proportion  of  insane  bom  abroad  is  greater  than  the  corresponding  proportion 
of  the  population.  Among  Cubans,  the  number  of  males  is  very  nearly  equal 
to  the  number  of  females,  but  of  the  foreign  bom,  the  excess  of  males  is  great, 
212  to  61,  being  doubtless  due  to  the  excess  of  males  among  the  foreign  bom 
population  in  the  island. 

Of  those  concerning  whom  information  was  obtained,  41  per  cent  were  able 
to  read.  The  proportion  for  the  males  was  46  per  cent,  while  that  for  the 
females  was  only  36  per  cent. 


TRANSPORTATION  BY  RAILROADS  AND 
STEAMSHIP  LINES. 


RAILROADS. 

Cuba  was  the  second  country  in  America  to  operate  a  steam  road,  being  in 
this  respect  eleven  years  in  advance  of  the  mother  country,  Spain. 

The  first  Cuban  railroad  was  opened  to  traffic  on  November  19,  1837.  It 
was  built  under  the  auspices  of  the  Junta  de  foment©  de  la  Habana  (improve- 
ment board  of  Habana)  and  was  known  as  the  Caminos  de  Hierro  de  la 
Habana  (Railroads  of  Habana).  This  road  was  about  45  miles  in  length  and 
connected  the  capital  with  the  town  of  Giiines. 

After  it  had  been  in  operation  for  four  years  it  was  sold  by  the  Government 
to  a  corporation,  and  this -fact  served  to  encourage  the  building  of  railroads 
by  other  corporations. 

The  spirit  of  enterprise  being  thus  stimulated,  the  first  sections  of  the 
principal  lines  now  in  operation  were  soon  constructed,  and  these  furnished 
outlets  for  agricultural  products  to  the  most  important  ports  of  the  island. 
On  September  1,  1908,  the  total  distance  covered  by  the  railroad  lines  of  Cuba 
was  2,329.8  miles.  The  following  statement,  furnished  by  Hon.  J.  Charles 
Hernandez,  Director  General  of  Communications,  of  Cuba,  shows  the 
various  railroads  with  the  length  and  termini  of  each  branch: 

Termini  and  length  of  each  railroad:  1908. 


LINE    AND   TEHMINI.  MileS. 


Aggregate . 


United  Railways  of  Habana: 
Total 


Habana  to  Col6n 

Habana  to  Santa  Clara. 
Habana  to  Guanajay.  . 
Habana  to  Alacranes.  . 
Habana  to  Matanzas. 


2,329.8 


1,056.0 


125.0 

183.9 

35.5 

80.8 

54.1 

Regla  to  Santa  Clara 1  175. 4 

San  Felipe  to  Bataban<5 |  9.2 

Madruga  to  Giiines 17.2 

Madruga  to  Empalme 21.0 

Concha  to  Marianao '  6.2 

Matanzas  to  Uni6n  de  Reyes 21.5 

C Ardenas  to  Murga 56 . 0 

CSrdenas  to  Jovellanos |  16.8 

Cardenas  to  Yaguaramas I  80.7 

Los  Arabos  to  Altamisal I  20 . 0 

Maximo  G6mez  to  Itabo 13.5 

Regla  to  Guanabacoa I  3.1 

Giiines  to  Cardenas |  114.5 

Esles  to  Guareiras I  21.6 

(119) 


120  TRANSPORTATION  BY  RAILROADS  AND  STEAMSHIPS. 


Termini  and  length  of  each  railroad:  1908 — Continued. 


LINB   AND   TERMINI. 


Tunas  and  Sanoti-Spiritus  Railroad:  ' 

Sancti-Spiritus  to  Tunas  de  Zaza 

Rodas  and  Cartagena  Railroad: 

Rodas  to  Cartagena 

Juragu&  Railroad: 

Jaragua  to  Horquita,  via  Estrecha 

Cuban  Central  Railroad  Company: 

Total 

Cienf uegos  to  Sagua 

Santa  Clara  to  Cfenfiiegos 

Santa  Clara  to  A.  Pasajeros 

Placetas  to  I.  de  Sagua 

Cnil)ari6n  to  Camajiianf 

Cail)arl6n  to  Placetas,  via  Estrecha 

Sagua  la  Grande  to  Caguagnas,  via  Estrecha 

Isia  de  Sagua  to  Santo  Domingo 

Ranchuelo  to  San  Juan  Yeras 

Gibara  and  Holgufn  Railroad: 

Total 

Chaparra  to  Holgufn 

Gibara  to  Iberia 

The  Cuba  Railroad  Company: 

Total 

Santiago  de  Cuba  to  Santa  Clara 

San  Luis  to  La  Maya 

Antilla  to  Alto  Cecfro 

Holgufn  to  Cacocurn 

Saucti-Spiritus  to  Zaza  del  Medio 

The  Western  Railway  of  Habana,  limited: 

Total 

Habana  to  San  Juan  y  Martfnez 

San  Juan  y  Martinez  to  Guane 

Nue\itas  and  Camagtley  Railroad: 

CaraagUey  to  N  uevitas 

The  Cuba  Eastern  Railroad  Company: 

Total 

San  Luis  to  Guantflnamo 

Guantinamo  to  BoquercSn 

Guantanamo  Railroad: 

Total 

Guantilnamo  to  Caimanera 

Guantilnamo  to  Jamaica 

Jflcaro  and  Morrtn  Railroad: 

Mor<5n  to  Jflcaro  por  Ciego  de  Avila 

Habana  Central  Railroad  Company: 

Total 

Habana  Arsenal  to  Guanajay  Electrlco 

Habana  Arsenal  to  Guines  Electrico 


STEAMSHIP  LINES. 


121 


COASTWISE   STEAMSHIP   LINES. 


Several  lines  of  coastwise  steamships  ply  regularly  between  various  Cuban 
ports,  carrying  mail,  passengers,  and  freight;  the  following  list  shows  the 
termini  of  these  lines: 


Termini. 


Sobrinos  de  Herrera  Line 

Julian  Alonso  Line 

Bullond  Company 

La  Gloria  Company 

N.Tnijillo 

Norili  American  Sugar  Co, 

Vuelta  AbajoS.  S.  Co 

Jose  Mufiiz 

Jose  Mufiiz 

Isle  of  Pines S.S.  Co 

C.  J.  Trujillo 

C.  J.Trujillo 

C. I.  Trujillo 

N.  de  Castiiflo 

N.  de  Castaflo 

Miguel  I'airet 

Francisco  Sotos 


Habana  and  Santiago  de  Cuba. 
Habana  and  La  F6,  Pinar  del  Rio, 
Cienfuegos  and  Rodas. 
N  uevitas  and  La  Gloria. 
Cienfuegos  and  Castillo  de  Jagua. 
Caibarign  and  Yaguajay. 
Bataban6  and  Isia  de  Pinos. 
Manzanillo  and  Cauto. 
Manzanilloand  Niquero. 
Bataban6and  Islade  ['inos. 
Habana  and  Santiago  de  Cuba. 
Habana  and  Manzanillo. 
Cienfuegop  and  Jucaro. 
Habana  and  Manzanillo. 
Cienfuegos  and  Tunas  de  Zaza. 
Orozco  and  Cabaflas. 
Antillas  and  Mayarf. 


STEAMSHIP   COMMUNICATION  WITH  FOREIGN   COUNTRIES. 

Habana  is  one  of  the  termini  in  the  case  of  the  following  steamship  lines 
connecting  the  ports  of  Cuba  with  those  of  foreign  countries: 


LINE. 

Foreign  terminus. 

Herrera  Steamship  Line 

Bilboa,  Spain. 
Vera  Cruz,  Mexico. 

Porto  Rico. 

Mobile,  Ala. 

New  York  and  Ciil)a  Mail  Steamship  Company 

New  York.  N.  Y. 

North  German  Lloyd  Company 

Bremen,  Germany. 

Peninsular  and  Occidental  Steamship  Company 

Knights  Key.Fla. 

Southern  Pacific  Steamship  Company 

Tampa,  Fla. 
New  Orleans,  La. 

Copenhagen,  Denmark, 

Progreso,  Mexico. 

The  following  lines  have  steamers  stopping  at  Habana  on  the  way  from  one 
port  to  another: 


LINE. 

Termini. 

Spain,  France,  and  Mexico. 

Hamb\irg,  German V,  and  Mexico. 

New  York  and  Cul)a  Mail  Steamship  Company 

New  York,  N.  Y.,  and  Mexico. 

Canary  Islands  and  Mexico. 

In  addition  to  the  steamships  of  the  regular  lines  enumerated,  the  ports  of 
Cuba  are  frequently  visited  by  tramp  steamers  or  sailing  vessels,  which  come 
from  and  depart  for  the  principal  ports  of  Europe  and  America. 


PUBUC  SCHOOLS. 


The  history  of  education  in  Cuba  under  the  Spanish  government  will  be 
found  in  the  report  on  the  census  of  Cuba  of  1899,  and  in  a  report  on  the 
subject  made  by  Mr.  R.  L.  Packard  to  the  United  States  Commissioner  of 
Education  and  published  in  the  Report  of  the  Bureau  of  Education  for  1897-8. 

The  present  public  school  system  was  instituted  by  the  American  Military 
Governor  during  the  first  intervention  by  the  United  States  in  1900. 

In  1900,  the  number  of  teachers  and  of  school  rooms  was  3,567.  The 
number  of  enrolled  pupils  in  the  last  month  of  that  year  was  172,273  and  the 
average  attendance  for  the  year  was  123,362. 

The  figures  presented  in  the  following  pages  are  taken  from  a  report  by  Dr. 
y*  Lincoln  Zayas,  Director  of  Public  Instruction,  and  relate  to  December,  1906. 

*  The  total  number  of  schoolhouses  was  2,149;  of  these,  1,809  were  rented 
buildings,  and  246  were  owned  by  the  government  or  by  indiNiduals  who 
allowed  them  to  be  used  free  of  rent,  while  the  status  of  the  remainder  is 
unknown.  The  total  number  of  school  rooms  was  3,566.  The  average  rent 
paid  per  house  was  $16.79,  and  per  room,  $10.42. 

The  total  number  of  teachers  was  3,649^  of  whom  3,437  were  white  and 
only  212  were  colored.  The  number  of  women  largely  exceeded  the~number 
of  men,  there  being  onlv  1,286  of  the  latter  to  2,363  of  the  former,  or  nearly 
twice  as  many.    They  were  grouped  by  ages  as  lollows: 


K^ 


AGE    QHOTJP. 


Total 

Under  20 years.. . 

20  to  29  years 

30  to  39  years 

40  to  49  years .... 
50  years  and  over. 


Number  of 
teachers. 


3,649 


690 
1.751 
718 
332 
158 


Neariy  one-half  of  the  teachers  were  between  the  agesof-SQ  and  29  and  two- 

^,     «'J»    .      .,..,1   ..11  ^..^.^^^^..t^  <i»«M^^&«<<^>raKi!9l|^«p 

thirds  were  under  30. 

The  total  number  of  pupils  registered  was  122,214.  This  is  4  per  cent  of  the 
total  population  and  is_36  per  cent  of  the  jaumber  of  children  of  school  age, 
as  determined  by  the  school  census  of  1906,  which  showed  336,524  persons 
between  the  ages  of  6  and  18  years.  Of  the  total  number  of  pupils,  66,322 
were  males  and  55,892  were  females,  the  excess  of  males  being  10,430.  As 
to  color,  82,164  were  white  and  40,050  colored,  the  proportions  of  the  two 

(122) 


AGE  AND  GRADE  OF  PUPILS. 


123 


races  in  the  schools  being  very  nearly  the  same  as  the  corresponding  pro- 
portions in  the  population. 

The  average  daily  attendance  was  96,301,  or  78.8  per  cent  of  the  number 
registered.  This  proportion  is  very  high,  comparing  favorably  with  that  for 
the  United  States  (70  per  cent). 

There  is  very  little  difference  in  the  daily  attendance  of  the  males  and  the 
females  or  of  the  whites  and  the  colored. 

The  following  is  a  classification  of  the  registered  pupils  by  age: 


AQE 

Total 

Less  than  6  years 

6  years 

7  years. ; 

8  years 

9  years. 

10  years 

11  years 

12  years 

13  years 

14  years 

15  years  and  over 


Number  of 
pupils. 


122,214 


1,710 
14,438 
12,060 
10,392 
10,820 
16,102 
15,630 
17,299 
13,566 
7,456 
3.741 


The  following  table  gives  the  number  in  each  school  grade: 


Number  of 
pupils. 


Total. 

Kindergarten 
First  grade .  . 
Second  grade . 
Third  grade. . 
Fourth  grade. 
Fifth  grade. . 


122,214 


1,702 
74,174 
30,096 
12,821 

2,83& 
587 


VITAL  STATISTICS. 


For  many  years  records  of  births,  deaths,  and  marriages  have  been  made  in 
nearly  every  part  of  the  island,  and  since  the  first  American  intervention  these 
registrations  have  been  extended  throughout  the  republic.  Information 
relative  to  deaths  is  sent  to  the  local  judges,  who  in  turn  send  it  to  the  Central 
Board  of  Health;  in  addition  the  head  physician  makes  a  statement  in  each 
case.  Inasmuch  as  the  law  prohibits  the  granting  of  a  burial  license  unless 
the  death  is  properly  reported,  the  health  authorities  believe  that  a  complete 
registration  of  deaths  is  obtained. 

The  following  table  shows  the  approximate  population,  the  number  of 
deaths,  and  the  death  rate  per  1,000,  by  years,  from  1900  to  1906.  The 
estimate  of  population  has  been  made  by  adding  to  the  number  of  inhabitants 
in  1899  one-eighth  of  the  increase  shown  by  the  census  of  1907,  for  each  year 
that  has  elapsed  since  1899. 


TXAB. 

Population. 

Number  of 
deaths. 

Number  of 
deaths  per 

1,000  of 
population. 

1900 

1,630,000 
1,690,000 
1,750,000 
1,810,000 
1,870,000 
1,930,000 
1,990,000 

28,779 
27,754 
25,512 
23,982 
25,198 
27,345 
30,021 

17.7 

1901 

16.4 

1902 

14.6 

1903 

13.3 

1904 

13.5 

1905 

14.2 

1906 

15.1 

It  is  evident  that  the  rates  are  too  small,  and  even  the  fact  that  the  sanitary 
condition  of  the  whole, .  idand  is  satisfactory  xind  yellow,  fever  and  smallpox 
haveJbVen'Vqpe.d  out,  does  not  afford  an  adequate  explanation.  In  Porto 
Rico,  for  instance,  where  sanitary  conditions  are  equally  satisfactory,  and  in 
Spain,  the  death  rates  are  higher.  The  United  States,  which  has  a  more 
vigorous  and  long-lived  population,  has  a  higher  death  rate  than  that  reported 
for  Cuba. 

The  death  rate  for  the  island  decreased  from  1900  to  1903,  in  which  year  it 
reached  the  minimum  of  13.3  per  1,000;  it  then  increased  until  1906. 

The  following  table  shows  the  number  of  deaths  and  the  death  rates  in  each 
province,  by  years,  from  1900  to  1906: 

(124) 


DEATH  RATES. 


125 


Habana. 


Matanzas. 


Pinar  del 
Rio. 


Cama- 
gUey. 


Santa 
Clara. 


Oriente. 


NtTMBER  OF  DEATHS. 


1900 
1901 
1902 
1903 
1904 
1905 
1906 

1900 
1901 
1902 
1903 
1904 
1905 
1906 


9,970 
9,710 
9,036 
8,620 
9,029 
5,513 
10,030 


4,409 
3,890 
3,757 
3,449 
3,637 
4,057 
4.221 


2.895 
2,850 
2,557 
2,280 
2,557 
2.701 
2,800 


1,072 
1,198 
1,148 
1,061 
1,046 
1.238 
1,332 


6.487 
6.188 
5.271 
5,092 
5,429 
5,705 
6.670 


NUUBER  OP  DEATHS  PEK  1.000  OF  POPULATION. 


22.7 

21.3 

21.4 

18.3 

19.3 

17.3 

17.9 

15.6 

18.2 

16.3 

18.7 

17.6 

19.2 

18.0 

16.0 

11.7 

17.5 

15.0 

12.5 

16.2 

12.9 

11.5 

13.3 

11.0 

10.2 

12.5 

11.9 

9.8 

12.9 

12.1 

11.3 

13.2 

12.1 

11.9 

15.0 

3,946 
3,918 
3,743 
3,490 
3,501 
4,131 
4,968 


11.5 

10.9 

10.0 

8.9 

8.6 

9.8 

11.3 


From  these  figures  it  appears  that  in  certain  provinces  there  has  been  a 
failure  to  report  properly  a  considerable  number  of  deaths.  It  is  probable 
that  such  omissions  were  more  frequent  among  the  lower  than  among  the 
upper  classes  and  in  the  case  of  young  children  than  in  the  case  of  adults,  and 
more  numerous  in  rural  districts  than  in  cities. 

The  rates  difi'er  greatly  in  the  different  provinces,  as  shown  by  the  following 
statement,  which  gives  for  each  province  the  average  death  rate  for  the  7 
years  from  1900  to  1906: 


PHOVINCB. 

Num- 
ber Of 
deaths 

per 
1,000  of 
popula- 
tion. 

PBOVINCB. 

Num- 
ber of 
deaths 

per 
1,000  of 
popula- 
tion. 

Habana 

19.6 
17.6 
14.4 

Pinar  del  Rio 

13  0 

Matanzas 

CamagQey 

11  3 

Santa  Clara 

Oriente 

10.1 

According  to  the  reports  of  the  municipalities  for  1906,  Santiago  de  las 
Vegas,  province  of  Habana,  had  the  highest  death  rate,  39  per  1,000  of 
population,  and  Santa  Cruz  del  Sur,  province  of  Camagiiey,  the  lowest,  3  per 
1,000.  For  the  city  of  Habana,  the  death  rate  was  20;  for  Cienfuegos,  18; 
for  Matanzas,  17;  and  for  Santiago  de  Cuba,  21.  In  8  of  the  municipalities 
the  proportion  of  deaths  exceeded  20  per  1,000  of  population;  in  21  the  rate 
fluctuated  between  15  and  19;  in  37  the  rate  fluctuated  between  10  and  14; 
and  in  16  the  rate  did  not  reach  10  per  1,000. 


126 


VITAL  STATISTICS. 


The  following  table  of  death  rates,  by  ages,  has  been  prepared  on  the  basis 
of  the  population  enumerated  in  the  census  of  1907,  and  of  the  number  of 
deaths  registered  in  1906: 


AGE   OBOUP. 


Less  than  1  year. 

1  to    4  years . . . 

6  to  19  years. . . . 

20  to  39  years 

40  to  59  years 

60  years  and  over 


Number  of 
deaths. 


8.661 
4,018 
2,073 
5,158 
4.781 
6.340 


Number  of 
deaths  per 

1,000  of 
population. 


133.9 

14.5 

3.2 

7.7 

16,0 

56.6 


The  following  table  gives  the  number  of  deaths  among  the  white  and  the 
colored,  and  also  the  proportion  of  the  total  number  of  deaths  for  each  class: 


TEAR. 

NUMBEB   OF   DEATHS. 

PER   CENT   OF   TOTAL. 

White. 

Colored. 

White. 

Colored. 

1900 

18,923 
18,243 
16,823 
15,618 
16,304 
17,761 
19.488 

9,856 
9,511 
8,689 
8,364 
8,894 
9,584 
10,533 

65.8 
65.7 
65.9 
65.1 
64.7 
65.0 
64.9 

34.2 

1901 

34.3 

1902 

34.1 

1903 

34.9 

1904 

35.3 

1905 

35  0 

1906 

36.1 

The  following  table  shows  the  deaths  of  the  white  and  colored  in  each 
province  in  1906,  together  with  the  proportion  of  the  total  number  of  deaths 
for  each  element: 


PBOVINCE. 

NTtMBER   OF   DEATHS. 

FEB   CENT   OF  TOTAL. 

White. 

Colored. 

White. 

Colored. 

Total 

19,488 

10,633 

64.9 

35.1 

Plnar  del  Rio 

1,897 
7,213 
2,400 
4,401 
1,049 
2,528 

903 
2,817 
1,821 
2,269 

283 
2,440 

67.7 
71.9 
56.9 
66.0 
78.8 
50.9 

32.2 

Habana 

28.1 

Matanzas 

43.1 

Santa  Clara 

34.0 

CamagOey 

21  2 

Oriente 

49.1 

The  number  and  percentage  of  deaths  from  the  principal  diseases  were  as 
follows  in  1906: 


CAUSES  OF  DEATH. 


127 


CAUSE    OF    DEATH. 


Jlpiarrhea  and  enteritis 

^^Tuberculosis  of  the  lungs 

vOrganic  diseases  of  the  heart 

Congenital  debility 

Bright's  disease 

Tetanus 

Diseases  of  arteries 

-«>  Malaria 

Acute  bronchitis 

Other  accidental  traumatisms 

Simple  meningitis 

Cancer 

Congestion  and  hemorrhage  of  the  brain 

Bronchopneumonia 

Senile  debility 

Pneumonia 

Cirrhosis  of  liver 

Diseases  of  stomach 

Suicide 

Typhoid  fever 

Congenital  malformation 

Convulsions 

Hernia 

Diphtheria  and  croup 

Puerperal  septicemia 

Influenza 

.    Chronic  bronchitis 

Abdominal  tuberculosis 

Whooping  cough 

Angina  pectoris 

Congestion  and  apoplexy  of  lungs 

Tuberculous  meningitis 

Anemia 

Diseases  of  bones 


DEATHS  IN   CUBA. 


Number. 


4,944 

3,560 

1,797 

1,427 

1,425 

1,207 

1,182 

1,147 

1,078 

1,052 

931 

819 

763 

737 

584 

397 

311 

299 

273 

264 

224 

223 

212 

201 

191 

176 

161 

160 

159 

146 

137 

120 

115 

110 


Per  cent  of 
total  number. 


3.6 
3.2 
2.7 
2.5 
2.5 
1.9 
1.3 
1.0 
1.0 
0.9 
0.9 
0.7 
0.7 
0.7 
0.7 
0.6 
0.6 
0.5 
0.5 
0.5 
0.5 
0,6 
0.4 
0.4 
0.4 


Per  cent  of 

total  number 

of  deaths 

in  the 

United  States. 


7.6 
9.9 
8.1 
2.1 
5.6 
0.2 
0.8 

i:? 

1.1 
1.1 
4.4 
4.7 
2.4 
2.1 
6.0 
0.9 
1.4 
0.9 
2.0 
0.8 
1.1 
0.3 
1.6 
0.4 
0,7 
0.8 
0.4 
1.0 
0.4 
0.4 
0.6 
0.3 
0.2 


The  following  table  shows  for  Cuba  the  number  of  deaths  during  1906  and 
the  proportion  of  the  total  number  of  deaths  in  each  age  group,  as  compared 
with  the  proportion  of  the  total  number  of  deaths  in  the  same  age  groups  in 
the  United  States: 


AOE    GROUP. 


Less  than  1  year. . 

1  to    4  years.  . . . 

5  to  19  years.  . . . 
20  to  39  years. . . . 
40  to  59  years ... 
60  years  and  over 


DKATHS  IN  CUBA. 


Number. 


8,661 
4,018 
2,073 
6,158 
4,781 
5,340 


Per  cent  of 
total  number. 


28.8 
13.4 
6.9 
17.2 
15.9 
17.8 


Per  cent  of 
total  number 

of  deaths 

in  the 

United  States. 


20.2 
8.2 
6.6 
17.4 
18.7 
28.6 


128 


VITAL  STATISTICS. 


In  the  following  table  are  presented  the  number  of  births  and  the  birth 
rates,  for  the  years  from  1900  to  1906: 


TXAB. 

Number  of 
births. 

Number  of 

births  per 

1.000  of 

population. 

1900 

43,003 
43,586 
47.091 
57.864 
58.363 
65.906 
55,963 

26.4 

1901 

25.8 

1902 

26.9 

1903 

32.0 

1904 

31.2 

1905....            

34.1 

1906 

28.1 

The  birth  rate  for  Cuba  is  low,  being  less  than  that  for  the  United  States 
and  less  than  the  rates  for  many  European  countries.  This  is  remarkable  in 
view  of  the  fact  that  the  years  represented  followed  a  disastrous  war.  Ordi- 
narily, in  such  cases,  the  rate  would  be  very  high.  The  sudden  falling  ofiF  in 
the  number  of  births  in  1906  is  also  unaccountable  unless  it  is  assumed  that 
registration  has  been  incomplete. 

The  number  of  births  reported  in  1906  is  10,000  less  than  the  number  of 
children  under  one  year  of  age  according  to  the  census  of  1907.  If  the  probable 
number  of  deaths  occurring  in  this  age  group  during  the  year  is  added  to  the 
number  of  children  in  this  age  group,  an  approximate  estimate  of  the  number 
of  births  will  be  secured.  The  figure  obtained  in  this  way  is  75,000,  which 
shows  that  the  omissions  probably  made  were  not  much  less  than  19,000,  and 
that  the  birth  rate  would  therefore  be  37  instead  of  28. 

The  following  table  shows  the  births  among  the  white  and  colored  and  the 
proportion  of  the  total  for  each  class  of  the  population: 


NUKBKR   OF   BJS.TBB. 

PES  CENT  OF  TOTAL. 

White. 

Colored. 

White. 

Colored. 

1900 

31,474 
32,879 
35.688 
43,334 
44,248 
50,142 
43,467 

11,529 
10,707 
11,403 
14,530 
14,115 
15,764 
12,496 

73.2 
76.4 
7S.8 
74.9 
76.8 
76.1 
77.7 

26.8 

1901 

24.6 

1902 

24.2 

1903 

25.1 

1904 

24.2 

1905 

23.9 

1906 

22.3 

The  following  table  shows,  for  each  province,  the  number  of  births  in  190G, 
and  the  birth  rate,  on  the  basis  of  the  population  enumerated  in  the  census  of 
1907. 


CITY  OF  HABANA. 


129 


Number  of 
births. 


Number  of 

births  per 

1.000  of 

population. 


Total.. 

Pinar  del  Rfo 

Habana 

Matanzas.  . . . 
Santa  Clara .  . 
CaraagUey.  .  . 
Oriente 


55,963 


4,772 
13,728 

7,392 
14,465 

3,279 
12,327 


27.3 


19.9 
25.5 
30.8 
31.6 
27.7 
27.1 


The  excess  of  births  over  deaths  in  each  province  was  as  follows:  Pinar 
del  Rio,  1,972;  Habana,  3,698;  Matanzas,  3,171 ;  Santa  Clara,  7,795;  Cama- 
giiey,  1,947;  and  Oriente,  7,359. 


VITAL  STATISTICS   OF  HABANA. 

According  to  the  census  of  1899  the  population  of  the  city  of  Habana  was 
242,055.  In  1907  the  city  had  302,526  inhabitants,  50.2  per  cent  of  whom 
were  native  white,  24.5  per  cent  foreign  white,  and  25.3  per  cent  negroes. 

The  registers  of  deaths  occurring  in  the  city  of  Habana  have  been  published 
since  1820  and  appear  to  be  reasonably  complete,  at  least  so  far  as  the  whites 
are  concerned.  Following  is  a  statement  of  the  annual  average  death  rate 
per  1,000  inhabitants,  by  decades,  based  on  these  records: 

1820  to  1829 43 

1830  to  1839 60 

1840  to  1849 28 

1850  to  1859 31 

1860  to  1869 43 

1870  to  1879 47 

1880  to  1889 34 

1890  to  1899 45 

1900  to  1906 22 

The  violent  fluctuations  in  the  death  rates  are  characteristic  of  a  city  which 
has  been  subject  to  epidemics.  The  average  death  rate  of  the  city  while  under 
Spanish  rule  was  40  per  1,000  inhabitants,  whereas  after  the  American  inter- 
vention it  declined  to  22  per  1,000.  Exclusive  of  the  destruction  caused  by 
yellow  fever  and  smallpox,  the  average  death  rate  from  1870  to  1899  was  36 
per  1,000.  It  is  evident,  therefore,  that  the  sanitary  improvements  introduced 
by  the  Americans  not  only  wiped  out  yellow  fever  and  smallpox,  but  also 
caused  the  death  rates  from  other  causes  to  decline. 

The  total  number  of  deaths  registered  in  1906  was  6,144,  which  shows  a 
death  rate  of  20.3  per  1,000.    The  principal  diseases  were  the  following: 


130 


VITAL  STATISTICS. 


-Pulmonary  phthisis,  which  caused  19  per  cent  of  all  deaths;  dysentery,  which 
-caused  9  per  cent;  cardiac  diseases,  8  per  cent;  diseases  of  the  arteries,  9  per 
•cent;  meningitis,  4  per  cent;  and  pneumonia,  4  per  cent. 

Between  the  years  1870  and  1899,  21,448  deaths  from  yellow  fever  occurred. 
"The  annual  average  death  rate  from  this  disease  in  the  30  years  was  4  per 
1,000.  From  October,  1901 ,  until  October,  1905,  there  was  not  a  single  case  of 
yellow  fever  in  Habana  nor  in  the  rest  of  the  island.  In  the  autumn  of  1905, 
however,  this  disease  reappeared.  Following  are  the  statistics  of  yellow  fever 
since  1905: 


1005. . 
1006.. 
1907 ». 


CITY   OF    HABANA. 


Number  of 
cases. 


70 
71 


Number  of 
deaths. 


22 
12 


CUBA,  NOT  INCLUDING 
THE  CITY  OF  HABANA. 


Number  of 
cases. 


7 
41 
64 


Number  of 
deaths. 


21 
It 


t  From  January  1  to  August  28. 

OFrom  1870  to  1899  smallpox  caused  12,722  deaths  in  Habana.  The  average 
•death  rate  from  this  cause  during  the  30  years  was  2  per  1,000  inhabitants, 
^ince  1900,  as  a  result  of  the  sanitary  measures  taken  by  the  American 
Authorities,  only  one  death  has  been  caused  by  this  disease. 

The  death  rate  of  the  whites  from  all  diseases  was  19.3  per  1,000  inhabitants, 
and  that  of  the  negroes,  23.3  per  1,000.  It  is  probable  that  the  registration 
of  the  deaths  of  negroes  in  Habana  is  incomplete. 

The  following  table  shows  the  proportion  of  deaths  in  each  age  group,  by 
color: 


PEB  CENT  OF  NUUBEB  OF  DEATHS. 


AQE    OROUP. 


Less  than  1  year. 
1  to  4  years . . . 
.5  to  14  years.  . . 

15  to  44  years 

46  years  and  over 


The  number  of  births  registered  in  1906  ia  Habana  was  5,744,  the  number 
of  deaths  being  greater  by  400.  The  birth  rate  was  19,  which  is  very  small, 
even  for  a  populous  city,  and  leads  one  to  doubt  the  accuracy  of  the  register. 
Of  the  total  number  of  births,  4,222  were  whites,  the  birth  rate  being  18.7 
per  1,000  inhabitants,  and  1,522  were  colored,  the  birth  rate  being  19.9  per 
1,000. 


POPULATION. 


THE  TOTAL  POPULATION. 

The  total  population  of  Cuba,  including  the  Isle  of  Pines  and  other  smaller 
islands,  was  on  September  30,  1907,  2,048,980. 

The  following  table  presents  the  results  of  the  most  authentic  prior  censuses, 
with  the  numerical  increase  from  one  to  another  and  the  percentage  of  increase 
per  decade.  Since  the  intervals  between  censuses  has  been  irregular,  the 
rates  of  increase  have  been  reduced  to  those  of  ten-year  periods  in  order  to 
make  direct  comparison  one  with  another. 


Population. 


Increase. 


Per  cent  of 

increase 
per  decade. 


1774. 
1702. 
1817. 
1827. 
1841. 
1861. 
1877. 
1887. 
1899. 
1907. 


171,620 

272.300 

572.363 

704.487 

1,007.624 

1.396,530 

1.509.291 

1.631,687 

1.672.797 

2,048,980 


100,680 
300,063 
132,124 
303 , 137 
388,906 
112,761 
122,396 
'58,890 
476 , 183 


31 
34 
23 
29 
18 
6 
8 
»3 
39 


•  Decrease. 


The  rates  of  increase  between  1774  and  1841  compare  quite  favorably 
with  the  rates  of  increase  in  the  United  States,  which  prior  to  1870  ranged 
from  32  to  35  per  cent  per  decade.  Such  rates  of  increase  are  very  large 
and  are  commonly  found  only  for  sparsely  populated  regions,  where  the 
population  is  under  little  or  no  pressure  to  obtain  the  means  of  livelihood. 
The  great  diminution  in  the  rate  of  increase  after  1861  is,  however,  by  no 
means  accounted  for  by  the  increase  in  density  of  population,  and  the  reasons 
therefor  must  be  sought  among  the  extraordinary  causes,  such  as  pestilence, 
war,  etc.  The  small  rate  of  increase  for  the  period  from  1861  to  1887  was 
doubtless  due  in  great  part  to  the  ten  years'  war  which  occurred  within  that 
period,  while  the  absolute  loss  in  population  between  1887  and  1899  is  attribu- 
table to  the  civil  war  and  the  reconcentration  policy  accompanying  it, 
although  the  figures  express  only  a  part  of  the  loss  from  this  cause.  Judging 
from  the  earlier  history  of  the  island  and  the  excess  of  births  over  deaths,  as 
shown  by  the  registration  records,  however  imperfect  they  may  be,  the  popu- 
lation probably  increased  from  1887  up  to  the  beginning  of  the  war,  reaching 
at  that  time  a  total  of  little  less  than  1,800,000.    It  is  probable,  therefore,  that 

(131) 


132 


POPULATION. 


the  direct  and  indirect  losses  by  the  war  and  the  reconcentration  policy, 
including  a  decrease  of  births  and  immigration  and  an  increase  of  deaths  and 
emigration,  reached  a  total  not  far  from  200,000. 

Between  1899  and  1907,  the  population  increased  30.3  per  cent.  This  was 
at  the  rate  of  39  per  cent  per  decade,  which  is  a  very  high  rate,  higher  than 
any  of  the  rates  shown  for  the  previous  periods  in  Cuban  history  and  higher 
even  than  any  rate  in  United  States  history.  It  should  not,  however,  be 
regarded  as  improbable,  nor  should  its  magnitude  throw  doubt  upon  the 
correctness  of  either  the  census  of  1899  or  that  of  1907.  When  the  census  of 
1899  was  taken  the  country  had  just  concluded  a  most  disastrous  war  of  five 
years'  duration;  between  1899  and  1907 the  island  enjoyed  eight  years  of  great, 
almost  unexampled,  prosperity.  Under  such  conditions,  all  history  shows  us 
that  a  country  increases  in  population  with  great  rapidity. 

The  following  table  gives  the  population  for  each  province  in  1899  and  in 
1907,  with  the  actual  and  relative  increase  between  the  two  years,  and  the 
proportion  of  the  total  population  at  the  latter  census: 


POPCLATION. 


INCREASE. 


1899 


1907 


Number. 


Per  cent. 


Per  cent 

of  total 

population, 

1907. 


Total. 

CamagQey . . . 

Habana 

Matanzas .... 

Oriente 

Pinar  del  RJo 
Santa  Clara. . 


1,572.797 

88,234 
427,614 
202,444 
327.715 
170.364 
366.536 


2.048.980 


476.183 


30.035 
110.496 

37.368 
127,371 

70,018 
100,895 


30.3 


34.0 
25.8 
18.5 
38.9 
41.1 
28.3 


100.0 


5.8 
26.3 
11.7 
22.2 
11.7 
22.3 


The  most  populous  province  was  Habana  with  more  than  one-fourth  of 
the  population  of  Cuba.  Santa  Clara  and  Oriente  follow^ed  with  very  nearly 
equal  populations.  Matanzas  and  Pinar  del  Rfo  also  contained  very  nearly 
the  same  number  of  inhabitants,  although  that  number  was  little  more  than 
one-half  the  number  in  Oriente.  Camagiiey  was  the  least  populous  province, 
with  less  than  one-half  the  number  of  inhabitants  in  Matanzas.  In  the  past 
eight  years  Oriente  has  nearly  overtaken  Santa  Clara,  and  Pinar  del  Rio  has 
passed  Matanzas  in  population. 

In  the  rate  of  increase  Pinar  del  Rfo  exceeded  all  other  provinces,  its  increase 
amounting  to  41,1  per  cent.  Next  to  it  was  Oriente,  with  38.9  per  cent. 
Thus  the  extreme  east  and  west  provinces  gained  most  rapidly.  Matanzas, 
near  the  middle  of  the  island,  made  the  smallest  gains. 

The  following  table  gives  the  population  by  municipal  districts  in  1899  and 
in  1907,  with  the  rate  of  increase  during  those  eight  years.  Opposite  the  name 
of  each  district  is  given,  for  1899,  the  population  which  was  found  at  that 
time  in  the  district  as  it  existed  in  1907,  and  in  the  last  column  of  the  table  is 
a  summary  of  the  changes  which  have  been  made  in  each  district  in  the  inter- 
vening years.  The  names  used  in  this  column  are  those  of  districts,  unless 
otherwise  stated.  In  the  province  of  Camaguey,  formerly  Puerto  Principe, 
there  were  no  changes,  except  in  the  name  of  the  province  and  of  the  district 


1.  Pineapple. 

2.  (nianabana. 

3.  Alligator  Pear. 

4.  Cocoanut. 

5.  Custard  Apple. 


S^ATIVE   FRUITS. 

6 

8 
9 
10 

Mamey  Colorado. 

Caimito. 

Mamoncillo. 

Banana. 

Sapadillo. 

11.  Maranon. 

12.  Figs. 

13.  Pawpaw. 

14.  Pumpkin. 

15.  Watermelon. 


POPULATION  OF  MUNICIPALITIES. 


133 


bearing  the  name  of  the  province.  In  the  province  of  Oriente,  formerly 
Santiago,  and  in  Santa  Clara,  the  changes  were  few  in  number,  but  in  the 
other  three  provinces  they  were  numerous.  The  changes  consisted  almost 
entirely  in  the  abolition  of  small  districts  and  the  addition  of  their  territory 
to  other  neighboring  districts.  Thus  the  132  municipal  districts  which  were 
in  existence  in  1899  had  been  reduced  to  82  by  1907. 

Population  of  municipalities  in  1907  and  1899  with  rates  of  increase,  dates  of  fornrn- 
tion,  and  changes  between  1899  and  1907. 


Date 

of 
forma- 
tion. 

POPULATION. 

1 

MUNICIPAUTY. 

1899 

1907 

Per  cent 

of 
increase. 

Change  since  1899. 

CAMAOthCT. 

CamagrQey 

Ciegode  Avila 

Mor6n 

1514 

1877 
1870 
1860 
1871 

53 , 140 
9.801 
9.630 

10.355 
5.308 

66,460 
17,741 
13,898 
10,620 
9,550 

25.1 
81.0 
44.3 
2.6 
79.9 

Name  changed  from  Puerto  Principe. 

Nuevitas 

Santa  Cruz  del  Sur 

HABANA. 

Aguacate 

1879 

1879 
1879 

1879 

1711 
1555 

1815 

1879 
1519 
1880 
1783 

1866 
1879 
1866 

1795 

1879 

1732 

1745 

4.025 

8.746 

10.293 

7.852 

11.472 
20.988 

23.722 

11.548 

253.418 

3.199 

8.000 

4.845 

12.803 

7.761 

17.244 
8,592 
2,730 

10,276 

7,305 
10,561 
15.434 

13.430 

15.655 
24.968 

32.216 

13.701 

302,526 

3,276 

12,067 

7,111 
18,156 
12,198 

20,447 

11,988 

3,915 

13,058 

81.5 
20.8 
49.9 

71.0 

36.5 
19.0 

35.8 

18.6 

19.4 

2.4 

50.8 

46.8 
41.8 
57.1 

18.6 

39.5 

43.4 

27.1 

Part  of  Bainoa  added. 

BatabancS 

Bauta 

San  Felipe  and  San  Antonio  de  las 

Vegas  added. 
Guavabal,  from  Pinar  del  Rio 

Be  j  ucal 

province,  added. 
Quivican  and  Salud  added. 

Guanabacoa 

GQines       

Barrio  Guanabo.  from  Jaruco. 

added. 
Catalina.  Guara.  Melena  del  Sur, 

GQira  de  Melena . . 

and  San  Nicolfis  added. 
Regla  added. 

Isla  de  Pinos  .... 
Jaruco 

Barrio  Guanabo   excluded;    Santa 

Madruga 

Marianao 

Nueva  Paz 

San  Antonio  de  los 
Baflos 

Cruz  del    Norte.   Casiguas.   and 

part  of  Bainoa  added. 
Pipian  added. 
El  Cano  added. 

Ceiba  del  Agua  and  Vereda  Nueva 

San   Jos6    de   las 

added. 
Tapaste  and  Managua  added. 

Santa    Maria   del 
Rosario 

Santiago    de    las 
Vegas 

MATANZAS. 

Alacranes 

Bolondr6n 

Cardenas 

CoI6n 

1862 
1879 
1860 

1858 

1898 
1866 
1879 
1694 

1879 
1879 

13.294 

9.580 

28.606 

43.816 

9.026 

9,116 

12,951 

55,620 

10,405 
10,030 

15.838 
12.377 
28.576 

52.006 

10,256 
17,024 
15.104 
64,385 

13,044 
11,202 

19.1 
29.2 
10.1 

18.7 

13.6 
86.7 
16.6 
15.8 

25.4 
11.7 

Cabezas  added. 

Mendez  Capote  and  part  of  Carlos 

Rojas  added. 
Macasua,  San  Joe€  de  los  Ramos, 

JagOev Grande. . . 

Jovellanos 

Mart! 

Palmillas.  Perico,  part  of  Agra- 
monte,  barrio  Coliseo,  from 
Guamacaro.  and   Roque  added. 

Part  of  Agrainonte  added. 

Part  of  Carlos  Roja.s  added. 

Maximo  Gomez  added. 

Matanzas 

Pedro  Betancotirt 
Um6n  de  Reyes .  . 

Santa  Ana,  Canasf.  and  part  of 
Guamaro  added. 

Name  changed  from  Macuriges. 

Sabanilla,  except  barrio  Auras,  add- 
ed. 

>  Decrease. 


134 


POPULATION. 


Population  of  municipalittea  in  1907  and  1899  vxiih  rates  of  increase,  dates  of  formO' 
tion,  and  changes  betvoeen  1899  and  1907 — Continued. 


Date 

of 
forma- 

POPULATION. 

>n7MICIPA.LITT. 

1899 

1907 

Per  cent 
of 

Change  since  1899. 

tion. 

increase. 

OBIENTB. 

AltoSongo 

1879 

12.770 

20,663 

60.9 

Baracoa 

1512 
1514 
1629 

21,944 

21,193 

9,115 

27,852 
26,611 
16,215 

26.9 
25.1 
77.9 

Bayamo 

Canev 

Cristo  added;    barrio  Lagima  ex- 

cluded. 

Cobre 

1568 
1823 
1860 

10,707 
31,594 
28,063 

14,715 
39,343 
43,300 

37.4 
24.6 
54.3 

Gibara 

Guant&namo 

Holgufn 

1761 
1740 
1833 

34,506 
10,495 
42,375 

50,224 
13,325 
54,900 

45.6 
27.0 
29.6 

Jiguanl 

Manzanillo 

Cami>echuelo  and  Niquero  added. 

Mayarf 

1878 
1899 

8,504 
12,305 

17,628 
20,235 

107.3 
64.5 

Palma  Soriano .  .  . 

Puerto  Padre 

1898 

19,984 

34,061 

70.4 

Sagua  de  T&namo 

1879 

5,796 

8,398 

44.9 

San  Luis 

1898 

11,681 

14,212 

21.7 

Santiago  de  Cuba 

1614 

46,683 

53,614 

14.8 

Barrio  Lagima,  from  Caney.  added. 

PINAB   DEL    Bfo. 

Artemisa 

1879 

9,317 

14,719 

68.0 

Cabafias 

1879 

6,893 

11,562 

67.6 

San    Diego   de   Nuflez   and    Bahia 

Honda,  except  barrios    Mulata. 

Pozas.  and  Coralillo,  added. 

Consolaci6n      del 

Norte 

1878 

7,613 

11.471 

50.7 

Barrios  Mulata,  Pozas,  and  Coralillo, 

from  BahIa  Hondo,  added. 

Consolacitfn     del 

Sur 

1866 
1879 

20,965 
12,427 

28.819 
16.336 

37.5 
23.4 

San  Diego  de  los  Baflos  and  Julian 

Guanajay 

Diaz  added. 

Ouane 

1879 
1866 
1860 

14,760 

4,625 

42,084 

29.236 
11.041 
50.071 

98.1 

138.7 

19.0 

Mantua 

Barrio  Baja  excluded. 

PinardeiRIo 

Barrio  Baja,  from  Mantua,  added. 

SanCristfibal 

1858 

11,585  1 20,388 

76.0 

Candelaria  and  Palacios  added. 

San  Juan  y  Marti- 

nez  

1879 
1879 
1879 

14,787     19,807 

7,608     11,092 

17,700     16,840 

34.0 
45.8 
14.9 

San  Luis 

Viflales 

SANTA    CI.ARA. 

Caibari^n 

1879 

8,650 

10.063 

16.2 

Calabazar 

1879 

13.698 

16.979 

24.0 

Barrio  Barro.  from  Cifuentes,  added. 

CamajuanI 

1878 

13,177 

14.583 

10.7 

Barrio  Zulueta  excluded. 

Cienfuegos 

1829 

69,128 

70.416 

19.1 

Cruces 

1879 
1879 

7,953 
12,615 

10.239 
18.183 

28.7 
45.3 

Esperanza 

San  Diego  del  Valle.  except  barrio 

Jicotea,  added. 

Palmira 

1879 
1879 

12,972 
11,961 

15.760 
16.682 

21.4 
39.6 

San  Fernando  added. 

Placetas 

Quemado      de 

GOines 

1879 

8,890 

11.309 

27.2 

Rancho  Veloz 

1879 

14,486 

14.616 

0.9 

Ceja  de  Pablo  added. 

Rancbuelo 

1878 

10.166 

12.537 

23.4 

San  Juan  de  las  Yeras,  except  barrio 
Quemado  Hilario,  added. 

Rodas 

1879 
1842 

17,784 
24,640 

22.083 
26.937 

24.2 
9.3 

Abreus  and  Cartagena,  except  barrio 

Sagua  la  Grande.. 

Cascajal,  added. 
Cifuentes,    except    barrios    Amaro 

and  Barro,  added. 

San  Antonio  de  las 

Vueltas 

1878 

12,832 

16,861 

31.4 

Sancti-Spiritus.  . . 

1514 

25,709 

36,672 

42.3 

San   Juan  de   los 

Remedios 

1514 

16,161 

21,673 

33.6 

Barrio   Zulueta,   from   CamajuanI, 
added. 

Santa  Clara 

1690 

28.940 

46.620 

61.1 

Barrio  Quemado  Hilaris,  from  San 
Juan  de  las  Yeras,  added. 

Santa    Isabel    de 

las  Lajas 

1879 

9.603 

11,407 

18.8 

Santo  Domingo.  . 

1879 

13,302 

20.776 

56.2 

Barrio  Jicotea,  from  San  Diego  del 
Valle;    barrio  Amaro,  from 
Cifuentes;    and    barrio  Cascajal, 
from  Cartagena,  added. 

Trinidad 

1614 

24,271 

29,548 

21.7 

Yaguajay 

1879 

9.718 

13,707 

41.0 

» Decrease. 


POPULATION  GROUPS. 


135 


Of  the  82  districts,  the  only  ones  showing  a  loss  are  Cardenas  in  Matanzas- 
province,  and  Vinales  in  the  province  of  Pinar  del  Rio;  in  1907  as  compared 
with  1899  the  population  of  the  former  province  had  decreased  by  30,  while 
that  of  the  latter  had  decreased  by  860.  Four  others  showed  a  rate  of  gain  of 
less  than  10  per  cent:  Nuevitas  in  Camagiiey,  Isla  de  Pinos  in  Habana, 
and  Rancho  Veloz  and  Sagua  la  Grande  in  Santa  Clara.  Thirty  gained 
at  rates  between  25  and  50  per  cent;  12,  between  50  and  75  per  cent;  and  7, 
between  75  and  100  per  cent;  while  2  more  than  doubled  their  populationv 
These  two  were  Mayarf  in  Oriente,  where  the  developments  about  Nipe  Bay 
have  attracted  many  people,  and  Mantua  in  Pinar  del  Rfo. 

The  following  table  shows  the  per  cent  distribution,  by  number  of  inhabi- 
tants, of  the  82  municipal  districts  of  Cuba  and  the  population  contained  in. 
them: 


NUMBER   OF   INHABITANTS. 


Per  cent  of 

total 
population. 


Total 

Under  6, 000 

5,000  to  10,000 
10,000  to  15,000 
15,000  to  20,000 
20,000  to  25,000 
26,000  to  50,000 
60,000  to  100,000 
100,000  and  over 


Only  2  districts  had  a  population  of  less  than  5,000  each,  and  only  1  — 
Habana — had  over  100,000  inhabitants.  There  were  46  districts,  or  over 
one-half  of  the  total  number,  with  more  than  10,000  and  less  than  20,000 
inhabitants  each,  and  these  cities  had  a  population  equal  to  nearly  one-third 
of  the  total  population  of  Cuba. 

The  following  table  shows,  for  the  1,069  barrios  of  Cuba,  data  similar  to  the 
data  shown  for  municipal  districts  in  the  preceding  table: 


Twelve  per  cent  of  the  barrios  contained  less  than  500  inhabitants  each, 
and  these  barrios  contained  collectively  only  2  per  cent  of  the  total  population. 
The  group  of  barrios  with  from  1,000  to  2,000  inhabitants  each  is  the  most 
numerous,  including  nearly  one-third  of  all  the  barrios.  This  group  contained 
also  the  largest  population,  or  nearly  one-fourth  of  the  total  population. 


136 


POPULATION. 


URBAN   POPULATION. 

In  connection  with  the  population  of  cities,  it  must  be  understood  that.the 
cities  of  Cuba  have  no  corporate  limits  separating  sharply  the  urban  element 
from  the  surrounding  rural  population.  The  cities,  like  the  rural  districts, 
are  di\ided  into  barrios,  and  many  of  these  barrios  extend  beyond  the  borders 
of  the  cities  out  into  the  country  districts,  much  as  do  New  England  towns, 
and  thus  include  both  urban  and  rural  population.  On  this  account  it  is 
impossible  to  state  the  population  of  cities  with  exactness,  although  it  is 
believed  that  the  best  separation  possible  has  been  made. 

The  total  number  of  cities  having  1,000  or  more  inhabitants  in  1907  is  134 
as  compared  with  96  in  1899.  In  1907,  19  cities  contained  over  8,000  inhab- 
itants each  as  compared  with  16  in  1899.  The  population  of  the  5  cities 
with  over  25,000  inhabitants  each  at  both  censuses  was  as  follows  in  1907: 
Habana,  297.159;  Santiago  de  Cuba,  45,470;  Matanzas,  36,009;  Cienfuegos, 
30,100;  and  Camaguey,  29,616. 

The  urban  population  of  Cuba — all  cities  having  at  least  1,000  inhab- 
itants each — numbered  899,667,  or  43.9  per  cent  of  the  total  population 
in  1907.  In  1899  the  corresponding  population  was  740,283,  which  formed 
47.1  per  cent  of  the  total  at  that  time.  This  indicates  that  the  urban  popula- 
tion did  not  increase  as  rapidly  as  the  total  population,  and  consequently 
the  increase  of  population  was  more  rapid  in  the  rural  districts.  In  very 
few  parts  of  the  world  is  this  condition  found,  since  it  is  usual  for  the  cities  to 
increase  more  rapidly  than  the  rural  districts.  This  condition  existing  in 
Cuba  is  made  still  more  impressive,  perhaps,  by  the  statement  that  while 
in  the  8  years  the  total  population  increased  30.3  per  cent  and  the  rural 
population  not  less  than  38.1  per  cent,  the  urban  population  increased  only 
21.5  per  cent,  or  little  more  than  half  as  rapidly  as  the  rural  element. 

The  population  of  cities  of  8,000  or  more  each  was  619,835,  or  30.3  per 
cent  of  the  whole  population  in  1907,  while  in  1899  the  corresponding  popula- 
tion was  507,831,  and  the  percentage  32.3.  The  5  cities  having  25,000  or 
more  inhabitants  each,  contained  in  1907  a  population  of  438,354,  or  21.4 
per  cent  of  the  total  population.  The  following  table  shows  for  each  pro- 
vince the  number  of  inhabitants  in  places  having  a  population  of  at  least 
1,000,  with  the  percentage  of  the  total  population  in  1907  and  1899: 


paoviNCB. 

POPULATION  OF  CITIES 
ITAVIXG    AT    LEAST 
1,000    INHABITANTS. 

PER  CENT  OF  TOTAL 
POPULATION. 

1907 

1899 

1907 

1899 

Total 

899,667 

740,283  ; 

43.9 

47.1 

CamagrQey 

43,798 
401,629 
109,641 
133,143 

43,628 
167,828 

35,543  ! 
328,947  1 
103,578  1 
108,747 

22,337 
141.131   ■ 

37.0 
74.7 
45.7 
29.3 
18.2 
36.7 

40.1 

Habana 

77.4 

Matanzas 

51.2 

Oriente 

33.2 

Pinar  del  Rio 

12.9 

Santa  Clara 

39.5 

DENSITY  OF  POPULATION. 


137 


In  every  province,  except  Pinar  del  Rfo,  the  proportion  of  urban  inhabitants 
has  diminished. 

The  following  table  shows  the  distribution,  by  number  of  inhabitants,  of 
the  number  and  population  of  all  cities  with  1,000  or  more  inhabitants: 


CITIES    HAVINO    AT   LEAST    1,000    INHABITANTS. 

NUUBER   OP   INHABITANTS. 

Number. 

Population. 

Per  cent  distribution. 

Number. 

Population. 

Total 

134 

899,667 

100.0 

100  0 

1,000  to      2,000 

67 

19 

10 

7 

12 

14 

4 

1 

93,930 

46,223 

35,203 

30,681 

73,795 

181,481 

141,195 

297,159 

60.0 
14.2 
7.4 
6.3 
9.0 
10.4 
3.0 
0.7 

10.4 

2,000  to      3,000 

6.1 

3,000  to      4,000 

3.9 

4,000  to      5,000 

3.4 

6,000  to      6,000 

8.2 

8,000  to    25,000 

20.0 

25,000  to  100,000 

15.7 

100 ,  000  and  over 

33.3 

Exactly  one-half  of  the  towns  had  between  1,000  and  2,000  inhabitants 
each,  but  the  total  population  of  this  group  formed  only  10.4  per  cent  of  the 
total  urban  element.  On  the  other  hand,  the  single  city  of  Habana,  with 
nearly  300,000  inhabitants,  contained  one-third  of  all  the  urban  population 
of  Cuba.  Indeed,  it  contained  over  one-seventh  of  the  total  population  of  the 
island.  This  fact  emphasizes  and  explains  the  dominance  of  this  city  over 
the  industrial  and  social  life  of  Cuba. 


DENSITY   OF   POPULATION. 

The  area  of  Cuba  can  be  known  only  approximately,  since  the  coast  line 
constituting  its  limits  has  not  yet  been  mapped  with  accuracy.  Measure- 
ments made  upon  different  maps  show  wide  variations,  the  areas  indicated 
ranging  from  35,000  square  miles  up  to  48,000  or  49,000  square  miles.  In 
the  report  on  the  census  of  1899,  44,000  square  miles  was  adopted  as  the 
area,  this  having  been  obtained  by  measurement  of  the  map  prepared  by 
the  information  division  of  the  United  States  War  Department,  on  a  scale 
of  1  to  500,000. 

In  1907  and  1908,  Col.  E.  St.  J.  Greble,  advisor  to  the  department  of 
government  of  Cuba,  prepared  a  series  of  invaluable  maps  showing  for  the 
first  time  with  any  approach  to  accuracy,  the  limits  of  the  municipalities  and 
of  the  rural  barrios.  These  were  on  a  scale  of  2  miles  to  1  inch.  From  these 
the  areas  of  the  municipalities  and  of  most  of  the  barrios  were  measured. 
Summing  them  up,  the  area  of  Cuba  was  found  to  be  44,164  square  miles, 
an  area  so  close  to  that  adopted  for  the  census  of  1899,  that  it  has  been  accepted 
without  further  measurements. 

The  following  table  shows  the  areas  of  the  six  provinces  in  square  miles 
with  the  number  of  inhabitants  per  square  mile: 

10 


138 


POPULATION. 


PBOVINCE. 


Area, 
square  miles. 


PopulatloD 

per 
square  mile. 


Total., 

Camagaey .  . . 

Habana 

Matatizas . . . . 

Oriente 

Pinar  del  Rio 
Santa  Clara . . 


44,164 


10,064 
3,170 
3,256 

14,211 
6.206 
8,257 


46.4 


11.8 
168.7 
73.6 
32.0 
46.2 
55.4 


The  province  of  Oriente  contains  xery  nearly  a  third  of  the  area  of  Cuba 
and  with  Camaguey,  considerably  more  than  one-half.  Habana,  the  most 
populous  province,  is  the  smallest,  with  only  7.2  per  cent  of  the  area  of  Cuba. 

The  density  of  population  of  Cuba  in  1907  was  about  half  as  great  as  that 
of  Spain,  and  about  the  same  as  the  densities  of  the  states  of  Virginia,  New 
Hampshire,  and  Missouri  in  1900. 

Among  the  provinces,  Habana  had  by  far  the  greatest  average  density  of 
population,  due,  in  the  main,  to  the  city  of  Habana.  The  density  of  popula- 
tion of  the  province  was  about  equal  to  that  of  Denmark.  The  sparsest 
population  was  found  in  Camaguey,  which  had  a  density  of  population  about 
equal  to  that  of  Chile  or  that  of  the  state  of  Texas. 

The  great  difference  in  density  of  population  in  the  different  provinces  is 
in  part  due  to  the  presence  of  large  cities,  although  when  all  of  the  cities  with 
8,000  or  more  inhabitants  are  excluded  the  differences  are  still  noteworthy. 


PROVINCE. 

Rural  population 
per  square  mile. 

CamagQejr 

• 

Habana . '. 

63 

Matanzas 

52 

Oriente 

27 

Pinar  del  Rfo 

44 

Santa  Clara 

44 

In  the  case  of  rural  districts,  also,  Habana  was  the  most  densely  populated 
province  and  Camagiiey  the  most  sparsely  populated. 

The  following  table  gives  the  area  and  density  of  the  rural  population  of 
the  82  municipalities  of  Cuba: 


Area  and  density  of  rural  populatton. 

PBOVINCB  OR  BCtmiCIPAUTT. 

Rural 
Area,             population 
square  miles.            per 

square  mile. 

CAMAGUET. 

Total 

10,064 

0 

CamagQev 

4,306 
1.705 
1,637 
1,137 
1.279 

9 

■Ciego  de  Avila 

9 

Morfin 

10 

Nuevitas 

8 

Santa  Cruz  del  Sur 

7 

RURAL  POPULATION. 


139 


Area  and  density  of  rural  population — Continued. 


Guanajay 

Guane 

Mantua 

Pinar  del  Rio 

San  Crist6bal 

San  Juan  y  Martinez 

San  Luis 

Vlfiales 


PBOVINCB    OH   MUNICIPALITY. 

Area, 
square  miles. 

Rural 
population 

per 
square  mile. 

HABANA. 

Total 

3.170 

63 

A?uacate 

69 

79 

141 

106 

101 

112 

332 

84 

45 

1,180 

200 

89 

62 

273 

94 

106 

Alqulzar 

134 

Bataband 

109 

Bauta 

127 

Bejucal 

155 

Guanabacoa 

95 

GQines 

73 

GQira  de  Melena 

163 

Habana 

119 

Isla  de  Pinos 

3 

Jaruco 

60 

Madruga 

80 

Marianao 

142 

Nueva  Paz 

45 

San  Antonio  de  los  Baflos 

120 

San  Jo86  de  las  Lajas 

142                           84 

Santa  Maria  del  Rosario 

29                       135 

Santiago  de  las  Vegas 

32                       408 

MATANZAS. 

3,256 

62 

270 
241 
124 
893 
226 
157 
467 
528 
283 
67 

59 

^olondrfin 

51 

35 

Col6n 

58 

45 

JoveUanos 

50 

32 

Matanzas 

54 

46 

Uni6n  de  Reyes 

167 

ORIENTE. 

Total 

14,211 

27 

^to  Songo 

368 

1,312 

1,519 

293 

662 

673 

1,474 

1,407 

644 

1,638 

592 

722 

2.042 

633 

192 

40 

56 

21 

Bayamo 

17 

Caney 

66 

Cobre 

22 

68 

Guant&namo 

20 

Holguin 

36 

Jlguanl 

21 

Manzanillo 

24 

Mayarl 

30 

Palma  Soriano 

28 

Puerto  Padre 

17 

Sagua  de  Tinamo 

13 

San  Luis 

74 

Santiago  de  Cuba 

204 

PlNAR   DEL   r!o. 

Total 

5,206 

44 

Artemlsa 

210 
347 
436 
466 

70 

Cabaflas 

33 

Consolacifin  del  Norte 

26 

Consoiaci6n  del  Sur 

62 

1,145 
550 
597 
715 
180 
157 
286 


140 


POPULATION. 


Area  and  density  of  rural  poptdation — Continued. 


PBOVINCE    OB   MUNICIPALITY. 


Rural 
population 

per 
square  mile. 


Total 

Caibari^n 

Calabazar 

Camajuanl 

Cienfuegos 

Cruces 

Esperanza 

Palmira 

Placetas 

Quemado  de  GQines 

Rancho  Veioz 

Ranchuelo 

Rodas 

Sagua  la  Grande 

San  Antonio  de  las  Vueltas 

Sancti-Spiritus 

San  Juan  de  los  Remedios. 

Santa  Clara 

Santa  Isabel  de  las  Lajas.  . 

Santo  Domingo 

Trinidad 

Yaguajay 


The  largest  municipality  is  Camaguey,  in  Caraagiiey  province,  with  an  area 
of  4,306  square  miles.  Next  are  Cienfuegos  in  Santa  Clara,  with  2,159  square 
miles,  and  Puerto  Padre  in  Oriente,  with  2,042  square  miles.  The  smallest 
are  in  Habana  province,  Santa  Marfa  del  Rosario  and  Santiago  de  las  Vegas, 
with  only  29  and  32  square  miles,  respectively.  A  classification  of  the  muni- 
cipalities by  area  is  as  follows: 


AREA,    SqUAKE    MILES. 


Less  than  100. 

100  to  200 

200  to  500 

500  to  1.000.. 
1,000  to  2.000. 
2,000  and  over 


Number  of 
municipali- 
ties. 


19 
16 
25 
12 
12 
3 


The  extremes  of  density  of  rural  population  are  found  in  Habana  province. 
Santiago  de  las  Vegas,  with  408  inhabitants  to  a  square  mile,  is  the  most 
densely  populated  municipality,  while  Isla  de  Pinos,  with  only  3  inhabitants 
to  a  square  mile,  is  the  most  sparsely  populated.  Of  the  82  municipalities,  5 
had  less  than  10  inhabitants  per  square  mile;  28  had  from  10  to  50  inhabitants; 
29  had  from  50  to  100  inhabitants;  and  16  had  from  100  to  200  inhabitants; 
while  only  4  had  more  than  200  inhabitants  per  square  mile. 


CENTER   OF   POPULATION. 


The  center  of  population  is  a  summary  statement  of  the  distribution  of  the 
people,  and  its  movement  from  census  to  census  summarizes  their  net  move- 


SEX,   COLOR,  AND  NATIVITY. 


141 


ment.  In  1887,  the  center  was  in  the  western  part  of  Santa  Clara  province, 
about  46  miles  west  of  the  city  of  Santa  Clara  and  23  miles  northwest  of 
Cienfuegos.  In  1899,  12  years  later,  it  had  moved  about  24  miles  to  the 
southeast,  being  very  near  the  town  of  Palmira,  about  30  miles  southwest  of 
Santa  Clara  city  and  8  miles  northeast  of  Cienfuegos.  In  1907,  it  had  moved 
about  14  miles  in  a  direction  about  east  by  southeast,  and  was  situated  16 
miles  nearly  east  of  the  city  of  Cienfuegos,  29  miles  north-northwest  of 
Trinidad,  and  23  miles  southwest  of  Santa  Clara  city.  It  was  still  in  Santa 
Clara  province,  in  the  northeastern  part  of  the  municipal  district  of  Cienfue- 
gos. The  direction  of  its  movement  indicates  a  more  rapid  increase  of  popu- 
lation in  the  eastern  part  of  Cuba  than  in  the  western  part.  The  tendency 
of  growth  is  toward  a  more  uniform  distribution  of  the  people  and  the 
center  of  population  is  moving  toward  the  center  of  area.  In  1907,  it  was  19' 
north  and  54'  west  of  it. 

The  following  table  gives  the  position  of  the  center  of  population  as  derived 
from  the  censuses  of  1887,  1899,  and  1907,  together  with  the  center  of  area: 


Latitude. 

Longitude. 

Center  of  population: 

1907 

o 

22 
22 
22 
21 

10 
15 
24 
51 

o                            / 

80               12 

1899 

80               23 

1887 

80               41 

Center  of  area 

79               18 

SEX,  COLOR,  AND  NATIVITY. 

Of  the  2,048,980  inhabitants  of  Cuba  in  1907,  1,074,882  were  males  and 
974,098  were  females.  Males  formed  52.5  per  cent  of  the  total  population 
and  females  47.5  per  cent.  The  corresponding  proportions  in  1899  were  51.8 
and  48.2;  thus  in  the  eight  intervening  years  the  proportion  of  males  increased 
and  that  of  females  decreased.  The  cause  of  this  proportional  increase  in 
males  will  be  pointed  out  later,  in  discussing  sex  in  relation  to  race  and 
nativity. 

The  following  table  shows  the  proportions  of  males  and  females  in  the 
total  population  at  various  censuses  from  1792  to  1907: 


CENSUS. 

PER   CENT   OF   TOTAL 

POPCLATION. 

Male. 

Female. 

1792 

57.0 
67.3 
58.0 
67.3 
66.0 
63.9 
51.8 
52.5 

43.0 

1827                           

4?.  7 

1841           

42  0 

1861                                      

42.7 

1877                               

44.0 

1887                         

46.1 

1899            

48.2 

1907                               

47.5 

142 


POPULATION. 


At  every  census,  males  have  formed  a  majority  of  the  population.  The 
proportion  of  males  reached  its  maximum  in  1841,  from  which  time  it  dimin- 
ished  until  it  reached  its  minimum  in  1899,  at  the  close  of  the  war  for  inde- 
pendence. The  great  disproportion  of  males  which  prevailed  down  to  1887 
was.  as  will  be  shown  later,  connected  with  slavery  and  the  slave  trade. 

The  following  table  shows  the  proportion  of  males  and  females  for  each 
province  and  for  the  city  of  Habana  in  1907  and  in  1899: 


1907 

1899 

FROVINCK    OR   CITT. 

Per  cent 
male. 

Per  cent 
female. 

Per  cent 
male. 

Per  cent 
female. 

Cuba 

62.6 

47.5 

61.8 

48.2 

Orlente 

61.4 
61.6 
62.6 
62.9 
62.9 
62.9 
63.6 

48.6 
48.6 
47.6 
47.1 
47.1 
47.1 
46.6 

60.0 
61.3 
60.9 
62.3 
62.3 
63.0 
63.0 

60.0 

Matanzas 

48.7 

CamagUey 

49.1 

Habana 

47.7 

City  of  Habana 

47.7 

Santa  Clara 

47.0 

Pinar  del  Rio 

47.0 

The  smallest  proportion  of  males  in  1907  was  in  Oriente  and  the  largest 
in  Pinar  del  Rfo,  provinces  at  the  two  extremities  of  the  island. 

In  1907  in  each  province,  with  the  exception  of  Santa  Clara,  the  proportion 
of  males  was  greater  than  the  proportion  of  females.  In  Camagiiey  and 
Oriente,  the  proportion  of  males  has  made  great  gains. 

In  the  city  of  Habana  males  were  largely  in  excess  of  females.  This,  how- 
ever, was  by  no  means  the  usual  case  in  the  larger  cities,  since  in  15  out  of 
the  19  cities  having  a  population  of  at  least  8,000  inhabitants  in  1907,  females 
were  in  excess,  as  is  shown  in  the  following  table: 


CITT  EU.TINO  AT   LBA»T  8,000   mHABITAMTS. 

PER  CENT  OF  TOTAL  POPtlLATIOM, 

Male. 

Female. 

Total 

60.0 

60.0 

Habana 

62.0 
61.7 
61.6 
60.6 
49.2 
49.0 
48.4 
48.4 
48.2 
48.1 
47.9 
47.6 
47.4 
47.1 
46.1 
46.8 
45.6 
46.3 
41.7 

47.1 

Marianao 

48.3 

Jovellanos 

48  4 

Calbari6n 

49  5 

Guant&namo 

60  8 

Pinar  del  RTo 

61  0 

San  Antonio  de  los  Bafios 

61.6 

GQines 

61  6 

Sagua  la  Grande . 

61  8 

Cienfuegos 

61  9 

Cftrdenas 

62  1 

Santa  Clara 

62.6 

Santiago  de  Cuba 

62  6 

Guanabacoa 

62  9 

Matanzas 

63  0 

CamagQey ',[[ 

64  2 

Manzanillo 

64  4 

Sancti-Spiritus ".'... 

54  7 

Trinidad 

58.8 

WHITE  AND  COLORED  POPULATION. 


I43r. 


Taking  these  cities  collectively,  the  numbers  of  the  two  sexes  were  almost 
exactly  equal,  males  being  only  very  slightly  in  excess  of  females.     Among 
the  inhabitants  living  outside  of  the  cities  with  a  population  of  8,000  or 
more,  males  were  largely  in  excess  of  females,  the  proportions  being  53.5  per" 
cent  for  males  and  46.5  per  cent  for  females. 

The  following  table  shows  the  proportion  of  the  sexes,  in  urban  and  rurali 
parts  of  each  province: 


PROTINCK. 

CITIES  HAVING  AT  LEAST 
8,000  INHABITANTS. 

BVBAl.   DISTRICTS. 

Per  cent 
male. 

Per  cent 
female. 

Per  cent 
male. 

Per  cent 
female. 

Cuba 

60.0 

50.0 

53.5 

46.5 

CamagOey 

45.6 
52.4 
47.4 
47.4 
49.0 
47.0 

64.2 
47.6 
52.6 
62.6 
61.0 
53.0 

54.8 
63.9 
63.2 
52.2 
63.7 
54.5 

45.2. 

Habana 

46.1 

If  atanzas 

46.8 

Oriente 

47.8 

Pinar  del  Rio 

46.3 

Banta  Clara 

46.5 

In  the  urban  parts  of  the  provinces,  males  were  in  excess  only  in  Habana,. 
and  the  excess  of  females  reached  its  maximum  in  Camagiiey.  In  the  rural' 
parts  of  the  provinces  males  were  in  excess  in  every  case. 

In  the  tables  showing  data  for  the  earlier  censuses,  the  Chinese  are  classed' 
as  whites,  since  this  classification  was  used  in  all  of  the  Spanish  censuses. 
The  following  table  shows  the  numbers  and  proportions  of  the  white  and. 
colored  at  each  census  since  1775: 


WHITB.* 

COLORED.* 

Number. 

Per  cent. 

Number. 

Per  cent. 

96.440 

56.2 

75,180 

43.8 

163,659 

66.4 

118,741 

43.6 

257,380 

46.0 

314,983 

66.0 

311,051 

44.2 

393.436 

65.8 

418,291 

41.6 

589.333 

58.5 

793,484 

56.8 

603.046 

43.2 

1,023,394 

67.8 

485.897 

32.2 

1,102,889 

67.6 

628.798 

32.4 

1,067.364 

67.9 

505.443 

32.1 

1,440,013 

70.3 

608,967 

29.7 

1775. 
1792. 
1817. 
1827. 
1841. 
1861. 
1877. 
1887. 
1899. 
1907. 


*  Includes  white  and  Chinese. 


>  Includes  black  and  mixed. 


The  number  of  whites  steadily  increased  up  to  the  census  of  1899  when 
there  was  a  diminution  of  35,535  as  compared  with  the  number  in  1887» 
The  colored  increased  up  to  1861;  in  1877  there  was  a  decided  decrease, 
amounting  to  117,149;  by  1887  the  number  had  increased  by  42,901,  but  this 
increase  was  followed  by  a  decrease  of  23,355  by  1899. 

As  to  the  proportion  of  white  and  colored  in  the  total  population  it  will 
suffice  to  trace  the  history  of  one  element  only.    The  colored  formed  43.8  per 


144 


POPULATION. 


cent  of  the  population  in  1775,  and  the  proportion  diminished  sh'ghtly  in 
the  succeeding  18  years.  But  between  1792  and  1817  it  increased  greatly, 
the  colored  becoming  largely  in  the  majority,  and  forming  55  per  cent  of  the 
total.  A  small  increase  followed  in  1827,  succeeded  by  a  larger  increase  in 
1841,  when  the  proportion  of  colored  reached  its  maximum,  58.5  per  cent. 
After  that  date  it  diminished  rapidly  and  in  1861  was  but  43.2  per  cent, 
leaving  the  whites  largely  in  the  majority  again.  In  1877  it  again  diminished, 
this  time  to  32.2  per  cent,  or  less  than  one-third  of  the  population ;  after  this 
it  did  not  change  materially  until  1907,  when  it  was  only  29.7  per  cent. 

The  reason  for  the  great  increase  in  number  and  proportion  of  the  colored 
up  to  1841  is  doubtless  the  continued  importation  of  blacks  from  Africa, 
which  persisted,  in  the  form  of  smuggling,  long  after  its  official  prohibition. 
The  diminution  of  the  proportion  of  colored  inhabitants  during  the  last  half 
century  is  doubtless  but  another  illustration  of  the  inability  of  the  colored 
race  to  hold  its  own  in  competition  with  the  whites,  a  truth  which  is  being 
demonstrated  on  a  much  larger  scale  in  the  United  States. 

The  following  table  shows  the  proportion  which  each  sex  formed  of  the 
white  and  colored  population  at  each  census  showing  data  by  sex  from  1792 
to  1907: 


1792. 
1827. 
1841. 
1861. 
1877. 
1887. 
1899. 
1907. 


Per  cent 
male. 


53.6 
54.2 
54.3 
59.0 
68.6 
55.1 
54.1 
54.0 


Per  cent 
female. 


46.4 
45.8 
45.7 
41.0 
41.6 
44.9 
45.9 
46.0 


COI/OBED.* 


Per  cent 
male. 


61.4 
59.8 
60.6 
55.1 
50.9 
52.1 
47.0 
48.9 


Per  cent 
female. 


38.4 
40.2 
39.4 
44.9 
49.1 
47.9 
53.0 
51.1 


>  Includes  whlt«  and  Chinese. 


*  Includes  black  and  mixed. 


The  proportion  of  males  among  the  whites,  with  whom  the  Chinese  are 
included,  increased  up  to  1861,  probably  because  of  extensive  immigration, 
and  since  then  it  has  decreased.  Among  the  colored,  the  proportion  was 
highest  at  the  first  census  here  quoted.  A  proportion  almost  as  high  was 
maintained  until  1841,  since  which  time  the  proportion  has  greatly  declined. 
The  percentage  of  males  among  the  colored  began  to  decrease  with  the 
ces.sation  of  the  slave  trade.  While  that  was  thriving  the  excess  of  males  was 
much  greater  among  the  colored  than  among  the  whites.  This  suggests  that 
the  supply  of  colored  labor  was  maintained  mainly  by  importation,  rather 
than  by  rearing  slave  children. 


WHITE  AND  COLORED  POPULATION. 


145 


The  following  table  shows  the  relative  rates  of  increase  of  the  white  and 
colored  elements  of  the  population,  the  Chinese  being  included  with  the 
whites : 


Interval, 
years. 

PEU  CENT  OP  INCREASE. 

White.' 

Colored.* 

1776  to  1792 

17 
25 
10 
14 
20 
16 
10 
12 
8 

59.3 
67.6 
20.9 
34.5 
89.7 
29.0 
7.8 
»  3.2 
34.9 

57  9 

1792  to  1817 

165  3 

1817  to  1827 

24  9 

1827  to  1841 

49  8 

1841  to  1861 

2  3 

1861  to  1877 

*19  4 

1877  to  1887 

8.8 

1887  to  1899 

*  4.4 

1899  to  1907 

20  5 

>  Includes  white  and  Chinese. 


*  Includes  black  and  mixed. 


» Decrease. 


The  above  figures  for  each  race  can  not  be  compared  with  one  another, 
because  in  most  cases  the  intervals  between  the  censuses  differ,  but  they  are 
presented  for  comparison  of  one  race  with  the  other.  From  1792  to  1841, 
the  colored  increased  much  faster  than  the  whites.  During  twenty-five  years 
of  that  period,  namely,  from  1792  to  1817,  the  African  slave  trade  flourished 
to  the  greatest  degree.  Although  slave  trading  was  officially  abolished  in 
1820,  the  smuggling  of  slaves  continued  on  a  large  scale  down  to  1841,  as  is 
suggested  by  the  above  figures. 

While  the  ten-year  war,  from  1868  to  1878,  apparently  had  little  effect 
upon  the  whites,  its  effect  upon  the  colored  race  was  profound.  The  effect 
of  the  revolution  of  1895  to  1898  shows  very  plainly  on  both  races. 

Since  the  actual  abolition  of  the  slave  trade,  the  colored  have  not  increased 
as  rapidly  as  the  whites,  although  there  was  one  period,  that  from  1877  to  1887, 
in  which  their  rate  of  growth  was  more  rapid. 

The  white  inhabitants,  including  those  of  native  and  those  of  foreign  birth, 
numbered  1,428,176,  and  formed  69.7  per  cent,  or  more  than  two-thirds,  of 
the  total  population,  in  1907.  They  increased  33.8  per  cent  between  1899 
and  1907.  The  native  born  whites  numbered  1,224,539,  and  formed  59.8 
per  cent  of  the  total  population  in  1907.  In  1899,  this  element  formed  57.8 
per  cent  of  the  total  population,  or  2  per  cent  less  than  the  proportion  for 
1907.  The  native  whites  increased  at  the  phenomenal  rate  of  34.5  per  cent 
between  1899  and  1907.  Among  the  native  white  inhabitants  the  numbers 
of  the  two  sexes  were  nearly  equal  in  1907,  females  being  slightly  in  excess; 
the  proportions  were  49.7  per  cent  for  males,  and  50.3  per  cent  for  females. 

The  following  table  shows  .the  proportion  which  the  native  whites  bore  to 
the  total  population  in  each  province  and  in  Habana  city,  in  1907  and  in  1899: 


146 


POPUI.ATION. 


FBOTIKCB  0&  CITY. 

or  TOTAL  POPULATION. 

1907 

1899 

Cuba - 

69.8 

67.8 

rity  of  Hfth^nn ,  . 

60.0 
50.9 
54.6 
58.7 
63.9 
68.7 
75.0 

49.0 

Oriente 

51.2 

M&tanzas 

50.7 

Habana 

57.4 

Santa  Clara 

60.3 

Pinar  del  Rio 

66.4 

CamagOey 

75.2 

In  every  province  native  whites  formed  a  majority  of  the  population  in  1907; 
in  Pinar  del  Rfo  more  than  two-thirds  were  native  white  and  in  Camagiiey  the 
proportion  rose  to  three-fourths.  The  changes  in  the  proportions  since  the 
preceding  census  were  not  marked  except  in  the  case  of  Matanzas.  WTiile 
four  of  the  provinces  showed  increases  in  the  proportion  of  native  whites,  the 
other  two  provinces,  Camagiiey  and  Oriente,  showed  decreases. 

The  following  table  shows  for  the  native  white  population  in  1907,  the 
percentage  of  each  sex,  in  each  province,  and  in  Habana  city: 


FBOYINCB    OB  CTTT. 

FEB  CENT  OF  NATITE 
POPULATION. 

wHrra 

Male. 

Female. 

Cuba 

49.7 

50.3 

City  of  Habana. . 

46.6 
48.5 
49.6 
49.6 
60.1 
50.3 
51.3 

53.4 

Habana 

51.5 

Matanzas 

50.6 

Oriente 

50.4 

Santa  Clara 

49.9 

CamagQey 

49.7 

Pinar  del  Rio 

48.7 

The  colored  inhabitants,  including  negroes,  mixed,  and  Chinese,  numbered 
620,804,  and  formed  30.3  per  cent,  or  a  little  less  than  one-third  of  the  total 
population.  In  1899,  they  formed  33.1  per  cent.  Thus  the  proportion  of 
colored  has  diminished.  The  rate  of  increase  of  the  colored  between  1899 
and  1907  was  but  19.3  per  cent,  contrasting  strongly  with  that  of  the  native 
whites  (34.5  per  cent). 

The  following  are  the  numbers  and  percentages  of  the  elements  of  the 
colored  population  in  1907: 


COt.ORED    POPULATION. 

RACB. 

Number. 

Per  cent  distribution. 

1907 

1899 

1907 

1899 

Total 

620,804 

520,400 

100.0 

100.0 

Negro 

274,272 

334,095 

11,837 

234,738 

270.805 

14,857 

44.2 

53.9 

1.9 

45.1 

Mixed 

62.0 

Chinese 

2.9 

COLORED  POPULATION. 


147 


The  following  table  shows  the  proportion  of  each  sex  in  the  negro  and 
mixed  population  in  each  province  and  in  Habana  city: 


FBOTINCB  OB  CITT. 

PKR  CENT  OF  NXQRO  AND 
MIXSD  POPULATION. 

Male. 

Female. 

Cuba 

47.9 

62  1 

City  of  Habana. . . . 

42.1 
44.7 
47.3 
48.5 
48.9 
49.7 
50.1 

67.9 

Habana 

65.3 

Matanzas 

62.7 

8anta  Clara 

61.6 

Oriente 

61.1 

CamagUey 

60.3 

Finar  del  Rio 

49.9 

From  the  earliest  times  for  which  we  have  statistical  record  there  have 
been  large  numbers  of  free  negroes  on  the  island,  and  they  existed  there  in 
varying  numbers  and  proportions  up  to  the  time  of  emancipation.  The  fol- 
lowing table  shows  the  numbers  and  proportions  of  the  free  colored  and  slave 
population  at  each  census  from  1775  to  1877: 


1775 
1792 
1817 
1827 
1841 
1861 
1877 


FRBS  COLORSD. 


Number. 


30,847 
64,161 
115,691 
106,494 
152,838 
225,843 
272.478 


Per  cent. 


41.0 
46.6 
36.7 
27.1 
25.9 
37.4 
55.7 


Number. 


44,333 
64,590 
199,292 
286,942 
436,495 
377,203 
199,094 


Per  cent. 


60.0 
64.4 
63.3 
72.0 
74.1 
62.0 
44.3 


With  the  exception  of  the  census  of  1827,  the  free  colored  increased  numer- 
ically at  each  census  as  compared  with  the  preceding  census,  and  in  1877 
they  were  nine  times  as  numerous  as  in  1774.  The  slaves  showed  a  rapid 
numerical  increase  up  to  1841,  and  after  that  time  there  was  a  rapid  re- 
duction in  numbers,  a  movement  doubtless  resulting  from  the  abolition  of 
the  importation  of  slaves. 

Classifying  the  population  of  the  19  largest  cities  and  the  rural  population 
of  Cuba  by  color,  it  appears  that  there  is  but  slight  disposition  on  the  part 
of  the  colored  toward  the  cities.  The  proportion  of  this  element  in  the  cities 
was  31.9  per  cent;  in  the  country,  29.6  per  cent. 

The  following  table  shows  the  proportions  of  white  and  colored  in  the 
cities  and  rural  parts  of  each  province: 


148 


POPULATION. 


PCB  CSNT   or   POPOLATIOK. 


Cities  having   at  least 
8,000  inhabitants. 


Rural  districts. 


White. 


Colored. 


White. 


Colored. 


Cuba. , 

CamagQey . . . 

Habana 

Ilatanzas. . . . 

Oriente 

Pinar  del  Rio 
Santa  Clara. . 


68.1 


31.9 


73.8 
74.0 
63.3 
46.3 
67.0 
66.0 


26.2 
26.0 
36.7 
63.7 
33.0 
34.0 


70.4 


84.3 
80.8 
61.4 
59.0 
76.5 
74.2 


29.6 


15.7 
19.2 
38.6 
41.0 
24.5 
25.8 


In  every  province  except  Matanzas  the  proportion  of  colored  in  the  cities 
was  greater  than  the  proportion  in  the  country  districts.  In  Oriente  and 
Camaguey  it  was  much  greater. 

The  following  table  presents  the  proportion  of  white  and  colored  to  the 
total  population  in  each  of  the  larger  cities: 


CITT    HAVINO   AT  UCABT  8,000  INRABrrANTS. 

FEB  CENT  OF  TOTAL  POPULATION. 

White. 

Colored. 

Total 

68.1 

31  r9 

Caibarifin 

80.7 
79.4 
74.5 
73.8 
72.0 
70.1 
70.0 
67.5 
67.0 
66.9 
65.2 
64.5 
64.0 
62.8 
61.2 
50.6 
43.3 
42.0 
39.4 

19.3 

San  Antonio  de  los  Bafios 

20.6 

Habana 

25.5 

CamagQey 

26.2 

Sancti-Spiritus 

28.0 

Marianao 

29.9 

Guanabacoa 

30  0 

Matanzas 

32.5 

Pinar  del  Rio 

33.0 

Santa  Clara 

33.  1 

C&rdenas 

34.8 

Cienf uegos 

35.5 

Sagua  la  Grande 

36.0 

GQines 

37.2 

Manzanillo 

38.8 

Trinidad 

49.5 

Santiago  de  Cuba 

56.7 

Jovellanos 

58.0 

Guantdnamo 

60.6 

The  number  of  persons  bom  in  Cuba  was  1,820,239,  or  88.8  per  cent  of  the 
total  population.  In  the  8  years  between  1899  and  1907,  the  native  popu- 
lation increased  30  per  cent,  a  rate  about  equal  to  the  corresponding  rate  for 
the  total  population.  The  following  table  gives  for  each  province  and  for  the 
city  of  Habana  the  rate  of  increase  of  the  native  population  in  1907  as 
compared  with  1899: 


NATIVE  AND  FOREIGN  BORN  POPULATION. 


149 


PROVINCE    OR   CITY. 

Per  cent  of 
increase  of 

native  popu- 
lation. 

1899  to  1907. 

Cuba 

30.0 

Matanzas 

21.2 

Citv  of  Habana 

23.7 

Habana 

25.2 

Santa  Clara 

29.7 

CamagOey 

32  0 

Orients 

35.4 

Pinar  del  Rio 

39.4 

The  wide  variations  in  the  above  rates  are  probably  due  in  great  part  to 
interprovincial  migration. 

The  following  table  gives  the  proportions  which  the  native  and  the  foreign 
born  population  bore  to  the  total  population  in  each  province  and  in  the  city 
of  Habana  in  1907: 


PROVINCE  OR  CITY. 

PER  CENT  OF  TOTAL  POPULATION. 

Native. 

Foreign  born. 

Cuba 

88.8 

11.2 

74.4 
81.2 
89.9 
90.2 
92.6 
92.8 
93.0 

25.6 

18.8 

Santa  Clara  

10  1 

Matanzas 

9.8 

7.4 

7.2 

Pinar  del  Rio 

7.0 

The  city  and  province  of  Habana  had  the  smallest  proportions  of  native 
inhabitants,  and  the  two  provinces  at  the  ends  of  the  island  the  largest 
proportions. 

The  total  number  of  foreign  born  was  228,741,  which  was  11.2  per  cent 
of  the  total  population.  The  number  in  1899  was  172,535  and  the  proportion 
11.0  per  cent.  The  numerical  increase  was  55,942  and  the  percentage  of 
increase  32.4 — a  little  greater  than  that  of  the  native  population.  The  excess 
of  arrivals  over  departures  from  Cuban  ports,  or  the  net  immigration,  as 
shown  in  the  chapter  on  immigration,  was  during  these  8  years  approximately 
75,000.  This  difference  of  about  19,000  mea.sures  the  losses  of  this  element 
from  death.  It  indicates  a  death  rate  of  about  10  per  thousand  per  year — 
a  very  probable  rate  for  persons  of  the  average  age  of  the  foreign  born. 

Of  the  whole  number  of  foreign  born,  11,217  were  Chinese  and  13,887 
were  negroes  and  mixed  bloods,  leaving  203,637  whites.     Of  the  13,887 


150 


POPULATION. 


colored,  7,948  were  born  in  Africa,  and  are  doubtless  the  remnant  of  the 
product  of  the  slave  trade.  In  1899,  these  numbered  12,953,  the  decrease 
in  the  8  years  being  5,005,  caused  mainly,  if  not  entirely,  by  death. 

The  Chinese  also  have  decreased,  the  number  in  1907  being  over  3,000  less 
than  the  number  in  1899. 

Far  the  most  numerous  among  the  foreign  born  were  the  natives  of  Spain, 
who  numbered  185,393  in  1907,  as  compared  with  129,240  in  1899.  They 
formed  81.1  per  cent  of  the  foreign  born,  a  much  larger  proportion  than  in 
1899,  when  the  percentage  was  74.9.  Those  born  in  the  United  States  num- 
bered 6,713,  or  about  3  per  cent  only.  The  number  was  slightly  more  than 
in  1899,  when  the  total  was  6,444.  No  other  country  contributed  as 
much  as  2  per  cent  of  the  foreign  element.  The  other  West  Indies,  includ- 
ing Porto  Rico,  Cuba's  nearest  neighbors,  both  in  distance  and  blood, 
contributed  only  3.2  per  cent  and  all  Spanish  America  together  only  3.8 
per  cent. 

The  following  table  gives  the  number  and  percentage  of  foreign  born  from 
each  of  the  leading  countries: 


COUNTBT  OF  BIBTH. 


Spain 

China 

Africa 

United  States 

West  Indies,  excluding  Porto  Rico 

Porto  Rico 

France 

Central  and  South  America 

United  Kingdom 

Mexico 


FOREION   BOBN    POPULATION. 


Number. 

Per  cent. 

185,393 

81.1 

11.217 

4.0 

7,948 

3.6 

6,713 

2.0 

4,280 

1.0 

2,918 

1.8 

1,476 

0.6 

1,442 

o.« 

1,252 

O.f 

1,187 

0.9 

Classified  by  sex,  the  foreign  whites  were  composed  of  80  per  cent  males 
and  20  per  cent  females.  This  great  disproportion  of  males  among  the  foreign 
bom  explains  the  fact  that  in  the  whole  population  males  were  considerably 
in  excess  of  females. 

The  following  table  shows  the  proportion  of  each  sex  among  the  foreign 
bom  inhabitants  of  each  province  and  of  Habana  city: 


PROVINCE    OR   CITY. 

PER   CENT   OF 
FOREIGN  WHITE  POPULATIOK. 

Male. 

Female. 

Cuba 

80.0 

20.0 

City  of  Habana. . . . 

75.2 
76.6 
78.8 
82.6 
83.4 
83.6 
87.8 

24.8 

Habana 

23.4 

Matanzas 

21.2 

Oriente 

17.4 

Santa  Clara 

16.6 

CamagQey 

16.4 

Pinar  del  Rio 

12.2 

FOREIGN  BORN  POPULATION. 


151 


The  distribution  of  the  foreign  born  between  city  and  country  is  much 
the  same  in  Cuba  as  in  the  United  States.  Foreigners  congregate  in  the 
cities  rather  than  in  the  country,  and  among  the  cities,  they  choose  the  larger 
rather  than  the  smaller.  Of  the  population  of  Habana  city  more  than  one- 
fourth  were  of  foreign  birth,  while  the  average  for  the  other  cities  of  over 
8,000  inhabitants  was  but  about  one-tenth.  Of  the  total  foreign  bom  of 
Cuba,  228,741,  no  fewer  than  76,167,  or  a  little  less  than  one-third,  were 
found  in  Habana. 

The  following  are  the  percentages  which  the  foreign  born  in  each  city  of 
over  8,000  inhabitants  bore  to  the  total  population  of  the  city: 


CITT   HATINO  AT  LEA8T   8,000  INHABITANTS. 


Per  cent 

Population. 

foreign  bom 
form  of  total 

population. 

619,835 

17.7 

297,159 

25.6 

9,332 

19.6 

14,559 

17.3 

46,470 

13.6 

10.634 

13.0 

30,100 

12.2 

12.393 

12.2 

8,333 

12.0 

24,280 

11.7 

9,246 

10.1 

36,009 

9.8 

14,368 

9.1 

29,616 

8.4 

8,053 

7.9 

16,702 

7.» 

9,125 

7.0 

15,819 

6.9 

17,440 

4.2 

11,197 

2.0 

Total 

Habana 

Marianao 

GuantSnamo 

Santiago  de  Cuba 

Pinar  del  Rio 

Cienf uegos 

Sagua  la  Grande 

CaibariSn 

CS,rdenas 

Jovellanos 

Matanzas 

Guanabacoa 

Camagtley 

GQines 

Santa  Clara 

San  Antonio  de  los  Baftos 

Manzanillo 

Sancti-Spiritus 

Trinidad 


Of  the  population  of  these  19  cities,  taken  collectively,  the  foreign  born 
constituted  17.7  per  cent,  while  in  the  rural  parts  of  Cuba  the  foreign  element 
formed  only  8.3  per  cent  of  the  total,  being  relatively  less  than  one-half  as 
numerous.  In  the  cities  other  than  Habana,  the  foreign  element  was  but 
little  stronger  than  in  the  rural  districts,  the  proportions  being  10.5  per  cent 
and  8.3  per  cent,  respectively. 

The  natives  of  Spain,  who  formed,  as  noted  above,  by  far  the  most  numer- 
ous element  of  the  foreign  born,  were  distributed  in  proportions  similar  to 
those  of  the  total  foreign  born  population — a  little  less  than  one-half  of  them 
were  found  in  the  cities,  where  they  formed  14.8  per  cent  of  the  population, 
and  a  little  more  than  one-half  in  the  country,  where  they  formed  6.6  per 
cent  of  the  population.  Of  the  total  number  in  Cuba,  36  per  cent  were  found 
in  the  city  of  Habana. 

The  following  table  shows,  for  the  principal  countries  of  birth,  the  propor- 
tions of  each  sex  in  the  total  population  and  in  the  white  and  colored  popula- 
tions: 


152 


POPULATION. 


COONXnY   OF    BIRTH. 


America: 

Ciil)a 

Po  r  to  Rico 

Other  West  Indies 

Mexico 

Central      and      South 

America 

United  States 

Europe: 

S[>ain 

France 

Uniied  Kingdom 

Otlier  Europe 

Asia: 

China 

Africa 


PER  CENT   or  TOTAL. 


All  classes. 


Male. 


49.0 
64.3 
61.4 
42.5 

64.6 
60.6 


81.9 
64.4 
63.6 
78.7 


99.6 
60.6 


Female.         Male. 




White. 


61.0 
36.7 
38.6 
67.6 

46.5 
40.6 


18.1 
35.6 
36.5 
21.3 


0.5 
39.6 


49.7 
64.3 
62.8 
42.1 

63.4 
67.7 


81.9 
64.7 
64.4 
79.1 


93.6 

74.1 


Female. 


60.3 
35.7 
47.2 
57.9 

46.6 
42.3 


18.1 
36.3 
35.6 
20.0 


6.6 
25.0 


Colored.* 


Male. 


47.6 
64.2 
64.3 
46.2 

65.7 
75.5 


73.6 
60.4 
61.5 
64.0 


00.6 
60.4 


Female. 


52.4 
35.8 
35.7 
53.8 

34.3 
24.6 


26.5 
40.6 
38.6 
36.0 


0.4 
30.6 


1  Includes  black,  mixed,  and  yellow. 


While  among  the  natives  of  Cuba  females  were  in  excess,  for  every  other 
country  of  birth, except  Mexico,  males  outnumbered  females  in  the  proportion 
of  nearly  2  to  1.  The  natives  of  Spain,  however,  who  far  outnumbered  all 
other  foreign  bom,  were  composed  of  more  than  4  males  to  1  female.  Prac- 
tically all  of  the  natives  of  China  were  males.  It  is  curious  and  significant 
that  the  sex  distribution  of  those  born  in  Africa  was  practically  the  same  as 
that  of  the  colored  element  of  the  population  prior  to  1841,  when  the  slave 
trade  was  active. 

Among  the  whites  born  in  Cuba,  the  two  sexes  were  almost  equally  repre- 
sented, females  being  only  slightly  in  excess.  Among  the  whites  born  in  other 
countries,  the  same  conditions  respecting  sex  obtained  as  with  the  total 
population. 

Among  the  colored  bom  in  Cuba,  females  were  greatly  in  excess  of  males. 
For  the  colored  Cuban  inhabitants  who  were  born  in  the  United  States  or  in 
Spain,  the  proportion  was  about  3  males  to  1  female. 

The  following  table  shows  for  each  province  and  municipality  in  1907, 
the  percentages  of  the  population,  classified  by  sex,  color,  and  general  nativity. 
The  figures  for  cities,  which  are  shown  in  italics,  are  included  in  the  totals 
for  the  provinces  or  municipalities  in  which  the  cities  are  located. 


SEX  AND  NATIVITY. 


153 


PKOVINCE,    MUNICIPALITT, 
OK   CITY. 

Total 
popu- 
lation. 

PER   CENT   OP   TOTAL. 

Male. 

Female. 

Native 
white. 

Foreign 
white. 

Colored.i 

CUBA. 

Total 

2,048.980 

52.6 

47.5 

69.8 

9.9 

30.3 

Camagtiey 

118.269 
538,010 
239.812 
455.086 
240.372 
457,431 

52.5 
52.9 
51.5 
51.4 
53.5 
52.9 

47.6 
47.1 
48.6 
48.6 
46.6 
47.1 

75.0 
58.7 
54.6 
50.9 
68.7 
63.9 

6.7 
17.9 
7.4 
6.0 
6.4 
8.6 

18  3 

Habana 

23  4 

Matanzas 

38  0 

Oriente 

43   1 

Pinar  del  Rio 

24  9 

Santa  Clara 

27  6 

CAMAOtJET. 

The  province 

118,269 

52.5 

47.6 

75.0 

6.7 

18.3 

Camagtley 

66,460 
29,616 
17,741 
13,898 
10,620 
9,550 

50.5 
46.8 
57.2 
52.3 
55.2 
65.0 

49.6 

64-2 
42.8 
47.7 
44.8 
46.0 

75.1 
88.2 
72.6 
80.6 
73.2 
63.1 

5.9 
7.8 
11.5 
3.4 
9.7 
6.0 

19.0 

City  of  Camagiley 

Ciego  de  AvUa 

26.2 
15.9 

Morfin 

10.0 

N  ue  vitas 

17.1 

Santa  Cruz  del  Sur 

31.9 

• 

HAB^ 

<lSK. 

The  province 

538,010 

62.9 

47.1 

68.7 

17.9 

23.4 

Aguacate 

7,305 
10,561 
15,434 
13,430 
15,655 
24,968 
14,388 
32,216 

8,063 

13,701 

302,526 

297,169 

3.276 
12,067 

7,111 
18,156 

9,332 
12,196 
20,447 

9,125 
11,988 

3,915 
13,058 

52.8 
54.5 
66.5 
54.0 
51.5 
49.6 
47.1 
53.0 
48.4 
53.7 
53.0 
62.9 
56.0 
54.2 
51.0 
53.3 
61.7 
53.4 
52.1 

6l!9 
52.0 

47.2 
45.5 
43.5 
46.0 
48.5 
50.4 
62.9 
47.0 
61  .8 
46.3 
47.0 
47.1 
44.0 
46.8 
49.0 
46.7 
48.3 
46.6 
47.9 

61.8 
47.4 
48.1 
48.0 

60.7 
67.2 
66.8 
72.6 
80.6 
69.6 
61.6 
66.1 
66.9 
67.7 
60.2 
60.0 
66.8 
72.9 
73.5 
63.1 
62.6 
68.0 
79.0 

72.9 
76.7 
74.2 
68.0 

7.7 

10.2 

12.7 

9.6 

7.0 

8.2 

8.6 

7.6 

6.9 

10.9 

24.6 

24.6 

22.9 

6.0 

5.8 

16.4 

17.e 

7.8 

8.6 

6.6 

6.4 

7.3 

11.1 

31.6 

22.6 

Bataban6 

20.6 

Bauta 

17.8 

Bejucal 

12.6 

Guanabacoa 

22.3 

City  of  Guanabacoa 

Gaines 

SO.O 
26.4 

City  of  GUines 

37.2 

GOira  de  Melena 

21.4 

Habana 

26.3 

City  of  Habana 

26.6 

Isla  de  Pinos 

10.3 

Jaruco 

21.1 

Madruga 

20.7 

Marianao 

21.5 

City  of  Marianao 

Nueva  Vs.?, 

29.9 
34.2 

San  Antonio  de  los  Bafios .  .  . 
City  of  San  Antonio  de  lot 

12.6 
20.6 

San  Jose  de  las  Lajas 

Santa  Marta  del  Rosario 

Santiago  de  las  Vegas 

16.9 
18.5 
20.9 

MATANZAS. 

The  province 

239,812 

51.5 

48.6 

64.6 

7.4 

38.0 

15,838 
12.377 
28.576 
24,280 
52.006 
10.256 
17.024 
9,248 
15.104 
64,385 
38.009 
13.044 
11.202 

62.9 
63.5 
49.1 
47.9 
53.2 
63.2 
52.4 
61 .8 
63.0 
49.5 
48.1 
52.9 
51.4 

47.1 
46.5 
50.9 
62.1 
46.8 
46.8 
47.6 
48.4 
47.0 
60.5 
63.9 
47.1 
48.6 

62.7 
49.4 
68.2 
66.6 
48.1 
67.7 
41.6 
34-9 
48.0 
62.6 
68.8 
46.6 
49.1 

6.2 
8.9 
9.3 
9.7 
6.4 
7.9 
7.1 
7.1 
4.3 
8.1 
8.9 
6.4 
8.1 

31.1 

Bolondr6n 

41.7 

C&rdenas 

32.5 

34.8 

Col6n 

45.5 

Jas;Oev  Grande 

24.4 

Jovellanos 

51.3 

City  of  Jovellanos 

Marti 

68.0 
47.7 

Matanzas 

29.3 

32.6 

Pedro  Betancourt 

47.0 

Uni6n  de  Reyes 

42.8 

» Includes  black,  mixed,  and  yellow. 


154 


POPULATION. 


Total 
popu- 
lation. 

PER   CENT   OF  TOTAL. 

OB    CITT. 

Male. 

Female. 

1 

Native 
white. 

Foreign 
white. 

Colored.' 

ORIEMTE. 

The  province 

455,086 

61.4 

48.6 

60.9 

6.0 

43.1 

Alto  Songo 

20,563 
27,852 
26,511 
16,216 
14,716 
39,343 
43,300 
14,669 
50,224 
13,325 
64,900 
16,819 
17,628 
20,236  1 
34,061 
8,398  1 
14,212 
53,614 
46.470 

51.9 
50.3 
49.0 
56.9 
51.8 
50.9 
54.0 
49.2 
60.9 
48.8 
49.9 
46.6 
60.8 
62.8 
61.4 
63.4 
51.6 
47.7 
47.4 

48.1 
49.7 
51.0 
43.1 
48.2 
49.1 
46.0 
60.8 
49.1 
51.2 
60.1 

^ii 
39.2 

47.2 

48.6 

46.6 

48.4 

62.3 

62.6 

24.9 
43.6 
56.4 
29.3 
19.8 
75.6 
23.0 
26.7 
83.6 
83.4 
56.9 
64.9 
51.6 
41.1 
71.4 
66.2 
24.1 
33.2 
32.1 

3.3 
2.1 
1.3 

17.6 
6.0 
6.4 
9.6 

12.7 
3.8 
0.7 
3.7 
6.3 

13.5 
4.3 
4.0 
2.7 
7.0 

11.2 

11.2 

71.8 

Baracoa 

54.8 

Bayamo 

42.3 

Ganey 

63.1 

Cobre 

74.2 

Glbara 

19.0 

Guant&namo 

67.6 

City  of  OiMntdnamo 

Holguf  Q 

eo.e 

12.6 

JiguanI 

16.0 

Manzanillo 

39.4 

City  of  Manzanillo 

Mayarf 

38. 8 
34.0 

Palma  Soriano 

64.6 

Puerto  Padre 

24.6 

Sagua  de  T&namo 

41.1 

San  Luis 

68.9 

Santiago  de  Cuba 

66.6 

City  of  Santiago  de  Cuba  . 

66.7 

PINAR   DEL   rIo. 

The  province 

240,372 

53.5 

46.5 

68.7 

6.4 

24.0 

Artemisa 

14.719 
11,552 
11,471 
28,819 
15,336 
29,236 
11,041 
50,071 
10,634 
20,388 
19.807 
11,092 
16.840 

54.3 
52.0 
52.3 
52.7 
61.0 
66.4 
53.2 
53.3 
49.0 
53.5 
54.1 
53.9 
52.7 

45.7 
48.0 
47.7 
47.3 
49.0 
43.6 
46.8 
46.7 
61.0 
46.6 
45.9 
46.1 
47.3 

66.9 
50.5 
73.5 
66.2 
64.9 
73.2 
81.6 
67.9 
66.4 
65.4 
70.5 
69.6 
74.0 

6.8 
4.2 
4.0 
3.8 
6.1 
9.8 
4.1 
7.7 
11.6 
6.5 
7.8 
6.5 

6.7 

26.3 

Cabaflas 

45.3 

Consolacidn  del  Norte 

Consolaci6n  del  Sur 

Guanajay 

22.5 
30.0 
29.0 

Guane 

17.0 

14.3 

Pinar  del  Rio 

24.4 

City  of  Pinar  dd  Rio 

SanCristfibal 

SS.O 
29.1 

San  Juan  y  Martinez 

San  Luis 

21.7 
23.9 

Viflales 

20.3 

SANTA 

CLARA. 

The  province 

457,431 

52.9 

47.1 

63.9 

8.6 

27.5 

Caibarien 

10,053 
8,333 
16,979 
14,683 
70,416 
30,100 
10,239 
18,183 
15,760 
16,682 
11,309 
14,616 
12,637 
22,083 
26,937 
12,393 
16,861 
36,572 
17,440 
21,573 
46,620 
16,702 
11,407 
20,776 
29,548 
11 ,197 
13,707 

61.4 
60.6 
65.5 
64.9 
63.3 

63^8 
52.9 
64.9 
64.5 
52.9 
62.0 
62.0 
55.0 
51.0 
48.2 
55.4 
60.8 
46.3 
52.3 
52.6 
47.5 
54.6 
53.2 
48.5 

48.6 
40.6 
44.5 
45.1 
46.7 
61.9 
46.2 
47.1 
46.1 
45.5 
47.1 
48.0 
48.0 
45.0 
49.0 
61  .8 
44.6 
49.2 
64-7 
47.7 
47.4 
62.6 
45.4 
46.8 
51.5 
68.3 
42.6 

69.1 
69.6 
61.4 
61.2 
57.9 
63.6 
52.2 
76.1 
60.5 
63.6 
71.2 
57.8 
!           66.5 
1           61.5 
1           57.5 
64-7 
i           78.8 
73.4 
68.6 
63.4 
68.7 
69.8 
56.2 
67.4 
59.7 
4S.1 
59.5 

11.0 

11.2 

7.3 

18.9 

10.9 

10.9 

10.2 

2.9 

9.9 

12.4 

6.6 

4.4 

6.2 

8.7 

8.9 

9.3 

10.2 

7.8 

3.6 

10.8 

7.6 

7.1 

5.9 

5.1 

2.7 

1     .1:^ 

19.9 

19.S 

Calabazar 

31.3 

CamaJuanI 

19.9 

Cienfuegos 

31.2 

City  of  Cienfuegot 

Cruces 

36.6 
37.6 

Esperanza 

21.0 

Palmira 

29.6 

Placetas 

24.1 

Quemado  de  GQines 

Rancho  Veloz 

23.2 
37.8 

Ranch  uelo 

28.3 

Rodas 

29.8 

Sagua  la  Grande 

33.6 

City  of  Sagua  la  Grande. . 
San  Antonio  de  las  Vueltas .  . 
Sancti-Spiritus 

36.0 
11.0 
18.8 

City  of  Sancti-Spiritus. .  .  . 
San  Juan  de  los  Remedios. . . 
Santa  Clara 

28.0 
25.8 
23.7 

City  of  Santa  Clara 

Santa  Isabel  de  las  Lajas. . . . 
Santo  Domingo 

33.1 
37.9 
27.5 

Trinidad 

37.6 

City  of  Trinidad 

49.6 
24.8 

Yaguajay 

"Includes  black,  mixed,  and  yellow. 


AVERAGE  AGE.  155 


Of  the  82  municipalities,  8  only  had  an  excess  of  females,  while  of  the  74 
in  which  males  predominated,  there  were  12  in  which  that  sex  had  55  per 
cent  or  more.  Classifying  the  municipalities  in  accordance  with  their  per- 
centage of  foreign  whites,  it  appears  that  18  contained  less  than  5  per  cent; 
45,  or  more  than  half,  had  between  5  and  10  per  cent;  17  had  at  least  10  but 
less  than  20  per  cent;  while  2  municipalities  only,  both  of  them  in  Habana 
province,  had  over  20  per  cent. 

As  to  proportion  of  colored,  there  was  but  1  municipality  which  contained 
only  10  per  cent;  49  contained  more  than  10  and  less  than  30  per  cent  and 
23  had  between  30  and  50  per  cent;  while  in  9  more  than  half  the  population 
were  colored. 

AGE,  SEX,  COLOR,  AND  NATIVITY. 

Probably  the  best  summary  of  the  age  of  a  people  or  of  an  element  of  the 
population  is  the  mean  age — ^which  is  the  figure  that  would  be  obtained  if 
the  ages  of  all  the  people  were  added  together  and  the  sum  total  divided  by 
the  number  of  people.  Since  it  was  impracticable  to  obtain  the  mean  in  this 
way,  a  shorter  method  has  been  followed.  The  number  of  inhabitants  is 
given  in  the  case  of  those  under  one  year  of  age  and  of  those  in  each  year 
from  1  to  5.  At  greater  ages  the  number  is  given  in  age  groups  of  5  years 
each,  from  5  to  9,  10  to  14,  etc.  The  number  of  persons  of  each  year  of  age 
up  to  and  including  4  years  was  multiplied  by  the  actual  number  of  years  of 
age.  The  average  age  for  those  from  5  to  9  years  of  age  is  7  years;  conse- 
quently the  number  of  children  reported  for  those  years  was  multiplied  by  7. 
Similarly,  the  number  in  the  next  age  group,  from  10  to  14  years,  was  multi- 
plied by  12,  and  so  on.  These  products  were  added  together  and  the  sum 
was  divided  by  the  total  population  of  Cuba. 

According  to  this  method,  the  average  age  of  the  people  of  Cuba  was  23.4 
years.  This  is  exactly  one  year  less  than  the  average  in  1899;  the  diflFerence 
is  due,  as  will  be  shown  further  on,  to  the  enormous  increase  in  the  number  of 
young  children.  The  average  age  in  1907  was  slightly  less  than  that  of  the 
people  of  the  Philippine  Islands  in  1903  (23.9  years),  and  decidedly  less  than 
that  of  the  people  of  the  United  States  in  1900  (26.3  years). 

The  following  table  shows  for  1907  and  1899  the  average  ages  of  the 
inhabitants  of  Cuba,  classified  by  sex  and  by  color  and  nativity: 


AVEBAOK 

AOB. 

1907 

1899 

Total 

23.4 

24.4 

Males 

23.9 

24.8 

Females 

22.9 
21.0 
33.5 
24.7 

23.8 

21.7 

Foreign  born  whites 

35.1 

Colored 

26.1 

156 


POPULATION. 


The  change  in  the  average  age  of  foreign  born  whites  is  probably  significant 
only  of  a  change  in  the  average  age  of  the  immigrants.  The  average  age  of 
the  colored  people  of  the  United  States  in  1900  was  23.2  years. 

The  average  ages  of  the  people  of  each  province  and  of  Habana  city  were 
as  follows  in  1907: 


PROVINCE   OB   CITY. 

Average  age. 

Cuba 

23.4 

City  of  Habana 

25.3 

Ha  nana 

25.0 

Matanzas 

24.0 

CamagOey 

24.3 

Santa  Clara 

23.3 

Oriente 

22.0 

Pinar  del  Rio 

21.1 

The  reasons  for  these  differences  will  be  clearly  developed  in  the  discus- 
sion which  follows. 

The  following  table  presents  the  percentages  which  the  number  of  persons 
of  different  age  groups  bore  to  the  total  population  in  1907,  with  similar 
figures  for  Cuba  for  1899,  Porto  Rico  for  the  same  year,  and  the  United  States 
and  Spain  for  1900: 


PER   CENT   DISTRIBUTION. 

AOE. 

Cuba. 

Porto 
Rico. 
1899. 

United 

States. 

1900. 

Spain. 

1907 

1899 

1900. 

Under  1  year 

3.2 
16.8 
11.0 
8.8 
11.5 
11.4 
9.0 
6.6 
6.8 
6.3 
3.9 
3.4 
1.9 
2.0 
0.9 
0.8 
0.4 
0.3 
0.1 
0.1 

1.5 
8.3 
14.4 
14.0 
11.3 
9.7 
8.7 
7.6 
6.3 
6.4 
3.8 
3.7 
2.2 
2.2 
0.9 
0.7 
0.3 
0.3 
0.1 
0.1 

2.8 
16.8 
15.1 
13.0 
9.8 
9.3 
8.8 
6.8 
6.0 
4.6 
2.8 
3.5 
1.6 
1.9 
0.7 
0.6 
0.2 
0.3 
0.1 
0.1 

2.6 
12.1 
11.7 
10.7 
9.9 
9.7 
8.6 
7.3 
6.5 
6.6 
4.5 
3.9 
2.9 
2.4 
1.7 
1.2 
0.7 
0.4 
0.2 
(') 

2.1 

Under  5  years 

H.6 

5  to    9  years 

11.4 

10  to  14  years 

10.5 

15  to  19  vears 

8.4 

20  to  24  years 

8.1 

25  to  29  years 

7.6 

30  to  34  vears 

6.9 

35  to  39  years 

6.1 

40  to  44  years 

6.2 

45  to  49  years 

5.1 

60  to  54  vears 

5.2 

55  to  59  years 

3.8 

60  to  64  years 

3.7 

65  to  69  years . , 

2.1 

70  to  74  years 

1.7 

75  to  79  years 

0.8 

80  to  84  years 

0.5 

85  to  89  years 

0.2 

90  to  94  vears 

0.1 

>  Less  than  one-tenth  of  1  per  cent. 


The  following  table  presents  percentages  showing  the  proportion  of  inhab- 
itants in  each  age  group  in  the  case  of  the  native  whites,  foreign  whites,  and 
colored  in  Cuba  in  1907  and  the  colored  in  the  United  States  in  1900: 


AGE. 


157 


Under  1  year 

Under  5  years 

5  to    9  years 

10  to  14  years 

15  to  19  years 

20  to  24  years 

25  to  29  years 

30  to  34  years 

35  to  39  years 

40  to  44  years 

45  to  49  years 

50  to  54  years 

55  to  59  years 

60  to  64  years 

65  to  69  years 

70  to  74  years 

75  to  79  years 

80  to  84  years 

85  to  89  years 

90  to  94  years 

95  to  99  years 

100  years  and  over. 


PEB   CENT  D18THIBUTION. 


Cuba,  1907. 


Native 
white. 


3.9 

19.9 

12.2 

9.8 

11.9 

11.3 

8.4 

5.8 

5.1 

4.6 

3.5 

2.8 

1.6 

1.4 

0.7 

0.5 

0.2 

0.2 

0.1 


(«) 


Foreign 
wiiite. 


0.1 

1.3 

1.9 

2.3 

8.6 

14.4 

16.5 

14.0 

10.9 

9.5 

6.8 

5.6 

3.3 

2.7 

1.3 

0.9 

0.5 

0.3 

0.1 


(») 


Colored. I 


2.8 

15.4 

11.4 

9.1 

11.7 

10.7 

8.1 

5.7 

5.4 

5.2 

3.8 

3.9 

2.2 

3.0 

1.2 

1.4 

0.5 

0.6 

0.2 

0.2 

0.1 

(») 


Colored  in 

United  States. 

1900. 


2.8 

13.7 

13.6 

12.3 

11.1 

11.0 

8.4 

6.1 

5.5 

4.3 

3.8 

3.3 

2.1 

1.9 

1.1 

0.8 

0.4 

0.3 

0.2 

0.1 

(*) 

(») 


1  Includes  black,  mixed,  and  yellow.        *  Less  than  one-tenth  of  1  per  cent. 

The  following  table  presents  percentages  showing  the  proportion  of  males 
and  females  in  the  total  population  and  among  the  native  whites,  the  foreign 
whites,  and  the  colored: 


PEK  CENT  DISTRIBUTION. 

AOK. 

All  classes. 

Native  white. 

Foreigrn  white. 

Colored.! 

Male. 

Female. 

Male. 

Female. 

Male. 

Female. 

Male. 

Female. 

Under  1  year 

Under  5  years 

5  to    9  years 

10  to  14  years 

15  to  19  years 

20  to  24  years 

25  to  29  years 

30  to  34  years 

35  to  39  years 

40  to  44  years 

45  to  49  years 

50  to  54  years 

55  to  59  years 

60  to  64  years 

65  to  69  years 

70  to  74  years 

75  to  79  years 

80  to  84  years 

85  to  89  years 

90  to  94  years 

3.0 
16.1 
10.6 
8.6 
10.9 
11.6 
9.3 
7.0 
6.0 
5.6 
4.2 
3.5 
2.1 
2.0 
0.9 
0.8 
0.3 
0.3 
0.1 
0.1 

3.3 
17.4 
11.4 
9.0 
12.2 
11.2 
8.7 
6.2 
5.5 
4.9 
3.6 
3.4 
1.8 
2.1 
0.9 
0.8 
0.4 
0.3 
0.1 
0.1 

3.9 

20.4 

12.5 

10.1 

11.3 

11.2 

8.3 

5.8 

6.1 

4.8 

3.6 

2.8 

1.6 

1.2 

0.6 

0.4 

0.2 

0.1 

3.8 

19.4 

11.9 

9.6 

12.6 

11.3 

8.6 

5.9 

6.1 

4.6 

3.3 

2.9 

1.6 

1.6 

0.7 

0.6 

0.3 

0.2 

0.1 

(*) 

0.9 

1.3 

1.8 

9.0 

15.0 

15.7 

14.3 

11.2 

9.8 

7.0 

5.5 

3.2 

2.5 

1.2 

0.8 

0.4 

0.2 

0.1 

0.3 

3.5 

4.6 

4.3 

6.8 

12.0 

14.4 

12.8 

10.0 

8.3 

5.8 

5.9 

3.5 

3.5 

1.8 

1.3 

0.9 

0.6 

2.9 
15.9 
11.7 
9.4 
10.9 
10.7 
7.9 
5.4 
5.0 
5.0 
3.7 
3.8 
2.5 
3.2 
1.4 
1.5 
0.6 
0.7 
0.2 
0.2 
0.1 
0.1 
0.1 

2.7 
16.0 
11.2. 
8.8 
12.3 
10.7 
8.2 
5.9 
5.7 
6.6 
3.9 
4.0 
2.0 
2.7 
1.0 
1.3 
0.5 
0.6 
0.2 
0.2 

0.1 

100  vears  and  over. 

0.1 

0.1 

0.1 

>  Includes  black,  mixed,  and  yellow. 


'  Less  than  one-tenth  of  1  per  cent. 


158 


POPULATION. 


The  children  less  than  1  year  of  age  in  Cuba  in  1907  formed  3.2  per  cent 
of  the  total  population.  In  1899,  the  proportion  was  less  than  half  as  large, 
being  only  1.5  per  cent.  This  small  proportion  was,  as  is  well  understood, 
the  result  of  the  war  and  the  accompanying  reconcentration.  In  the  United 
States  in  1900,  the  proportion  at  this  age  was  2.6  per  cent;  in  Porto  Rico  in 
1899,  2.8  per  cent;  and  in  the  Philippine  Islands  in  1903,  2.4  per  cent.  Thus 
it  will  be  seen  that  the  proportion  at  this  age  in  Cuba  was  very  large,  though 
not  surprisingly  large,  when  one  reflects  that  the  country  had  only  recently 
emerged  from  an  exhausting  and  deadly  war  and  entered  into  a  period  of 
great  prosperity.  The  proportion  of  males  under  1  year  of  age  to  all  males 
was  3.0  per  cent,  and  the  corresponding  proportion  for  females  was  3.3  per 
cent.  Among  the  native  whites  the  proportions  were  greater,  being  no  less 
than  3.9  per  cent  for  the  total  of  that  element  and  3.9  and  3.8,  respectively, 
for  the  males  and  females.  Among  the  foreign  born  whites,  the  proportions 
were  very  small. 

Among  the  colored,  the  proportion  under  1  year  of  age  was  2.8  per  cent, 
those  of  males  and  females  being,  respectively,  2.9  and  2.7  per  cent.  These, 
it  will  be  noted,  are  decidedly  smaller  than  those  of  the  native  whites.  This 
fact  accords  with  the  smaller  rate  of  increase  of  the  colored.  The  proportion 
of  colored  children  under  1  year  of  age  in  the  United  States  in  1900  was  the 
same  as  the  proportion  in  Cuba  in  1907. 

There  are  great  differences  among  the  different  provinces  and  the  city  of 
Habana  in  the  proportion  of  children  as  shown  in  the  following  table, 
which  gives  the  percentages  for  children  under  1  year  of  age,  under  5 
years,  and  under  10  years: 


C       '  iT---s=a:-i.: 1 

FEB  CZNT   or  TOTAL   POPULATION. 

PKOVINCE  OH  CITT. 

Under  1  year 
of  age. 

Under  5  years 
of  age. 

Under  10  yean 
of  age. 

Cuba 

3.2 

16.8 

27.8 

CamagQey 

3.1 
2.6 
2.1 
2.9 
3.7 
3.6 
3.2 

15.8 
13.9 
10.7 
16.0 
18.6 
19.6 
17.5 

27.2 

23.2 

City  of  Habana 

18.9 

Matanzas 

2S.9 

31 .0 

Pinar  del  Rio 

33.0 

Santa  Clara 

28.2 

The  two  provinces  having  the  largest  rates  of  increase  in  population  had 
the  greatest  proportions  of  children  under  1  year  of  age.  Habana  had  the 
lowest  proportion  among  the  provinces,  a  position  into  which  she  was  forced 
by  Habana  city,  where  there  is  a  large  proportion  of  adult  foreign  born. 
In  the  province,  excluding  the  city,  the  proportion  was  3.2  per  cent.  If  the 
foreign  born  be  excluded  from  the  city  of  Habana,  the  proportion  would 
rise  to  2.7  per  cent.  This  proportion  is  still  small,  but  not  less  than  that 
ordinarily  found  in  large  cities. 


PROPORTION  OF  CHILDREN.  159 

The  highest  proportion  was  in  Pinar  del  Rfo,  which  had  the  highest  rate  of 
increase.    The  lowest,  as  before,  was  in  Habana  and  for  the  same  reason. 

The  children  under  5  years  of  age  in  Cuba  in  1907  formed  16.8  per  cent 
of  the  total  population.  In  1899  they  formed  only  8.3  per  cent,  or  less  than 
one-half  as  much.  The  proportion  in  1907  was  very  large,  when  compared 
with  that  of  any  other  people  for  whom  we  have  statistics.  All  in  this  age 
group  were  born  since  the  revolution.  In  the  United  States  in  1900  the 
corresponding  group  formed  but  12.1  per  cent  of  the  total;  in  Porto  Rico  in 

1899,  15.8  per  cent;    and  in  the  Phihppine  Islands  in  1903,  15.1  per  cent. 
The  proportion  of  children  under  5  years  of  age  among  the  native  whites 

in  Cuba  in  1907  was  19.9  per  cent,  that  of  the  males  being  20.4  per  cent 
and  that  of  females,  19.4  per  cent.  The  proportion  among  the  foreign  whites 
was  1.3  per  cent  and  among  the  colored,  15.4  per  cent. 

In  Cuba,  in  1907,  the  children  under  10  years  of  age  formed  27.8  per  cent 
of  the  total  population.  Here  again  the  proportion  is  large.  In  1899,  it  was 
but  22.7  per  cent.  In  Porto  Rico  in  the  same  year,  however,  this  rate  was 
exceeded,  the  proportion  there  being  30.9  per  cent.    In  the  United  States,  in 

1900,  it  was  23.8  per  cent  and  in  the  Philippine  Islands  in  1903,  28.8  per  cent, 
or  a  little  more  than  in  Cuba  in  1907.  The  proportion  of  the  native  whites 
at  this  age  was  32.1  per  cent,  which  is  larger  than  any  other  figures  here  quoted ; 
that  of  the  foreign  born  was  3.2  per  cent  and  that  of  the  colored,  26.8  per  cent, 
the  latter  proportion  being  nearly  as  large  as  the  figure  for  the  total  population. 

Among  the  provinces  there  were  differences  in  the  proportion  of  children 
under  10  years  of  age,  but  they  were  not  so  great  as  those  for  the  two  younger 
periods. 

Here  the  two  provinces  which  increased  most  rapidly  in  population  had 
the  highest  proportions  of  children  under  10  years  of  age  and,  as  before, 
Habana  had  the  smallest  proportion  of  any  province,  and  Habana  city  the 
least  of  all. 

During  the  revolution  the  children  suffered  the  most  severely,  especially 
because  of  reconcentration.  Not  only  were  a  large  proportion  of  the  living 
destroyed,  but  the  birth  rate  was  greatly  reduced,  owing  to  the  absence  of  hus- 
bands and  a  reduction  in  the  number  of  marriages.  The  children  who  sur- 
vived were  in  1907  at  least  8  years  of  age,  and  we  should  expect  to  find  small 
proportions  for  the  children  above  that  age.  An  idea  of  the  losses  can  be  ob- 
tained by  comparing  the  proportions  in  Cuba  in  1907  with  the  corresponding 
figures  for  Porto  Rico  in  1899,  which  represent  a  people  in  a  normal  con- 
dition : 


FEB  CENT  OF  TOTAL. 


Cuba, 
1907. 


Porto  Rico, 
1899. 


DiCFerence. 


5  to    9  years. 
10  to  14  years. 


11.0 
8.8 


15.1 
13.0 


4.1 
4.2 


160  POPULATION. 


Aside  from  the  above  noted  differences  the  figures  for  Cuba  and  Porto 
Rico  show  only  minor  and  not  significant  differences.  Comparison  with  the 
United  States  column  shows  that  in  Cuba  the  proportions  were  larger  in 
childhood  and  early  manhood,  and  smaller  in  more  advanced  ages.  For 
age  groups  over  30  years  the  percentages  were  smaller  in  every  case,  and  the 
totals  were  31.5  for  Cuba  and  37.3  for  the  United  States.  With  the  exception 
of  the  group  50  to  54  years,  at  all  ages  above  35,  percentages  for  Cuba  were 
equal  to  or  larger  than  those  of  Porto  Rico,  and  the  totals  were  24.9  for  Cuba 
and  21.4  for  Porto  Rico. 

In  the  distribution  of  the  population  by  age,  the  three  elements,  native 
white,  foreign  white,  and  colored  differed  widely  from  one  another,  and 
especially  did  the  foreign  whites  differ  from  the  others.  The  chief  difference 
between  the  native  whites  and  the  colored  is  in  the  fact  that  in  the  latter  the 
proportions  of  the  young  were  smaller  and  those  of  the  more  advanced  ages 
were  larger.  Up  to  35  years,  the  proportions  of  native  whites  were  in  all 
cases  the  greater,  and  the  total  percentage  below  that  age  was  79.3  per  cent 
as  compared  with  72.1  per  cent  for  the  colored. 

The  greater  ages  reported  for  the  colored  are,  in  part,  doubtless  fictitious; 
a  much  greater  proportion  of  colored  than  of  whites  do  not  know  their  ages 
and  persons  ignorant  of  their  ages  are  disposed  to  exaggerate  them,  especially 
if  they  are  old.  All  indications  go  to  show  that  the  colored  are  not  as  long 
lived  as  the  whites,  and  yet  this  table  shows  that  1.1  per  cent  of  the  colored 
were  80  years  of  age,  as  compared  with  only  0.3  per  cent  of  the  native  white. 

On  the  schedules  63  native  whites  and  15  foreign  whites  were  reported  as 
being  more  than  100  years  of  age,  while  of  the  colored  no  fewer  than  444  were 
so  reported.  It  is  doubtful  if  one  of  these  cases  was  correctly  reported.  This 
exaggeration  of  age  among  the  old  and  ignorant  is  not  peculiar  to  Cuba.  It 
is  almost  as  prevalent  in  the  United  States.  In  the  Census  of  1900  of  that 
country,  470  native  whites  and  2,674  colored  were  reported  as  being  over  100 
years  of  age. 

The  contrast  between  the  age  distribution  of  the  native  whites  and  the 
foreign  whites  is  great.  Among  the  latter  there  were  very  few  young  children. 
Indeed,  only  14.1  per  cent  of  the  total  number  were  below  the  age  of  20, 
while  of  the  native  whites  53.8  per  cent,  or  more  than  half  of  the  total,  were 
below  that  age.  Between  the  ages  of  20  and  39  years  were  found  54.8  per 
cent  of  the  foreign  whites,  and  only  30.6  per  cent  of  the  native  whites.  The 
foreign  whites,  too,  were  relatively  more  numerous  in  the  more  advanced 
ages  than  the  native  whites. 

The  composition  of  the  total  population  and  its  elements  as  to  sex  is  shown 
above.  Of  the  total  population,  females  formed  the  larger  percentage  up  to 
the  age  of  20  years.  From  that  age  to  65,  males  were  in  greater  proportion 
and  for  the  more  advanced  ages  the  proportions  of  the  sexes  were  about  equal. 

Among  the  native  whites,  males  formed  the  larger  proportions  up  to  the 
age  of  15  years.    From  that  age  to  35,  females  formed  the  larger  proportions.. 


AGE  GROUPS  BY  PROVINCES. 


161 


For  the  ages  from  40  to  50,  males  were  proportionally  more  numerous,  while 
beyond  50  the  percentages  of  females  were  equal  to  or  greater  than  those  of 
males. 

In  the  case  of  the  foreign  whites,  the  percentages  of  females  were  greater 
than  those  of  males  up  to  15  years.  Indeed,  while  only  4.0  per  cent  of  males 
were  under  15  years  of  age,  12.4  per  cent  of  the  females  were  under  that  age. 
From  15  to  50  years  the  percentages  of  males  were  the  greater,  while  above 
50,  as  a  rule,  those  of  females  were  the  larger. 

Of  the  colored,  the  percentages  of  males  were  larger  up  to  15  years;  then 
the  percentages  of  females  were  equal  to  or  larger  than  those  of  males  up  to 
55  years,  above  which  age  the  proportions  of  males  equaled  or  exceeded 
those  of  females. 

The  following  table  presents,  for  each  of  the  provinces  and  for  the  city  of 
Habana,  the  proportions  which  the  people  of  each  age  group  formed  of  the 
total  population : 


PER   CENT   DISTRIBUTION. 

AOE. 

Camagtley. 

Habana. 

Matanzas. 

Oriente. 

Pinar  del 
Rio. 

Santa 
Clara. 

City  of 
Habana. 

Under  1  year .... 

3.1 

2.6 

2.9 

3.7 

3.6 

3.2 

2.1 

Under  5  years 

15.8 

13.9 

16.0 

18.6 

19.6 

17.6 

10.7 

6  to   9  years.... 

11.4 

9.3 

9.9 

12.4 

13.4 

10.7 

8.2 

10  to  14  years.. .  . 

10.8 

7.8 

8.9 

9.8 

8.8 

8.6 

7.9 

15  to  19  years. . . . 

12.5 

11.2 

11.4 

12.0 

11.1 

11.5 

11.4 

20  to 24  years.. . . 

11.8 

12.2 

10.7 

11.2 

10.6 

11.5 

12.8 

25  to  29  years 

7.7 

10.4 

8.4 

8.2 

9.4 

8.6 

11.2 

30  to  34  years...  . 

5.1 

8.3 

6.6 

4.9 

6.8 

6.5 

9.0 

35  to  39  years 

4.6 

7.1 

6.1 

4.7 

6.4 

5.6 

7.6 

40  to  44  years 

5.2 

6.7 

5.4 

6.0 

4.6 

5.5 

6.1 

45  to  49  years.. . . 

4.2 

4.2 

3.9 

3.9 

3.0 

4.0 

4.5 

50  to  54  years. . . . 

3.7 

3.5 

3.8 

3.4 

2.7 

3.5 

3.6 

55  to  59  years 

2.2 

2.0 

2.3 

1.8 

1.4 

1.9 

2.2 

60  to  64  years 

2.1 

2.0 

2.8 

1.8 

1.6 

2.0 

2.1 

65  to  69  years.. .  . 

1.0 

0.9 

1.3 

0.8 

0.6 

0.9 

1.0 

70  to  74  years.. . . 

0.9 

0.7 

1.2 

0.7 

0.6 

0.8 

0.8 

75  to  79  years 

0.4 

0.3 

0.6 

0.3 

0.2 

0.4 

0.4 

80  to  84  years 

0.4 

0.3 

0.6 

0.3 

0.2 

0.3 

0.3 

85  to  89  years 

0.1 

0.1 

0.1 

0.1 

0.1 

0.1 

0.1 

90  to 94  years.. . . 

0.1 

0.1 

0.1 

0.1 

0.1 

0.1 

0.1 

95  to  99  years 

(') 

(1) 

0.1 

m 

(1) 

(') 

(') 

>  Less  than  one-tenth  of  1  per  cent. 


The  small  proportion  of  children  of  8  years  and  over,  which  was  noted  in  the 
discussion  concerning  the  total  population,  is  plainly  shown  here  in  the  case  of 
each  province,  but  in  different  degrees.  Apparently,  Habana  suffered  most 
severely  from  the  war  and  reconcentration,  as  .was  to  have  been  expected, 
Matanzas  also  suffered  greatly,  and  Santa  Clara  nearly  as  much,  while  Cama- 
giiey  felt  the  effects  of  the  war  the  least,  as  was  also  to  have  been  expected.  It 
is  impossible  to  measure  its  effects  in  Habana  city,  as  the  presence  of  a  large 
foreign  element  in  the  population  greatly  complicates  the  situation. 

The  distribution  of  children  under  the  age  of  10,  by  provinces,  has  been  dis- 
cussed. The  proportion  of  the  population  between  the  ages  of  10  and  19  ranged 
from  19.0  per  cent  in  Habana  up  to  23.3  per  cent  in  Camagiiey.    This  class  has 


11 


162 


POPULATION. 


'been  affected  in  marked  degree  by  the  war,  as  shown  above,  and  their  propor- 
'tion  was  little  lai^er  than  that  of  the  next  group,  20  to  29  years.  Indeed,  in 
Santa  Clara  the  two  were  equal  and  in  Pinar  del  Rio  and  Habana  the  class  20 
fto  29  years  was  the  larger.  In  Pinar  del  Rfo  this  is  the  result  of  the  war  and  in 
iHabana  the  war  and  the  large  foreign  element  were  jointly  the  cause. 

The  group  20  to  29  years  formed  proportions  ranging  from  19.1  per  cent  in 
Matanzas  to  20.1  per  cent  in  Santa  Clara  and  22.6  per  cent  in  Habana,  where 
its  magnitude  was  due  to  the  foreign  born.  In  Habana  city  the  proportion,  24.0 
per  cent,  was  even  greater.  The  next  group,  30  to  39  years,  shows  a  greater 
range  and  several  curious  anomalies.  The  lai^est  proportions  were  found  in 
the  city  and  the  province  of  Habana,  the  percentages  being  16.6  and  15.4,  re- 
spectively. The  next  largest  proportion  was  that  of  Matanzas,  12.7  per  cent, 
while  the  smallest  proportion,  9.6  per  cent,  was  found  in  Oriente.  In  Camagiiey 
and  Oriente  the  proportions  were  less  than  half  as  great  as  those  for  the  pre- 
ceding age  group.  In  Camagiiey  it  dropped  from  19.5  per  cent  to  9.7  per  cent; 
and  in  Oriente,  from  19.4  per  cent  to  9.6  per  cent.  In  Pinar  del  Rio  and  Santa 
Clara  the  drop  was  nearly  as  great,  in  the  first,  from  20.0  to  12.2  and  in  the 
second,  from  20.1  to  12.1. 

The  next  group,  40  to  49  years,  also  shows  anomalies.  Among  the  provinces, 
except  Pinar  del  Rfo,  the  range  was  small,  being  only  from  8.9  per  cent  in 
Oriente  up  to  9.9  per  cent  in  Habana.  Pinar  del  Rfo,  however,  showed  only 
7.5  per  cent.  In  Camagiiey  the  reduction  in  the  proportion  from  the  group  next 
preceding  was  only  0.3  per  cent,  from  9.7  per  cent  to  9.4  per  cent.  Again,  in 
Oriente,  the  reduction  was  only  from  9.6  per  cent  to  8.9  per  cent.  In  the  next 
group,  50  to  59  years,  the  proportions  ranged  from  4.1  per  cent  in  Pinar  del 
Rfo  up  to  6.1  per  cent  in  Matanzas.  Those  at  least  60  years  of  age  were  in 
greatest  proportion  in  Matanzas,  6.6  per  cent;  least  in  Pinar  del  Rfo,  3.3  per 
cent;  and  small  in  Oriente,  4.1  per  cent. 

The  province  of  Matanzas  is  characterized  by  a  large  proportion  of  elderly 
people,  12.7  per  cent  being  at  least  50  years  of  age,  while  in  Pinar  del  Rfo 
only  7.4  per  cent  were  above  that  age,  and  in  Oriente  only  9.3  per  cent.  Mea- 
sured in  this  way  the  provinces  rank  in  the  following  order: 


PROVINCE   OB   CITT. 

Per  cent  50  years 
of  age  and  over. 

PROVINCE   OB   CITT. 

Per  cent  60  years 
of  age  and  over. 

Cuba 

10.0 

,           1     <3nTitn    PltiT-n 

10.0 
9.9 

12.7 
10.9 
10.6 

Oriente 

9.3 

City  of  Habana 

Pinar  del  Rio 

7.4 

The  following  table  shows  the  proportions  of  native  whites,  foreign  whites, 
and  colored  in  each  age  group: 


PERSONS  IN  PRIME  OF  LIFE. 


163 


PER  CENT  OF  TOTAL  POPULATION, 


Native 
white. 


Foreign 
white. 


Colored. 


All  ages. . . 

Under  1  year.. . . 
Under  5  years. . . , 
5  to  9  years.  . . 
10  to  14  years. . . 
15  to  19  years.  .  . 
20  to  24  years.  .  .  , 
25  to  29  years.  .  .  , 

30  to  34  years 

35  to  39  years ... 
40  to  44  years.  .  .  , 
46  to  49  years.  .  .  , 
50  to  54  years ... 
66  to  59  years ... 
60  to  64  years.  .  .  . 
66  to  69  years .  . . . 
70  to  74  years . . . , 
75  to  79  years ... 
80  years  and  over 


59.8 


9.9 


30.3 


72.8 
71.1 
66.7 
66.2 
61.9 
59.1 
55.9 
52.8 
62.8 
62.1 
53.1 
49.3 
48.4 
42.0 
43.5 
36.4 
39.6 
27.3 


0.3 

0.8 

1.7 

2.6 

7.4 

12.6 

17.1 

21.1 

18.9 

17.9 

17.3 

16.2 

16.7 

13.5 

14.9 

11.0 

13.2 

7.4 


26.9 
28.1 
31.6 
31.2 
30.7 
28.4 
27.0 
26.1 
28.3 
30.0 
29.6 
34.6 
34.0 
44.5 
41.6 
52.6 
47.2 
66.3 


The  proportion  of  the  native  whites  diminished  quite  constantly  from  the 
youngest  to  the  oldest;  on  the  other  hand  the  proportion  of  the  colored  varied 
slightly  up  to  50  years,  and  then  increased  rapidly.  This  results  from  two 
causes:  the  larger  proportion  of  children  among  the  native  whites,  and  the 
tendency  among  the  colored  to  exaggerate  their  ages.  Of  course,  the  latter 
cause,  in  so  far  as  it  was  effective,  has  falsified  the  returns. 

The  proportion  of  foreign  whites  increased  from  the  youngest  age  group  to 
that  of  30  to  34  years,  when  it  reached  a  maximum. 

PERSONS  IN  THE   PRIME  OF  LIFE. 

The  number  of  persons  between  the  ages  of  18  and  44  years  was,  in  1907, 
880,052.  This  was  43  per  cent  of  the  population.  In  1899,  the  correspond- 
ing proportion  was  42.3  per  cent;  there  was,  therefore,  a  slight  but  not  signif- 
icant increase  at  the  later  census.  In  1907,  this  class  was  composed  of  54  per 
cent  males  and  46  per  cent  females — the  large  excess  of  males  being  accounted 
for  by  the  presence  in  this  age  group  of  the  majority  of  the  foreign  bom, 
among  which  element  of  the  population  4  out  of  5  were  of  the  male  sex. 

The  following  table  shows  the  proportion  which  this  age  group  formed  of 
the  total  population  of  each  province  and  the  city  of  Habana: 


PROVINCE   OR    CITY. 

Per  cent  popula- 
tion from  18  to 
44  years  of  age 
form  of  total 
population. 

PROVINCE    OR   CITY. 

Per  cent  popula- 
tion from  18  to 
44  years  of  age 
form  of  total 
population. 

Cuba 

43.0 

42.1 

38.9 
39.6 
41.3 

Santa  Clara 

42.7 

CamagOey ... 

Habana 

48.4 

Pinar  del  Rio 

City  of  Habana 

81.7 

Habana  city  and  province  had  the  largest  proportions,  because  of  their  large 
number  of  foreign  bom. 


164 


POPULATION. 


The  following  table  shows  the  distribution  by  sex  of  the  population  from  18 
to  45  years  of  age  for  each  province  and  for  the  city  of  Habana: 


PROVINCE  OR  CITY. 

PER  CENT 

OP  TOTAL. 

Male. 

Female. 

Cuba 

54.0 

46.0 

Matanzas 

61.5 
52.5 
54.6 
54.1 
65.1 
56.4 
66.9 

48.5 

47.5 

CamagOey    

45.5 

Santa  Clara 

45.9 

Pinar  del  Rio 

44.9 

Habana    

44.6 

City  of  Habana 

44.1 

Habana  city  contained  the  largest  proportion  of  males,  because  of  its  large 
foreign  bom  population. 

CITIZENSHIP. 

The  subject  of  citizenship  is  naturally  divisible  into  two  parts:  the  citizen- 
ship of  the  entire  population,  and  that  of  the  potential  voters,  males  at  least 
21  years  of  age. 

Total  population. — The  citizenship  of  the  entire  population  is  shown  in 
the  following  table: 


CITIZENSHIP. 

Number. 

Per  cent. 

Total 

2,048,980 

100  0 

1,780,628 

228,138 

40,214 

86.9 

11   1 

Other  and  unknown 

2.0 

The  following  table  summarizes  the  total  population  by  citizenship  and  by 
sex,  color,  and  nativity: 


Total 
population. 

CITIZENSHIP. 

COLOR   AND    NATIVITY   AND   SEX. 

Cuban. 

Other  and 
unknown. 

Total 

2,048,980 

1,780.628 

268,352 

1,074,882 
974,098 

893,408 
887,220 

181  474 

Females 

86  878 

Native  white 

1,224,539 

1,136,017 

88  522 

Males 

608.597 
615,942 

203,637 

571,592 
564,425 

43,289 

37  005 

Females 

51  517 

Foreign  white 

160  348 

Males   

163,014 
40,623 

620,804 

33,859 
9,430 

601,322 

129  155 

31   193 

Colored 

19  482 

Males 

303,271 
317.533 

287,957 
313,365 

15  314 

Females 

4  168 

CITIZENSHIP. 


165 


The  following  table  shows  the  proportion  of  Cuban  citizens  and  of  all  others 
in  the  total  population,  distributed  by  color  and  nativity  and  by  sex: 


COLOB  AND   NATIVITT   AND   SEX. 


Total 

Males 

Females 

Native  white. 

Males 

Females 

Foreign  white 

Males 

Females 

Colored 

Males 

Females 


PER  CENT  OF  TOTAL 
POPULATION. 


Cuban 
citizenship. 


86.9 


83.1 
91.1 


92.8 


93.9 
91.6 


21.3 


20.8 
23.2 


96.9 


95.0 
98.7 


Other  and 

unknown 

citizenship. 


13.1 


16.9 
8.9 


7.2 


6.1 
8.4 


78.7 


79.2 
76.8 


3.1 


6.0 
1.3 


Of  the  total  population,  nearly  seven-eights  were  Cuban  citizens.  The  pro- 
portion of  males  was  smaller,  since  about  four-fifths  of  the  immigrant  aliens 
were  males.  More  than  nine-tenths  of  the  females  were  Cuban  citizens.  Of 
the  native  white,  about  eleven-twelfths  were  Cubans.  Here  the  proportion  of 
Cuban  citizenship  was  greater  among  males  than  among  females.  Of  the 
foreign  whites,  only  about  one-fifth  were  of  Cuban  citizenship. 

Of  all  the  elements  of  the  population,  the  colored  showed  the  largest  pro- 
portion of  Cuban  citizenship,  only  3.1  per  cent  being  aliens.  In  the  case  of  the 
males,  because  of  the  inclusion  of  the  alien  Chinese,  the  proportion  of  aliens 
was  greater,  5  out  of  every  hundred  being  aliens,  but  of  the  females,  only  13 
in  a  thousand  were  of  other  than  Cuban  citizenship. 

The  following  table  shows  the  per  cent  distribution  by  age  of  those  of  Cuban 
and  those  of  other  citizenship,  for  the  total  population,  for  the  males,  and  for 
the  females,  by  nativity: 


166 


POPULATION. 


Total.... 

Under  5  years .  .  . 
6 to   9 years.... 

10  to  14  years 

15  to  24  years 

26  to  34  years. . . . 

36  to  44  years 

45  to  64  years. . . , 

55  to  64  years 

65  years  and  over 


Total 

Under  5  years .  .  . 

5  to   9  years 

10  to  14  years.... 

15  to  24  years 

26  to  34  years.... 

35  to  44  years 

46  to  64  years 

66  to  64  years 

65  years  and  over 


Total 

Under  5  years . . . 
6 to  9 years.... 
10  to  14  years. . . . 
16  to  24  years.... 
26  to 34 years.... 
36  to  44  years. . . . 
46  to  54  years.... 
55  to  64  years. . . . 
66  years  and  over 


Total 

Under  6  years . . . 

5  to   9  years 

10  to  14years. ... 
16  to  24  years.... 

25  to  34  years 

35  to  44  years. . . . 

46  to  54  years 

65  to  64  years.... 
65  years  and  over 


PER   CENT   DISTRIBUTION. 


Both  sexes. 


Cuban 
citizen- 
ship. 


Other 
and  un- 
known 
citizen- 
ship. 


Males. 


Cuban 
citizen- 
ship. 


100.0 


17.6 

11.5 

9.2 

22.8 

14.6 

10.6 

7.2 

3.9 

2.6 


100.0 


10.2 

11.8 

9.5 

23.4 

14.7 

10.1 

6.6 

3.1 

1.7 


100.0 


0.6 
1.2 
1.6 
9.1 

27.9 
24.8 
17.9 
10.4 
6.6 


100.0 


16.8 

11.5 

9.3 

22.7 

13.6 

10.6 

7.7 

4.8 

4.0 


Other 
and  un- 
known 
citizen- 
ship. 


Females. 


Cuban 
citizen- 
ship. 


TOTAL   POPULATION. 


100.0 


11.1 

7.6 

6.2 

23.9 

22.0 

14.0 

8.1 

4.6 

2.6 


100.0 


17.7 

11.6 

9.4 

22.0 

14.8 

10.9 

7.4 

3.8 

2.4 


100.0 


8.4 

5.7 

4.9 

25.2 

23.7 

15.1 

8.8 

5.3 

2.9 


100.0 


17.4 

11.4 

9.1 

23.6 

14.6 

10.3 

7.0 

3.9 

2.8 


NATIVE   WHITE   rOPXH^ATION. 


100.0 


29.3 

17.9 

13.6 

21.0 

8.7 

6.1 

2.9 

1.1 

0.4 


100.0 


19.4 

11.9 

9.7 

22.7 

14.8 

10.4 

6.8 

2.9 

1.4 


100.0 

36.7 

21.9 

16.3 

20.6 

2.8 

1.1 

0.9 

0.4 

0.3 


100.0 

18.9 

11.7 

9.3 

24.1 

14.6 

9.7 

6.3 

3.3 

2.1 


FOREIGN    WHITE    POPULATION. 


100.0 


100.0 


1.6 

2.1 

2.5 

26.7 

29.9 

19.3 

10.9 

4.8 

2.2 


0.3 

0.9 

1.0 

7.9 

29.0 

26.0 

18.5 

10.3 

6.1 


100.0 


1.1 

1.4 

2.0 

28.2 

30.4 

19.6 

11.0 

4.5 

1.8 


100.0 


1.2 

2.6 

3.5 

13.6 

24.0 

20.5 

16.6 

10.8 

8.4 


COLORED    POPULATION  .> 


100.0 


6.3 

4.5 
3.8 
13.8 
17.4 
10.5 
8.5 
19.2 
16.0 


100.0 


16.5 

12.2 

9.8 

22.2 

13.1 

10.0 

7.4 

4.7 

4.1 


100.0 


4.1 

2.9 

2.4 

11.0 

17.6 

10.4 

9.1 

23.6 

19.0 


100.0 


15.1 

11.2 

8.8 

23.0 

14.1 

11.2 

7.9 

4.8 

3.9 


1  Includes  black,  mixed,  and  yellow. 


Among  the  provinces  there  were  considerable  differences  in  the  distribution 
by  citizenship  of  the  total  population,  as  shown  on  the  following  page: 


CITIZENSHIP. 


167 


PER   CENl 

OF  TOTAL  POPULATION. 

PBOVINCE   OR  CITY. 

Cuban 
citizenship. 

Spanish 
citizenship. 

Other  and 

unknown 

citizenship. 

Cuba 

86.9 

11.1 

2.0 

CamagQey 

91.3 
90.9 
90.2 
89.2 
87.0 
80.0 
72.6 

7.1 

6.7 

8.9 

8.7 

11.7 

17.4 

23.9 

1.6 

Oriente 

2  4 

Pinar  del  Rio 

0.9 

Matanzas 

2   1 

Santa  Clara 

1.$ 

Habana 

2  6 

City  of  Habana 

3.5 

The  proportion  of  Cuban  citizens  was  highest  in  Camagiiey  and  lowest  in 
Habana  city,  the  low  proportion  in  the  city  being  the  result  of  the  presence 
there  of  large  numbers  of  immigrants.  The  largest  proportion  of  aliens  was 
found,  naturally,  in  Habana  city. 

The  following  table  gives  the  relative  composition  as  regards  citizenship,  of 
the  race  and  nativity  groups  of  the  population  of  the  provinces  and  the  city 
of  Habana: 


PER  CENT  OP  TOTAL 
POPULATION. 

PROTINCB  OH  CITT. 

Cuban 
citizenship. 

Other  and 

unknown 

citizenship. 

NATIVE  WHITE  POPULATION. 

Cuba 

92.8 

7.2 

CamagOey 

95.6 
94.9 
93.2 
92.6 
91.6 
91.3 
87.3 

4.4 

Oriente 

5.1 

Pinar  del  RIo 

6.8- 

Matanzas 

7.* 

Santa  Clara 

8.4i 

Habana 

8.7 

City  of  Habana 

12.7 

FOREIGN  WHITE  POPULATION. 

Cuba 

21.3 

78.  r 

29.2 
24.5 
24.1 
21.3 
20.9 
18.9 
14.7 

70.8 

Pinar  del  RIo 

75.5 

75.9 

Santa  Clara    

78.7 

79.1 

City  of  Habana 

81.1 

85.3: 

COLORED  POPULATION.! 

Cuba                             

96.9 

3.1 

Pinar  del  RIo                      

99.1 
98.0 
97.0 
96.8 
96.2 
96.0 
96.4 

0.9 

2.0 

3.0 

3.2 

3.8 

Matanzas                                 

4.0 

4.6 

1  Includes  black,  mixed,  and  yellow. 


168 


POPULATION. 


The  largest  proportion  of  Cuban  citizens  among  the  native  white  population 
was  in  Camagiiey  and  the  smallest  in  Habana  province  and  city.  In  the  latter 
about  one-eighth  of  the  whites  born  in  Cuba  were  aliens. 

The  province  whose  foreign  bom  inhabitants  had,  to  the  largest  extent, 
adopted  Cuban  citizenship  was  Matanzas,  and  the  one  in  which  the  greatest 
proportion  had  remained  aliens  was  Oriente. 

The  proportion  of  Cuban  citizens  among  the  colored  was  everywhere  very 
high,  ranging  from  95.4  per  cent  in  Habana  city  to  99.1  per  cent,  or  practically 
the  entire  number,  in  Pinar  del  Rio. 

POPULATION  21  YEARS  OF  AGE  AND  OVER. 

The  inhabitants  of  Cuba  who  were  at  least  21  years  of  age  in  1907  num- 
bered 1,011,737,  and  formed  about  one-half  (49.4  per  cent)  of  the  total  popu- 
lation of  the  island.  In  1899,  this  age  group  formed  the  same  proportion  of 
the  population.  In  1907,  this  group  was  composed  of  551,639  males  and 
460,098  females,  the  percentages  for  the  two  sexes  being  54.6  and  45.4,  respec- 
tively. The  number  of  males  of  this  age  who  were  Cuban  citizens  was  430,514, 
of  which  number  420,576  were,  according  to  Cuban  laws,  competent  to  vote. 
The  number  excluded  from  citizenship  by  the  electoral  law  was  131,063, 
being  composed  of  persons  of  foreign  citizenship  and  the  rural  guards  and 
others  of  Cuban  birth. 

The  following  table  shows  the  proportion  which  the  members  of  this  age 
group  formed  of  the  total  population  for  each  province  and  for  the  city  of 
Habana : 


PBOVDJCB  OK  cirr. 

Per  cent. 

PROVINCE   OB   CITT. 

Per  cent. 

Cuba 

49.4 

'MafOTi'rao 

51  4 

Cama^ey 

47.0 

55.3 
58.9 

Oriente 

44.6 

Habana 

Pinar  del  Rio 

44.6 

City  of  Habana     . . . 

Santa  Clara 

49.2 

The  following  table  presents  the  relative  distribution  by  sex,  of  the  population 
21  years  of  age  and  over,  for  each  province  and  for  the  city  of  Habana: 


PROVINCE  OK  cmr. 

PER    CENT 

TION    AT 

TEABS 

OP    POPtTLA- 
LEA8T    21 
or    AQE. 

Male. 

Female. 

54.5 

45.5 

54.4 
54.6 
64.1 
53.4 
52.7 
56.9 
55.6 

45.6 

45.4 

Cltv  of  Habana                                      

45.0 

46.6 

Oriente                                                                    

47.3 

Pinar  del  Rio                                        

43.1 

44.4 

MALES  OF  VOTING  AGE. 


169 


MALES  OF  VOTING  AGE. 

The  total  number  of  males  of  voting  age  was  551,639,  this  number  being 
a  little  more  than  one-fourth  (26.9  per  cent)  of  the  total  population.  In  the 
United  States  in  1900  males  of  voting  age  formed  a  somewhat  larger  proportion 
(27.8  per  cent)  of  the  total  population  of  that  country. 

The  following  table  presents  the  data  concerning  the  citizenship  and 
literacy  of  males  of  voting  age: 


MALES  AT  LEAST  21  YEARS  OP  AGE. 

CITIZENSHIP  AND  EDUCATION. 

AU 
classes. 

White. 

Born  in 
Cuba. 

Born  in 
Spain. 

Born  in 

other 

countries. 

Colored.! 

Total 

561,639 

264,042 

127,882 

8,765 

150  960 

Cuban  citizenship 

430,514 

260,331 

31.363 

992 

137  828 

Literate 

212,930 

217,584 

6,322 

2,296 

4,026 

121.125 

138.466 

121.865 

5.559 

1.951 

3.608 

3.711 

22.472 

8.891 

520 

241 

279 

96.519 

804 

188 

90 

32 

58 

7,763 

51  188 

Illiterate 

86 , 640 

Degrees  received 

153 

Academic 

72 

Professional 

81 

Other  and  unknown  citizenship 

13.132 

Literate 

89.217 

31.908 

1.396 

621 

775 

3.094 

617 

215 

93 

122 

75.343 

21.176 

622 

323 

299 

6,600 

1,263 

540 

194 

346 

4.280 

Illiterate 

8,852 

Degrees  received 

19 

Academic 

11 

Professional 

8 

PROVINCE   OP  CAMJ 

IlOUET. 

Total 

30,257 

18.940 

b.113 

636 

5  568 

Cuban  citizenship 

25,540 

18.722 

1,452 

69 

6,297 

Literate 

14,419 
11.121 

293 
18 

275 

4.717 

10,752 

7,970 

266 

14 

242 

218 

984 

468 

23 

3.661 

58 

11 

6 

2,625 

2.672 
8 
2 

Illiterate 

Degrees  received 

Academic 

Professional 

6 
567 

6 
271 

Other  and  unknown  citizenship 

Literate 

3.626 

1,092 

70 

13 

67 

195 
23 
10 

2.765 

896 

18 

6 

12 

541 

26 

42 

7 

35 

124 

Illiterate 

147 

Degrees  received 

Professional 

10 

PROVINCB    OF   HAl 

3ANA. 

Total 

162.456 

71,084 

55,837 

3.579 

31.956 

Cuban  citizenship 

113,070 

70.039 

14,053 

346 

28  632 

75.617 

37.453 

3,088 

1,014 

2,074 

49,386 

48,532 
21 ,607 

2.745 
852 

1.893 

1.046 

11,453 

2.600 

248 

126 

122 

41,784 

315 
31 
45 
16 
30 

3,233 

15,317 

Illiterate 

13,316 

Degrees  received 

50 

Academic 

21 

Professional 

29 

Other  and  unknown  citizenship 

3,324 

Literate 

41,943 

7.443 

668 

320 

348 

972 
73 

118 
64 
64 

36,780 

6,004 

320 

169 

161 

2,918 

315 

225 

94 

131 

1  273 

Illiterate 

2,051 

Degrees  received 

5 

Academic 

3 

Professional 

2 

^Includes  black,  mixed,  and  yellow. 


12 


170 


POPULATION. 


MALES  AT  t£AST  21  TEAB8  OF  AOE 

CmZENSRIP  AND  EDUCATION. 

AU 

classes. 

White. 

Bom  in 
Cuba. 

Bom  in 
Spain. 

Bom  in 

other 

countries. 

Colored.' 

CTTT  OP  HABANA. 

Total 

94.771 

32.324 

41,497 

2.637 

18,413 

Cuban  citizenship 

67.370 

31.543 

9,515 

270 

16,042 

Literate 

48,684 

8.686 

2,489 

812 

1.677 

37,401 

28.893  !        8.616 
2,660               899 
2,193  1            213 

267 
13 

37 

10,918 

Illiterate 

6,124 

Degrees  received 

46 

673  '             108                 12 

19 

Professional 

1,620               105 

25 
2,267 

27 

Other  and  unknown  citizenship 

781 

31,982 

2.371 

Literate 

33,290 

4.111 

576 

295 

.   280 

757 
24 

105 
49 
66 

29.501 

2.481 

280 

163 

117 

2,072 

195 

186 

81 

106 

900 

Illiterate 

1,411 

Degrees  received ; . . . 

4 

Academic 

a 

Professional 

s 

PROVINCE    OF   IfATANZAB. 

Total 

66.787 

29.046  j      11.467 

491 

24,783 

Cuban  citizenship 

64,086 

28.612           3,585 

69 

21.820 

Literate 

23,526 

30.661 

759 

406 

353 

11.701 

15.526           2,164 

47 

5,798 

Illiterate 

13,086            1,431  1               22 
668                  61                    8 
370                  27                    4 
298                  34                    4 

434           7.882                422 

16,022 

22 

Academic 

5 

Professional 

17 

Other  and  unknown  citizenship 

2.963 

Literate 

7.073 

4,628 

144 

85 

59 

354  1        5,851               296 

80  i        2,031                126 

24  1               70                  49 

15  1               43                  26 

9                 27                 23 

1                     1 

572 

Illiterate 

2.391 

1 

Academic 

1 

Professional 

PKOVINCE    OF   OKIENTE. 

Total 

106.905 

46,332 

16,620 

2,506 

41,447 

Cuban  citizenship 

87.305 

45,710 

2,795 

319 

38  481 

Literate 

38,702 

48,603 

690 

275 

415 

19,600 

21,525 

24.186 

582 

219 

363 

622 

2,006 

789 

52 

25 

27 

13,825 

252 

67 

21 

8 

13 

2,187 

14,919 

Illiterate 

23  662 

Degrees  received 

■   35 

Academic 

28 

19 

Other  and  unknown  citizenship 

2.966 

Literate 

14,106 

5.494 

241 

92 

149 

671 
51 
25 
11 
14 

10,155 

3,670 

67 

37 

30 

1,709 

478 

138 

37 

101 

1,671 

Illiterate 

1  295 

Degrees  received 

11 

Academic 

7 

Professional 

4 

'Includes  black,  mixed,  and  yellow. 


MALES  OF  VOTING  AGE. 


171 


MALES  AT  LEAST  21  TISAlin  OF  AOE. 

CmZENSHIP  AND  EDUCATION. 

All 
classes. 

White. 

Born  in 
Cuba. 

Born  in 
Spain. 

Born  in 

other 

countries. 

Colored.* 

PROVINCE 

OP    PINAR 

DEL  rIo. 

Total 

60,975 

35,383 

11,225 

678 

13,688 

Cuban  citizenship 

51,200 

34,793 

3.108 

59 

13,240 

Literate 

16,879 

34,321 

329 

112 

217 

9,775 

12,072 
22,721 

289 
91 

198 

590 

2,088 

1,020 

35 

19 

16 

8,117 

43 

16 

5 

2 

3 

619 

2,676 
10,564 

Illiterate 

Degrees  received 

Academic 

Professional 

Other  and  unknown  citizenship. .'. 

449 

Literate 

6,751 

3.024 

54 

21 

33 

352 

238 

5 

4 

1 

6,805 

2,312 

36 

14 

22 

443 
176 

13 
3 

10 

151 

Illiterate 

298 

Degrees  received 

Academic 

Professional 

PROVING 

E   OF   SANTA 

CLARA. 

Total 

125,259 

63,257 

27,620 

865 

33  517 

Cuban  citizenship 

99,313 

62,455 

6,370 

130 

30  358 

Literate 

43,788 

65,625 

1,163 

471 

692 

25,946 

30,059 

32,396 

1,019 

405 

614 

802 

3,787 

2,583 

101 

42 

59 

21,250 

89 

41 

5 

3 

2 

735 

9  853 

Illiterate 

20 ' 505 

'  38 

Academic 

21 

Professional 

17 

Other  and  unknown  citizenship 

3,159 

Literate 

15,719 
10,227 

219 
90 

129 

650 
152 

33 
9 

24 

13,987 

7,263 

111 

54 

67 

593 

142 

73 

27 

46 

489 

Illiterate 

2  670 

2 

Academic 

2 

•Includes  black,  mixed,  and  yellow. 

The  following  table  shows  for  each  province  and  for  the  city  of  Habana,  first, 
the  proportion  which  males  of  voting  age  bear  to  the  total  population  and 
second,  the  proportion  which  Cuban  citizens  bear  to  the  total  population: 


PROVINCE  OR  CITY. 


PER  CENT  OF  TOTAL 
POPULATION. 


Males  at 

least  21  years 

of  age. 


Male  Cuban 

citizens  at 

least  21  years 

Of  age. 


Total 

CamagQey 

Habana 

City  of  Habana 

Matanzas 

Oriente 

Pinar  del  RIo .  . 
Santa  Clara. .  . . 


26.9 


21.0 


25.6 
30.2 
31.9 
27.4 
23.5 
25.4 
27.4 


21.6 
21.0 
19.3 
22.6 
19.2 
21.3 
21.7 


172 


POPULATION. 


The  smallest  proportions  of  males  of  voting  age  were  found  in  those  provinces 
where  the  increase  of  population  was  the  most  rapid  and  where  presumably  the 
proportion  of  children  was  greatest,  and  the  largest  proportions  were  in  the 
metropolis  and  its  province,  as  a  result  of  the  presence  in  the  more  populous 
center  of  large  numbers  of  foreign  born  adults. 

The  smallest  proportions  of  Cuban  citizens  to  the  total  population  were 
found  in  Oriente  and  in  Habana  city.  In  Oriente  the  reason  for  the  small 
proportion  is  the  large  number  of  children,  while  in  Habana  city  the  very 
cause  which  produced  a  large  proportion  of  males  21  years  and  over,  caused 
a  small  proportion  of  Cuban  citizens,  namely,  the  presence  of  large  numbers  of 
foreign  bom.  The  largest  proportion  was  in  Matanzas  province,  where  families 
were  small  and  the  rate  of  increase  of  population  low. 

Color  and  nativity.  — The  males  of  voting  age  in  Cuba  in  1907  were  dis- 
tributed as  follows  by  color  and  nativity: 


itKHES   AT    LEAST   21    TEABB 
OF    AQE. 

Number. 

Per  cent 
distribution. 

Total 

551.639 

100.0 

White: 

Born  in  Cuba 

264,042 

127,882 

8,755 

150.960 

47.8 

Born  in  Spain 

23.2 

Born  in  other  countries 

1.6 

Colored 

27.4 

Nearly  three-fourths  of  the  males  of  voting  age  were  white,  and  nearly  one- 
half  were  native  white.  The  colored  formed  a  little  more  than  one-fourth  and 
the  whites  of  Spanish  birth,  a  little  less  than  one-fourth. 

Of  the  total  number  of  males  of  voting  age,  430,514,  or  78.0  per  cent,  were 
Cuban  citizens.    These  were  distributed  as  follows  by  color  and  nativity: 


MALE    COBAN    CITIZENS   AT 
LEAST    21    TEABS   OF   AGE. 

Number. 

Per  cent 
distribution. 

Total 

430.514 

100.0 

White: 

Bom  in  Cuba 

260.331 

31.363 

992 

137,828 

60.6 

Born  in  Spain 

7.3 

Bom  in  other  countries 

0.2 

Colored 

32.0 

Three-fifths  of  all  Cuban  citizens  were  native  whites,  and  nearly  one-third 
were  colored,  while  practically  all  of  the  remainder  were  of  Spanish  birth. 
The  natives  of  other  countries  had  become  naturalized  in  Cuba  to  only  a 
trifling  extent. 

Males  of  voting  age  who  were  of  other  than  Cuban  citizenship  numbered 


MALES  OF  VOTING  AGE. 


173 


121,125  and  formed  22  per  cent  of  all  males  of  voting  age.    They  were  dis- 
tributed as  follows  by  color  and  nativity: 


MALE    ALIENS   AT    LEAST 
21    TEARS    OF    AOB. 

Number. 

Per  cent 
distribution. 

Total 

121,125 

100  0 

White: 

Born  in  Cuba 

3,711 
96,519 

7.763 
13.132 

3  1 

Born  in  Spain 

79  7 

Bom  in  other  countries 

6.4 

Colored 

10  8 

Naturally  the  greater  part  of  the  aliens  were  of  Spanish  birth.  Almost  all 
of  the  alien  colored  were  Chinese. 

The  following  table  shows  the  proportions  which  the  aliens  of  each  of  the 
above  elements  of  the  population  bore  to  the  total  population  of  voting  age 
of  that  element: 


COLOR   AND    NATIVITT. 


Per  cent  male 
aliens  form  of 

total  male 

population  at 

least  21  years 

of  age. 


Total 

White: 

Born  in  Cuba 

Born  in  Spain 

Born  in  other  countries 
Colored 


22.0 


1.4 
75.5 
88.7 

8.7 


Almost  all,  98.6  per  cent,  of  the  native  whites  had  remained  Cuban  citizens 
and  more  than  nine-tenths  of  the  colored  owed  allegiance  to  this  island.  Of 
the  Spanish  born,  less  than  one-fourth  had  become  naturalized  in  Cuba;  and 
of  white  persons  of  other  birth  the  proportion  was  still  smaller. 

The  following  table  shows  for  each  province  and  for  the  city  of  Habana  the 
composition  of  the  males  of  voting  age,  as  regards  nativity  and  race: 


PER   CENT   OP 

MAI.E    POPUIATION   AT  LEAST  21   TEARS   OP   AGE. 

PKOVINCE    OR   CITY. 

White. 

Born  in 
Cuba. 

Bom  in 
Spain. 

Born  in 
other  countries. 

Colored.* 

Total 

47.8 

23.2 

1.6 

27.4 

Camagtiey 

62.6 
43.7 
34.1 
44.2 
43.3 
58.0 
50.5 

16.9 
34.4 
43.8 
17.4 
15.5 
18.4 
22.0 

2.1 
2.2 
2.7 
0.7 
2.4 
1.1 
0.7 

18.4 

19.7 

City  of  Habana 

19.4 

37.7 

38.8 

Pinar  del  Rio 

22.5 

26.8 

» Includes  black,  mixed,  and  yellow. 


174 


POPULATION. 


It  is  notable  that  in  Habana  city  natives  of  Spain  were  the  largest  class  and 
outnumbered  even  the  white  Cubans.  The  proportion  of  white  Cubans  was 
greatest  in  Camagiiey  and  least  in  Habana  city;  that  of  Spaniards  was  greatest 
in  the  city  and  least  in  Oriente;  that  of  other  foreign  born  was  greatest  in  the 
city  and  least  in  Matanzas  and  Santa  Clara;  and  the  colored  were  most 
numerous  in  Oriente  and  Matanzas  and  least  numerous  in  Camagiiey. 

The  following  table  shows,  for  each  province  and  for  Habana  city,  the  com- 
position of  the  body  of  Cuban  citizens,  as  regards  nativity  and  race: 


PER  CENT  OF  MAI^  CUBAN  CITTJIKNS  AT  LEAST  21  TBAB8  OF  AQB. 

FROVINCE    OR   CITY. 

White. 

Born  in 
Cuba. 

Born  in 
Spain. 

Born  In 
other  countries. 

Colored.' 

Total 

60.5 

7.3 

0.2 

32.0 

GamagQey 

73.3 
62.0 
56.0 
52.9 
62.4 
67.9 
62.9 

5.7 
12.4 
16.6 
6.6 
3.2 
6.1 
6.4 

0.3 
0.3 
0.5 
0.1 
0.4 
0.1 
0.1 

20.7 

Habana 

26.3 

City  of  Habana 

27.0 

Matanzas 

40.4 

Oriente 

44.0 

Plnar  del  Rio 

26.9 

Santa  Clara 

.    30.6 

'  Includes  black,  mixed,  and  yellow. 

The  largest  proportion  of  white  Cubans  was  in  Camagiiey,  and  the  smallest 
proportions  in  Oriente  and  Matanzas  provinces,  in  which  the  colored  were  the 
most  numerous.  The  largest  proportion  of  natives  of  Spain  was  naturally  in 
Habana  city,  where  it  was  more  than  double  that  of  any  province  except  Ha- 
bana, and  more  than  double  the  proportion  in  that  province  exclusive  of  the 
city. 

The  following  table  shows  for  each  province  and  for  Habana  city  the  com- 
position of  the  aliens,  as  regards  nativity  and  race: 


PEB   CENT   OF   MALE   ALIENS  AT   LEAST   21    YEARS   OF   AOB. 

FBOVINCE   OK    CITY. 

White. 

Born  in 
Cuba. 

Born  in 
Spain. 

Born  in 
other  countries. 

Colored.* 

Cuba 

3.1 

79.7 

6.4 

10.8 

CamagOey 

4.6 
2.1 
2.1 
3.7 
3.2 
6.0 
3.1 

77.6 
84.6 
86.5 
67.4 
70.5 
83.1 
81.9 

12.0 
6.6 
6.1 
3.6 

11.2 
6.3 
2.8 

6.8 

Habana 

8.7 

City  of  Habana 

6.3 

Matanzas 

26.3 

Oriente 

15.1 

Pinar  del  Rfo 

4.6 

Santa  Clara 

12.2 

>  Includes  black,  mixed,  and  yellow. 


Naturally  white  Cuban-born  aliens  formed  small  proportions  of  the  total 
number  of  aliens,  while  the  natives  of  Spain  formed  by  far  the  greater  part. 
In  Matanzas  province,  where  the  Spaniards  were  found  in  smallest  proportion, 
they  formed  over  two- thirds  of  all  the  aliens;  the  largest  proportion,  that  for 


LITERACY  OF  MALES  OF  VOTING  AGE. 


175 


Habana  city,  was  about  six-sevenths  of  the  total.  The  colored  aliens  were 
most  numerous,  proportionally,  in  Matanzas,  where  they  formed  one-fourth  of 
the  total  number  of  aliens,  and  least  numerous  in  Pinar  del  Rfo,  where  they 
formed  less  than  one-twentieth  of  the  total. 

Literacy. — The  following  table  shows  the  proportion  of  literate  among  the 
Cuban  and  alien  males  of  voting  age,  classified  by  color  and  Nativity: 


COLOR   AND   NATIVITY. 


Cuba 

White: 

Born  in  Cuba 

Born  in  Spain 

Born  in  other  countries 
Colored 


PER   CENT   LITEBATE    AMONQ    MALES   AT 
LEAST   21    YEARS   OF   AGE. 


Total. 


54.8 


53.6 
76.5 
83.4 
36.7 


Cuban 
citizenship. 


49.5 


53.2 
71.6 
81.2 
37.3 


Other  and 

unknown 

citizenship. 


73.7 


83.4 
78.1 
83.7 
32.7 


While  a  little  more  than  one-half  of  all  of  the  males  of  voting  age  were  liter- 
ate, the  proportion  of  literate  among  the  whites  bom  in  Spain  and  other  foreign 
countries  was  much  higher.  There  was,  moreover,  a  surprisingly  high  percent- 
age of  literacy  among  the  native  Cubans  who  had  adopted  foreign  citizenship. 
Probably  most  of  these  were  Cubans  who  had  been  educated  in  foreign  lands. 
The  percentage  of  literates  is  higher  in  the  case  of  aliens  than  in  the  case  of 
Cuban  citizens,  for  every  class  except  the  colored,  where  it  is  notably  less. 

In  the  19  cities  having  a  population  of  at  least  8,000  inhabitants  each  there 
were  118,586  male  Cuban  citizens  of  voting  age.  Of  these,  93,268  were  able  to 
read,  this  number  forming  78.7  per  cent  of  the  total,  which  indicates  a  very 
high  degree  of  literacy.  In  the  rest  of  the  island,  which  may  be  regarded  as  the 
rural  part,  the  number  of  such  citizens  was  311,928,  and  the  number  of  literates 
among  them,  119,662.  The  percentage  of  literacy  in  the  rural  districts  was 
only  38.4  per  cent,  being  in  striking  contrast  with  the  corresponding  figure  for 
the  cities. 

The  following  table  presents  for  the  urban  and  rural  districts  of  each  province 
the  percentages  of  literacy  among  male  Cuban  citizens  of  voting  age: 


PROVINCE. 

PER   CENT   LITERATE    AMONG  M.ULS 

CT7BAN   CITIZENS   AT  LEAST 

21    TEAKS   OP   AOE. 

Cities  having 
8,000  or  more 
inhabitants. 

Rural 
districts. 

Total          .               

78.7 

38.4 

82.8 
81.6 
79.3 
72.8 
67.3 
66.9 

55.3 

49.6 

61.7 

62.4 

68.4 

64.8 

176 


POPULATION. 


The  highest  urban  literacy  was  in  Habana,  which  was  followed  closely  by 
Camagiiey,  The  lowest  proportions  of  literates  in  the  cities  were  in  Matanzas 
and  Pinar  del  Rio.  The  rural  literacy  was  greatest  in  Pinar  del  Rio  and  least 
in  Camagiiey,  where  less  than  one-half  the  voters  could  read.  In  every  province 
except  Pinar  del  Rfo  literacy  was  greater  in  the  cities  than  in  the  country. 

The  following  table  shows  for  each  city  of  more  than  8,000  inhabitants  the 
proportion  of  literates  among  male  Cuban  citizens  of  voting  age: 


INHABrrA.NT8. 

Per  cent 
literate. 

CITT   HATINO   AT   LSAST  8,000 
nfBABITANTS. 

Per  cent 
Uterate. 

84.8 
82.9 
81.6 
78.3 
77.3 
75.4 
75.1 
73.5 
73.1 
71.6 

Trinidad 

71.6 

Calbarito 

71.3 

■CamagQey       

C&rdenas 

69.1 

Marianao 

68.2 

Pinar  del  Rio 

67.3 

Guant&narno 

Sancti-Spiritus 

65.0 

Sagua  la  Grande 

San  Antonio  de  los  Bafios 

GOines 

63.0 

59.7 

jovellanos 

41.7 

Manzanillo 

Education. —  Of  male  Cuban  citizens  of  voting  age,  6,322  held  degrees  in- 
dicating college  or  technical  education.  Of  these,  2,296  were  academic  degrees 
and  4,026  were  professional  degrees.  The  following  table  shows  the  proportion 
of  persons  holding  degrees  among  the  Cuban  and  alien  males  of  voting  age, 
classified  by  color  and  nativity: 


FEB   CENT    OF    MALES   AT   LEAST    21    YEARS 
OF    AQE    WITH   DEOREES. 

COLOR  AND  NATTVITT. 

Total. 

Cuban 
citizenship. 

Other  and 
unknown 
citizenship. 

Total 

1.4 

1.5 

1.2 

White: 

Bom  in  Cuba 

2.2 
0.9 
7.2 
0.1 

2.1 
1.7 
9.2 
0.1 

5.8 

Bom  in  Spain 

0.8 

Bom  in  other  coiintries 

7.0 

Colored 

0.1 

The  proportion  of  those  who  had  received  higher  education  was  greater 
among  the  native  white  Cubans  than  for  any  other  class  except  the  whites 
of  other  countries. 


CONJUGAL  CONDITION. 


A  natural  family,  as  distinguished  from  groups  of  persons  called  families 
by  the  census,  usually  originates  when  a  man  and  a  woman  begin  to  live  to- 
gether and  apart  from  their  kindred.  If  the  man  or  woman  goes  to  live  with 
the  kindred  of  the  other  party,  the  census  does  not  regard  this  as  a  new  family. 
Under  American  law  such  a  commencement  of  cohabitation  is  usually  pre- 
ceded by  an  expression  of  social  approval  of  the  union  in  the  form  of  a  mar- 


CONJUGAL  CONDITION. 


177 


riage  ceremony,  ci\il  or  religious.  American  legislation  tends  to  encourage 
such  public  announcement  of  the  intent  of  the  parties  by  making  the  ceremony 
easy  and  inexpensive.  American  courts  also  incline  to  hold  parties  married, 
if  they  were  legally  able  to  marry  and  intended  to  do  so,  even  though  they  did 
not  meet  all  the  requirements  of  the  law.  For  example,  emancipated  slaves  in 
the  United  States  have  usually  been  held  to  be  married  to  the  persons  with 
whom  they  were  cohabiting  and  the  court  has  not  insisted  that  a  marriage 
ceremony  should  be  proved.  The  Spanish  law,  on  the  contrary,  like  the  law 
of  most  Catholic  countries,  holds  a  ceremony  of  marriage  to  be  necessary  to 
institute  a  lawful  relation  of  husband  and  wife,  and  under  its  provisions  the 
intent  of  the  parties  is  by  no  means  so  decisive  a  factor  as  it  is  under  Ameri- 
can jurisprudence. 

A  class  of  persons  has  been  recognized  by  the  Cuban  census  who  would  not 
be  legally  husband  and  wife,  or  legally  parent  and  child,  under  Spanish  law, 
but  who  would  in  most  cases  be  so  considered  under  American  law.  These 
are  persons  who  were  living  together  as  man  and  wife  without  legal  sanction  of 
their  union,  and  also  the  children  of  such  persons.  The  classes  which  appear 
are  (1)  the  single,  within  which  is  included  every  one  who  has  never  been 
lawfully  married  and  who  was  not  living  without  legal  sanction  as  the  hus- 
band or  wife  of  another;  (2)  the  legally  married,  or  those  living  together  in 
lawful  wedlock;  (3)  consensually  married,  or  those  living  together  by  mutual 
consent  but  without  sanction  of  law  as  husband  and  wife;  and  (4)  the 
widowed,  or  those  who  had  been  lawfully  married,  but  whose  marriage  had 
been  ended  by  the  death  of  the  other. 

The  following  is  a  summary  of  the  conjugal  condition  of  the  people  of  Cuba: 


CONJUGAL  CONDITION. 


Total 

Single 

Married 

Oonsensually  married 
Widowed 


Number. 


2,048,980 

1,369,476 

423,537 

176,509 

79,468 


Per  cent 
distribution. 


100.0 

66.8 

20.7 

8.6 

3.9 


The  married. — The  number  of  married  persons  in  Cuba  in  1907  was 
423,537,  or  20.7  per  cent  of  the  population.  In  1899  the  proportion  was  15.7 
per  cent;  in  1861,  16.5  per  cent;  and  in  1841,  only  8  per  cent.  Thus  there 
was  in  1907  a  much  larger  proportion  of  the  population  reported  as  married 
than  ever  before.  It  was  also  larger  than  the  proportions  so  reported  in 
Porto  Rico  and  Jamaica  in  1899  (16.6  per  cent  and  18.6  per  cent,  respectively), 
but  less  than  the  proportions  reported  so  in  the  United  States  in  1900  (36.5  per 
cent)  and  in  Spain  in  the  same  year  (37.7  per  cent).  Indeed,  nearly  every 
country  of  Europe  has  a  higher  proportion  of  its  population  married  than 
Cuba  has.  It  must  be  remembered,  however,  that  in  Cuba  there  is  another 
element  to  be  added,  the  consensually  married,  to  make  these  comparisons 


178 


POPULATION. 


entirely  just.  Moreover,  as  has  been  shown,  the  population  contains  a  very 
large  proportion  of  young  children,  which,  of  course,  tends  to  reduce  the  propor- 
tion of  married  in  the  total  population. 

The  proportion  of  married  to  population  differed  in  the  different  provinces 
as  follows: 


PBOVINCS. 

Number 
married. 

Per  cent. 

Cuba 

423,537 

20.7 

Ho-hAnn.    ,,..,.,, 

124,166 
26,316 

101,726 
65,336 
47,943 
46,013 
77,374 

23.1 

CamagOey 

22.3 

Santa  Clara 

22.2 

City  of  Habana 

22.0 

Pinar  del  Rio 

10.9 

MatanzAA ,.,,.....,.. 

19.2 

Oriente 

17.0 

Oriente,  where  the  proportion  of  young  children  was  very  large,  and,  as  will 
be  seen  later,  the  proportion  of  consensual  marriages  was  also  large,  had  the 
smallest  proportion  of  married  in  its  population,  while  Habana  had  the  largest 
proportion.  The  reason  for  the  differences  among  the  above  proportions  will 
be  developed  farther  on. 

Whether  the  married  persons  in  Cuba  were  more  numerous  in  cities  or  in 
country  districts  is  shown  by  the  following  table: 


Total 
popula- 
tion. 

MARRIED. 

Number. 

Per  cent. 

Total 

2,048,980 

423,537 

20.7 

Nineteen  cities 

619,835 
1,429.145 

129,029 
294,508 

20  8 

Rest  of  Cuba 

20  6 

The  difference  in  the  proportions  is  too  slight  to  be  significant.  An  analysis 
by  provinces,  however,  brings  out  differences  not  shown  in  considering  Cuba 
as  a  whole.  The  following  table  shows  these  proportions  by  provinces  and 
brings  out  differences  which  were  hidden  in  the  summary: 


FBOTINCE. 

PER  CENT  MARRIED. 

In  urban 
districts. 

In  rural 
districts. 

Cuba 

20.8 

20  6 

CamagOey 

22.2 
21.9 
20.0 
19.8 
18.7 
18.6 

22  3 

Habana 

26.1 

Santa  Clara 

22.8 

Pinar  del  Rio 

20  0 

Matanzas 

19.4 

Oriente 

16.7 

CONJUGAL  CONDITION. 


179 


In  every  province  except  Oriente  the  proportions  of  the  population  married 
were  greater  in  the  rural  districts,  the  differences  between  them  ranging  from 
trifling  proportions  up  to  2.8  per  cent  in  Santa  Clara  and  3.2  per  cent  in  Ha- 
bana.    In  Oriente  the  proportion  in  cities  was  decidedly  greater. 

The  19  larger  cities  of  Cuba  stood  as  follows  as  to  the  proportion  which  the 
married  formed  of  the  total  population: 


CITY  HAVING   AT   LEAST  8,000 
INHABITANTS. 

Per  cent. 

CITT  HAVINO  AT    LEAST   8,000 
INHABITANTS. 

Per  cent. 

Total 

20.8 

Guanabacoa 

19.7 

19.6 
19  6 

San  Antonio  de  los  Baflos 

24.8 
24.2 
22.2 
22.0 
21.3 
21.0 
20.4 
19.8 
19.7 

Manzanillo 

Caibari^n 

Santiago  de  Cuba 

19  6 

Cainagtley 

19.5 

Habana 

Trinidad 

19  5 

Marianao 

18.9 

Sancti-Spiritus 

Guant&namo. 

18  4 

C&rdenas 

17.6 

Pinar  del  Rio 

Jovellanos 

13  5 

Cienfuegos 

The  above  shows  6  cities  with  greater  percentages  of  married  than  the 
average  for  Cuba  and  13  with  smaller  percentages.  The  first  group  contains 
Habana,  with  its  suburb,  Marianao,  and  the  considerable  city  of  Camagiiey. 
The  second  group  contains  most  of  the  second  class  cities  of  the  island,  including 
Santiago  de  Cuba,  Matanzas,  Cienfuegos,  Manzanillo,  and  others.  There  is 
no  apparent  relation  between  the  size  of  the  city  and  the  proportion  that  the 
married  form  of  the  total  population. 

Of  the  married,  217,511  were  males  and  206,026  were  females.  This  excess 
of  married  men  over  married  momen,  11,485,  or  5.3  per  cent  of  the  married 
men,  is  to  be  accounted  for  by  the  presence  of  married  immigrants,  who  have 
left  their  wives  behind  them.  Following  are  the  numbers  of  married  men  and 
married  women  in  each  province  with  the  excess  of  one  over  the  other: 


MARRIED. 

PBOVINCE. 

Men. 

Women. 

Excess  of 
men. 

Cuba 

217,511 

206,026 

11,485 

r?. 

Camagtley 

13,467 
64,733 
23,267 
39,539 
24,656 
51,849 

12,849 
59,433 
22,746 
37,835 
23,287 
49,876 

618 

Habana 

5.300 

521 

Oriente 

1,704 

Pinar  del  Rio 

1,369 

Santa  Clara 

1,973 

Nearly  half  of  the  excess  of  married  men  was  in  Habana  province.  In  1899, 
the  excess  of  married  men  over  married  women  was  only  4,783,  or  3.8  per  cent 
of  the  married  men,  while  in  1861  it  was  7,203,  or  6.1  per  cent  of  the  married 
men. 


180 


POPULATION. 


It  is  commonly  assumed  that  marriage  does  not  begin  with  either  sex  below 
the  age  of  15.  By  this  census  86  persons  only,  4  males  and  82  females,  below 
that  age  were  reported  as  married.  If  children  under  that  age  be  excluded, 
the  proportion  between  those  of  marriageable  age  and  those  married  becomes 
much  more  significant.  This  is  shown  below  with  similar  figures  for  Cuba  and 
Porto  Rico  in  1899  and  for  the  United  States  in  1900  for  comparison: 


COUNTKT   AND   CENSUS. 


Per  cent  married 
form  of  popula- 
tion at  least  15 
years  of  age. 


Cuba,  1907 

Cuba,  1899 

Porto  Rico,  1899. . . 
United  States,  1900 


32.6 
24.7 
29. « 

55.5 


The  elimination  of  the  large  numbers  of  young  children  in  Cuba  in  1907 
greatly  increases  the  proportion. 

The  following  table  shows  the  per  cent  of  the  population  15  years  of  age  and 
over  which  is  married  in  each  age  group  in  comparison  with  similar  per  cents 
for  Cuba  in  1899  and  for  the  United  States  in  1900: 


FEB   CENT    MABBIED. 


Cuba. 


1907 


1899 


United  States, 
1900 


Total 

15  to  19  years. . . . 

20  to  24  years 

25  to  29  years 

30  to  34  years 

35  to  44  years 

46  to  54  years 

55  to  64  years 

65  years  and  over 
Unknown 


32.6 


5.8 
24.8 
41.7 
49.9 
49.1 
42.1 
30.0 
16.7 

8.3 


24.7 


3.2 
15.4 
28.8 
37.1 
39.3 
33.0 
24.0 
14.9 

9.4 


55.5 


6.0 
34.2 
60.6 
73.6 
79.2 
78.3 
70.4 
60.8 
32.8 


From  the  above  it  appears  that  in  no  age  group  were  as  many  as  half  the 
people  married,  the  highest  proportion  being  in  the  age  group  30  to  34  years, 
in  which  49.9  per  cent  of  the  people  were  married.  The  proportions  for  1907 
were,  however,  much  larger  than  the  corresponding  proportions  in  Cuba  in 
1899,  when  the  highest  proportion  was  39.3  per  cent  for  the  age  group  35  to  44 
years.  The  proportion  was  smaller  than  the  corresponding  proportion  in  the 
United  States  in  1900,  in  every  age  group,  and  in  several  age  groups,  particu- 
larly the  older  ones,  the  proportions  were  much  smaller.  In  the  youngest  age 
group,  15  to  19  years,  they  approached  the  United  States  figures  most  closely, 
being  but  slightly  less.  The  proportion  of  the  total  married  in  this  age  group 
in  Cuba  in  1907  was  much  greater   than    it  was  in  1899,  the    proportions 


CONJUGAL  CONDITION. 


181 


being  3.2  per  cent  and  2.4  per  cent,  respectively.    In  the  United  States  in  1900 
the  corresponding  proportion  was  still  less,  namely,  1.7  per  cent. 

The  following  table  shows  what  proportion  of  the  total  number  of  married 
was  in  each  age  group  in  Cuba  in  1907  and  in  1899 : 


PER   CENT    DISTRIBUTION 
OP   TOTAL  MARRIED. 


1907 

1899 

3.2 

2.4 

13.7 

9.5 

18.2 

16.0 

15.9 

17.9 

26.2 

29.5 

14.9 

15.7 

5.8 

6.7 

2.1 

2.3 

15  to  19  years. . . 
20  to  24  years. . . 
25  to  29  years. . . 

.30  to  34  years 

35  to  44  years. .  . 
45  to  54  years. . . 
55  to  64  years ... 
65  years  and  over 


The  largest  proportion  in  any  5-year  age  group  was  in  that  of  25  to  29  years. 
From  that  age  on,  there  was  a  steady  decline  in  the  proportion  of  married. 
Comparison  with  the  figures  of  1899  show  that  in  1907  the  married  were  rela- 
tively more  numerous  at  ages  up  to  29  years  and  less  numerous  at  more  ad- 
vanced ages. 

The  following  table  shows  by  provinces  the  per  cent  of  adults  (15  years  and 
over)  who  were  married,  both  in  1907  and  in  1899: 


PROVINCE  OR  CITT. 

PER    CENT   MARRIED    FORMED 

OF    TOTAL    POPULATION 

AT    LEAST    15    TEARS 

OF    AQE. 

1907 

1899 

Cuba - 

32.5 

24.7 

Camagtley 

35.9 
35.1 
34.2 
33.4 
30.1 
29.4 
28.6 

34.1 

Santa  Clara 

25.0 

Pinar  del  Rio 

25.8 

Habana 

26.3 

City  of  Habana 

24.8 

Matanzas .        

20.5 

Oriente 

21.8 

A  wide  range  is  noticeable  from  Camagiiey  down  to  Oriente.  In  every  pro- 
vince the  proportion  is  greater  than  it  was  in  1899  and  in  some  cases  startlingly 
so.  One-third  of  all  persons  of  15  years  of  age  and  over  were  married,  as 
compared  with  one-fourth  eight  years  earlier. 

It  is  a  well  known  fact  that  in  the  great  majority  of  marriages  the  man  is  older 
than  the  woman.  To  obtain  a  measure  of  this  difference  in  age,  it  is  necessary 
to  analyze  the  figures  of  conjugal  condition  by  sex  and  compute  the  average 
ages  of  married  men  and  married  women.  The  average  Cuban  husband  was 
40  years  of  age,  the  average  wife  33  years.  There  is  thus  a  difference  of  seven 
years  between  them. 


182 


POPULATION. 


The  following  table  gives  the  proportion  which  the  married  of  each  sex  in 
each  age  group  bore  to  the  total  population  of  that  group.  Corresponding 
figures  from  the  census  of  1899  are  introduced  for  comparison. 


16  to  10  years 

20  to  24  years 

26  to  29  years 

30  to  34  years 

36  to  44  years 

45  to  54  years.... 

65  to  64  years 

66  years  and  over 
Unknown 


PIBB   CKNT  MABRIED. 


1807 


Males. 


0.4 
11.6 
35.1 
48.3 
52.6 
50.6 
39.7 
25.4 

9.0 


Females. 


11.0 
40.2 
49.4 
51.8 
44.8 
31.7 
18.8 
7.7 
7.4 


1899 


Males. 


0.2 
6.5 
20.0 
34.3 
42.1 
39.4 
31.6 
23.1 
10.6 


Females. 


6.0 
25.0 
38.8 
40.4 
36.8 
25.3 
16.0 
6.7 
7.2 


The  per  cent  of  males  married  in  the  age  group  20  to  24  years  was  but 
slightly  different  from  the  per  cent  of  females  married  in  the  age  group  15  to  19 
years.  The  agreement  is  not  so  close  in  the  next  periods,  but  the  per  cent  of 
males  married  in  the  age  group  30  to  34  years  accords  closely  with  the  per  cent 
of  females  married  in  the  next  younger  age  group.  The  maximum  per  cent  of 
males  who  were  married  was  in  the  age  group  35  to  44  years,  while  for  females 
it  was  in  the  age  group  30  to  34  years. 

The  following  table  shows  by  provinces  and  age  groups  the  per  cent  of  males 
and  females  who  were  married: 


PER 

CENT  MARRIED. 

AGE. 

CamagQey. 

Habana. 

Habana 
city. 

Matanzas. 

Oriente. 

Pinar  del 
Rio. 

Santa 
Clara. 

MALES. 

15  to  19  years. . . . 

0.4 

0.3 

0.3 

0.4 

0.5 

0.3 

0.4 

20  to  24  years .... 

11.8 

9.7 

8.1 

11.4 

13.9 

11.0 

12.0 

25  to  29  years 

39.2 

32.5 

27.2 

34.6 

35.6 

36.0 

37.3 

30  to  34  years 

52.1 

47.3 

42.1 

47.6 

45.0 

49.0 

51.0 

35  to  44  years .... 

59.3 

53.8 

50.0 

48.6 

46.3 

53.8 

55.9 

46  to  64  years .... 

60.0 

53.9 

52.5 

42.9 

44.0 

52.6 

53.3 

65  to  64  years .... 

51.6 

44.2 

45.2 

28.0 

38.5 

43.3 

38.6 

65  years  and  over 

39.3 

30.3 

31.7 

16.4 

29.6 

28.2 

21.2 

FEMALES. 

15  to  19 years. . . . 

0.7 

9.6 

7.0 

9.9 

10.6 

12.9 

13.0 

20  to  24  years 

41.1 

38.0 

31.5 

36.6 

37.8 

43.7 

44.9 

25  to  29  years .... 

54.5 

60.0 

43.7 

46.6 

42.6 

60.2 

66.0 

30  to  34  years 

60.9 

62.6 

47.0 

47.0 

44.4 

50.8 

57.4 

35  to  44  years.  .  .  . 

54.8 

45.7 

41.4 

40.2 

37.4 

47.7 

49.6 

45  to  64  years .... 

42.3 

31.9 

29.7 

26.3 

27.3 

35.9 

34.6 

65  to  64  years .... 

29.4 

18.4 

16.5 

16.0 

16.2 

23.0 

18.8 

65  years  and  over 

12.2 

7.8 

6.8 

6.8 

7.3 

9.7 

7.4 

CONJUGAL  CONDITION. 


183 


Of  males,  the  highest  proportions  of  married  at  ages  15  to  19  and  20  to  24 
were  in  Oriente;  at  all  other  ages  the  highest  proportions  were  in  Camaguey. 
The  highest  proportion  in  any  age  group  was  in  Camaguey,  at  ages  45  to  54. 
The  highest  in  Habana  and  Habana  city  were  in  the  same  age  group,  while  in 
the  other  four  provinces  the  maximum  proportion  was  in  the  next  younger  age 
group,  35  to  44  years.  The  smallest  proportions  in  the  youngest  age  groups 
were  in  Habana  and  Habana  city,  and  in  the  older  age  group  in  Matanzas. 
Of  females,  the  highest  proportions  of  married  up  to  30  years  of  age  were  in 
Santa  Clara.  At  more  advanced  ages  the  highest  proportions  were  in 
Camaguey.  The  lowest  proportion  in  the  age  group  15  to  19  years  was  in 
Habana  city  and  in  the  age  group  above  65  years  it  was  in  Matanzas. 

The  highest  proportion  of  married  males  was  at  about  the  age  of  45,  except 
in  Matanzas  and  Oriente  where  it  was  apparently  10  years  earlier.  Among 
women,  the  maximum  proportion  was  at  about  the  age  of  30,  except  in  Habana 
city,  where  it  was  apparently  a  little  older,  say  about  32  years. 

Not  nearly  so  large  a  proportion  of  the  colored  were  married  as  of  the  whites, 
as  is  shown  below: 


Total 
population. 

MARBIED. 

Number. 

Per  cent. 

Total 

2,048,980 

423,537 

20.7 

White 

1,428,176 
620,804 

363,820 
59,717 

25.4 

Colored 

9.6 

The  proportion  of  colored  who  were  married  was  but  little  more  than  one- 
third  that  of  the  whites.  The  different  provinces,  however,  differed  greatly 
in  this  regard,  as  is  seen  below: 


PROVINCE   OK  CITT, 

PER   CBNT 

HARRIED. 

White. 

Colored.' 

Cuba 

25.4 

0.6 

Matanzas 

27.8 
27.6 
26.7 
26.5 
24.1 
23.5 
21.3 

5.2 

Habana 

8.3 

City  of  Habana 

8.2 

Santa  Clara                    

11.0 

Camag^Oey 

14.0 

Pinar  del  Rio 

9.3 

Oriente 

11.3 

>  Includes  black,  mixed,  and  yellow. 


In  Matanzas,  the  proportion  of  married  among  the  whites  was  between  5  and 
6  times  that  among  the  colored;  in  Habana  and  Habana  city  it  was  between 
three  and  four  times  as  great,  and  in  Camaguey  it  was  less  than  twice  as  great. 


184 


POPULATION. 


In  two  former  censuses,  those  of  1841  and  1861,  comparable  returns  as 
to  the  number  of  whites  and  colored  who  were  married  were  obtained,  and 
from  them  the  following  table  has  been  compiled: 


CENSUS. 



PKB  CENT   MARRnCD. 

White. 

Colored. 

1841 

10.4 
22.8 
20  4 
25.4 

6  2 

1861 

8.1 
6.1 
9.6 

1899 

1907 

From  the  above  it  appears  that  the  per  cent  of  married  among  whites  has 
increased  greatly  in  66  years,  though  there  was  a  slight  falling  off  in  1899,  due 
to  the  war  and  to  the  fact  that  the  per  cent  of  married  among  the  colored  has 
also  increased,  though  not  by  any  means  as  rapidly. 

The  proportions  married  of  the  several  classes  of  population  were  as 
follows : 


COLOR   AND   SEX. 

Total 
population. 

MARRIED. 

Number. 

Per  cent. 

White: 

Males 

771,611 
656,565 

303,271 
317,533 

188,370 
175,450 

29,141 
30,576 

24  4 

Females 

26.7 

Colored:! 

Males 

9  6 

Females 

9.6 

1  Includes  black,  mixed  and  yellow. 

It  has  already  been  shown  that  there  was  nearly  three  times  as  large  a  pro- 
portion of  married  among  all  whites  as  among  all  colored.  This  is  equally 
true  when  only  those  of  marriageable  age  are  considered,  as  is  seen  below. 

In  the  following  table  similar  per  cents  are  given  for  each  province  and  the 
city  of  Habana: 


PROVINCE  OR  dTT. 

PER   CENT   MARRIED    FORM 

OF    POPULATION   AT   LEAST 

15    YEARS    OF    AGE. 

White. 

Colored. 

Cuba 

40.3 

15.0 

Matanzas 

43.7 
42.6 
40.4 
40.1 
39.1 
36.3 
35.6 

7.6 

Santa  Clara 

16.7 

Pinar  del  Rio 

15.8 

Habana 

11.8 

Camagtley 

21.7 

City  of  Habana 

11.4 

Oriente 

19.3 

Among  whites  a  larger  proportion  of  the  adult  population  was  married  in 
Matanzas  province  than  elsewhere  in  Cuba  and  a  smaller  proportion  in  Oriente. 
Among  colored,  the  proportion  of  married  was  smallest  in  Matanzas  and 


CONJUGAL  CONDITION. 


185 


largest  in  Camagiiey.  In  Matanzas  the  proportion  of  married  among  the 
whites  was  nearly  six  times  as  great  as  among  the  colored;  while,  on  the  other 
hand,  in  Camaguey  and  Oriente  the  proportion  of  the  married  among  the 
colored  was  more  than  half  that  of  the  whites. 

In  the  provinces  the  proportion  of  married  was  far  more  uniform  among 
the  whites  than  among  the  colored.  The  range  of  proportions  of  the  whites 
was  from  36.5  per  cent  in  Oriente  to  43.7  per  cent  in  Matanzas,  while  among 
the  colored  the  range  was  from  7.6  per  cent  in  Matanzas  to  21.7  per  cent  in 
Camaguey.  The  proportion  of  married  among  the  colored  in  Camaguey  was 
nearly  three  times  that  in  Matanzas.  To  what  extent  thase  wide  differences  in 
the  proportion  of  the  married  in  the  provinces  are  reduced  by  consensual 
marriages,  will  appear  later. 

j?%The  following  table  presents  the  adult  population  and  the  married,  by  color 
and  sex,  with  percentages: 


Population 

at  least  15 

years  of  age. 

UABBIED. 

COLOR   AND   SEX. 

Number. 

Per  cent 
of  total. 

White: 

Males 

503,434 
400,070 

191,185 
206,098 

188,367 
175,380 

29,140 
30,564 

37  4 

P'emales 

43  8 

Colored:' 

Males 

15  2 

Females 

14  8 

» Includes  black,  mixed,  and  yellow. 

The  married  among  white  males  were  relatively  nearly  two  and  one-half 
times  as  numerous  as  among  colored  males  and  the  married  among  the  white 
females  nearly  three  times  as  numerous  as  among  the  colored  females.  The 
proportion  of  married  among  white  females  was  decidedly  greater  than  the 
proportion  among  white  males ;  while  of  colored  males,  the  proportion  married 
was  somewhat  greater  than  that  of  colored  females. 

v>  In  any  community,  that  sex  which  is  weakest  numerically  contains  the 
largest  proportion  of  married  persons,  and  vice  versa.  Of  the  whites  of  Cuba, 
the  males  formed  no  less  than  54  per  cent,  while  among  the  colored,  the  same 
sex  was  slightly  in  the  minority,  with  48  per  cent.  Below  are  given  similar  pro- 
portions for  each  province  and  Habana  city: 


PER    CENT    MARRIED    FORM    OF   TOTAL. 

PROVINCE   OR   CITY. 

Males. 

Females. 

White. 

Colored .» 

White. 

Colored.! 

Camagiiey 

37.4 
36.9 
33.5 
41.0 
34.3 
36.9 
39.1 

21.5 
12.6 
12.8 
7.5 
19.6 
15.7 
16.3 

41.4 
44.3 
40.3 
47.0 
37.2 
45.0 
46.9 

21.0 

Habana 

11.1 

City  of  Habana 

10.3 

Matanzas 

7.8 

Oriente 

18.0 

Pinar  del  Rio 

16.8 

Santa  Clara 

17.0 

'  Includes  black,  mixed,  and  yellow. 


186 


POPULATION. 


The  proportion  of  white  females  returned  as  married  was  larger  in  each  pro- 
vince than  the  proportion  of  white  males  so  returned.  In  each  province  also 
white  males  were  in  excess  of  white  females.  Among  the  colored  larger  pro- 
portions of  the  males  than  of  the  females  were  married  in  four  of  the  prov- 
inces, but  in  Habana  province  and  city  and  in  Oriente  the  reverse  was  true. 
In  Camagiiey,  Pinar  del  Rio,  and  Santa  Clara,  colored  males  were  in  excess 
of  colored  females,  and  the  proportion  of  females  returned  as  married  was 
larger  in  each.  In  Habana  and  Oriente  the  proportion  of  females  was  the 
larger  and  the  proportion  of  males  returned  as  married  was  larger  in  each. 
So  far  the  provinces  followed  the  proposition  laid  down  above,  that  the  sex 
which  is  in  the  minority  contains  the  greater  proportion  of  married.  But  in 
Matanzas  more  than  half  of  the  colored  population  were  females,  while  the 
proportion  of  married  of  that  sex  was  the  greater.  The  difference  in  the  pro- 
portion of  the  sexes  returned  as  married  was,  however,  slight. 

In  the  following  table  is  shown  the  per  cent  which  the  married  formed  of 
the  total  number  of  persons  in  each  age  group,  classified  by  sex  and  color: 


FEB   CENT   MARBIKD   FOBlf    OF  TOTAL. 


Males. 


White. 


Colored.* 


Females. 


White. 


Colored.* 


All  ages. 


24.4 


9.6 


26.7 


9.6 


16  to  19  years 

20  to  24  years 

25  to  29  years 

30  to  34  years 

36  to  44  years 

45  to  54  years. . . . 

55  to  64  years 

66  years  and  over. 


0.4 
12.5 
39.0 
54.3 
61.3 
61.6 
56.5 
46.8 


0.3 
9.0 
20.3 
26.8 
25.7 
21.6 
13.4 
7.6 


13.2 
48.4 
61.1 
65.6 
59.3 
43.7 
27.1 
11.9 


6.» 
22.0 
23.0 
21.8 
17.4 
11.5 
6.4 
3.0 


>  Includes  black,  mixed,  and  yellow. 

The  proportion  of  married  was  much  greater  among  whites  than  among 
colored  for  each  sex  in  all  age  groups,  and  as  the  age  increased  the  differences 
between  them  also  increased.  The  married  were  proportionally  about  2.5  as 
numerous  among  white  men  as  among  colored  men,  and  among  women  of  the 
two  races,  the  proportion  was  2.8.  Taking  these  ratios  as  standards,  it  appears 
that  the  colored  men  were  above  the  standard  up  to  about  35  or  40  years  of  age, 
and  colored  women  up  to  perhaps  27  years.  Above  those  years  the  propor- 
tions for  the  colored  were  below  the  average.  The  proportion  of  white  males 
married  reached  and  passed  that  of  white  females  at  about  the  age  of  35 
years;  and,  similarly,  the  proportion  of  colored  males  married  passed  that 
of  colored  females  at  about  the  age  of  30  years. 

The  tables  relating  to  conjugal  condition  classify  the  white  population  also 
with  respect  to  nativity,  as  native  whites  and  foreign  whites.  The  native  whites 
numbered  1,224,539.    Of  these,  286,389,  or  23.4  per  cent,  were  married.    The 


CONJUGAL  CONDITION. 


187 


foreign  whites  numbered  203,637  and  of  these,  77,431,  or  38  per  cent,  were 
married.  Thus  it  appears  that  a  much  larger  proportion  of  the  foreign 
white  were  married  than  of  the  native  white.  But  as  among  the  native  white 
there  were  large  numbers  of  young  children,  while  there  were  scarcely  any 
among  the  foreign  white,  the  comparison  is  hardly  a  just  one.  It  will  be  fairer 
to  take  out  from  both  elements  of  the  population  the  children  under  15  years  of 
age.  The  number  of  native  whites  of  15  years  of  age  and  over  was  711,262;  of 
these,  286,322,  or  40.2  per  cent,  were  married.  The  foreign  white  of  15  years 
and  over  numbered  192,242,  of  whom  77,425,  or  40.2  per  cent,  were  married. 
The  proportions  are  identical.  The  following  table  classifies  the  married 
white  by  sex  and  nativity: 


NATIVITY  AND  BEX. 

White  popu- 
lation at 
least  15  years 
of  age. 

ILABRIED. 

Number. 

Per  cent  of 
total. 

Native  white: 

Males 

346,856 
364,406 

156,578 
35,664 

130,609 
155,713 

57,758 
19,667 

37.6 
42.7 

36.9 
55  I 

Females 

Foreign  white: 

Males 

Females 

The  above  shows  that  native  white  males  and  females  were  married  in  nearly 
equal  proportions,  but  that  of  the  foreign  whites  the  proportion  of  women 
married  was  much  greater  than  that  of  men.  This  is  due  to  the  fact  that  few 
single  women  have  migrated  to  the  island. 

The  following  table  shows  what  per  cent  of  the  adult  white  population  is 
married,  by  nativity,  sex,  and  age  group: 


PER  CENT  MARRIED  FORM  OP  POPULATION  AT  LEAST 
15  TEAKS  OF  AOB. 

AOK. 

Males. 

Females. 

Native  white. 

Foreign  white. 

Native  white. 

Foreign  white. 

15  to  19  years 

0.5 

14.7 
45.6 
60.0 
64.1 
62.6 
56.2 
46.6 

0.2 
6.1 
26.0 
45.9 
66.3 
59.8 
57.1 
47.0 

13.1 

48.2 
60.3 
64.4 
58.1 
42.6 
26.3 
11.2 

16.0 

20  to  24  years 

61.7 

25  to  29  years 

68.4 

30  to  34  years 

73.3 

35  to  44  years 

69.4 

45  to  54  years 

52.9 

66  to  64  years 

33.0 

66  years  and  over 

16.9 

In  every  age  group  except  the  two  highest,  the  proportion  of  native  white 
males  married  exceeded  the  proportion  of  foreign  white  males  married,  while 
on  the  other  hand,  the  proportion  of  foreign  white  females  married  exceeded 
that  of  native  white  females  married  in  every  age  group.  In  other  words,  a 
larger  proportion  of  native  white  men  were  married  than  of  foreign  white  men, 


188 


POPULATION. 


and  a  much  larger  proportion  of  foreign  white  women  were  married  than  of 
native  white  women.  This  doubtless  means  that  a  large  proportion  of  im- 
migrant white  women  have  come  to  Cuba  with  their  husbands. 

Consensually  married. —  On  the  schedules  in  the  present  census  there  are 
many  cases  in  which  a  man  and  woman  of  about  the  same  age  were  reported 
as  occupying  the  same  house  but  as  bearing  different  names  and  standing  in 
no  admitted  relations  to  each  other.  In  most  cases  the  family  included  one 
or  more  children  bearing  the  woman's  name.  All  such  families  were  entered 
on  the  schedules  by  the  initials  C.  M,,  meaning  consensually  married,  or  per- 
sons cohabiting  as  husband  and  wife  without  formal  legal  sanction  upon  the 
union,  and  the  children  were  entered  as  technically  illegitimate.  Any  one  fa- 
miliar with  Cuban  life  knows  that  in  certain  classes  and  regions  such  unions  are 
frequent  and  often  as  permanent,  and  secure  as  good  care  and  nurture  f6r  the 
children,  as  if  the  law  had  sanctioned  the  relation. 

The  number  of  persons  thus  living  together  in  1907  was  176,509,  or  8.6  per 
cent  of  the  total  population.  In  1899  the  proportion  was  8.4  per  cent.  There 
has  been  a  slight  increase  in  the  proportion  during  the  eight  years.  In  Porto 
Rico  in  1899  the  proportion  was  8.8  per  cent,  or  a  little  more  than  the  pro- 
portion in  Cuba  in  1907. 

A  fairer  comparison  than  with  population  may  be  with  the  number  of  mar- 
ried.   In  1907,  for  every  consensual  marriage,  there  were  2.4  legal  marriages. 

The  provinces  of  Cuba  showed  the  following  per  cents  of  persons  consen- 
sually married  to  population  in  1907  and  1899. 


PROVINCE. 

PER  CENT  CONSENSUALLY 
MARRIED  FORMED  OF  TOTAL. 

1907. 

1899. 

Cuba -  - 

8.6 

8.4 

CamagQey 

6.6 
6.5 
7.3 
7.5 
11.1 
12.6 

3.9 

Pinar  del  Rio 

7.2 

Habana 

6.8 

Santa  Clara 

7.6 

Oriente 

12.1 

Matanzas 

10.4 

The  smallest  proportion  in  1907  was  in  Camaguey,  as  in  1899.  The 
largest  was  in  Matanzas,  which  since  1899  had  replaced  Oriente  in  this  position. 
Camaguey,  Habana,  and  Matanzas  increased  their  proportions,  Pinar  del  Rfo 
and  Oriente  decreased  theirs,  and  Santa  Clara  had  the  same  proportion  in 
1907  as  in  1899. 

To  a  considerable  extent,  consensual  marriages  supplement  legal  marriages, 
being  in  general  more  numerous  where  the  proportion  of  legal  marriages  is 
below  the  average  and  vice  versa.  This  is  shown  as  follows  by  per  cents  of 
population: 


CONJUGAL  CONDITION. 


189 


PER   CENT 

MARRIED  FORM 
POPUIM.TION. 

OF  TOTAL 

Both 
classes. 

Legally 
married. 

Consensually 
married. 

Cuba 

29.5 

20.7 

8  8 

Matanzas     

31.8 
30.4 
29.7 
28.1 
27.9 
26.4 

19.2 
23.1 
22.2 
17.0 
22.3 
19.9 

12  6 

Habana 

7  3 

Santa  Clara 

7  5 

Oriente 

11   1 

Camaglley 

5  6 

Pinar  del  Rio 

6  5 

The  proportion  which  those  legally  and  consensually  married  bore  to  the 
total  population,  29.3  per  cent,  does  not  compare  unfavorably  with  the  pro- 
portion of  married  in  other  countries,  as  in  the  United  States,  36.5  per  cent, 
and  in  Spain,  37.7  per  cent.  The  provinces  which  had  the  smallest  proportion 
of  married,  as  Oriente  and  Matanzas,  had  the  largest  proportion  of  consensual- 
ly married,  while  on  the  other  hand,  Camagiiey,  which  had  the  smallest  pro- 
portion of  consensually  married,  had  very  nearly  the  largest  proportion  of 
married. 

The  following  are  the  proportions  of  those  consensually  married  in  the  19 
largest  cities: 


CITY  HA  VINO   AT  LEAST  8,000 
INHABITANTS. 

Per  cent 
consensually 

married 
form  of  total 
population. 

CITY    HA  VINO   AT  LEA8T   8,000 

INHABITANTS. 

Per  cent 
consensually 

married 
form  of  total 
population. 

Cuba 

8.0 

Marianao 

8.3 

8  4 

4.5 
4.5 
4.7 
5.1 
5.8 
6.1 
6.9 
7.8 
8.0 

GuantS,namo 

9.5 

Matanzas 

9.7 

Guanabacoa 

9.7 

Cienfuegos 

10.2 

10.5 

GOines 

10.8 

Manzanillo 

12.5 

Jovellanos 

19.4 

Pinar  del  Rf o 

Of  the  above,  the  proportion  in  11  is  less  than  the  proportion  for  Cuba  and 
in  8  it  is  greater. 

The  distribution  of  the  consensually  married  in  city  and  country  is  of  in- 
terest.   This  is  shown  below. 


Total 
Population. 

CONSENBUALLT  HABRDtD. 

AREA. 

Number. 

Per  cent. 

619,835 
1,429,145 

49,598 
126.911 

8.0 

8.8 

190 


POPULATION. 


It  is  plain  that  consensual  marriage  is  more  prevalent  in  the  rural  parts  of 
Cuba  than  in  the  cities. 

The  following  table  extends  this  study  into  the  provinces,  showing  per  cents 
only.    Corresponding  figures  for  1899  are  added  for  comparison : 


PBOT1NC>. 


FEB  CKNT  CONaENSUALLT  MAKBI2D. 


1907 


In  urban 
districts. 


In  rural 
districts. 


1899 


In  urban 
districts. 


In  rural, 
districts. 


CamagQey . . . 

Eabana 

Matanzas . . . . 

Oriente 

Pinar  del  Rto 
Santa  Clara . . 


6.0 
6.3 
13.2 
11.8 
6.4 
7.4 


3.1 
7.7 
7.6 
8.2 
7.7 
7.2 


4.3 
6.S 
11. f 
12. • 
7.1 
7.f 


In  1907,  the  proportion  in  the  rural  districts  was  greater  in  the  provinces  of 
Camagiiey,  Matanzas,  and  Oriente,  and  less  in  those  of  Habana,  Pinar  del 
Rio,  and  Santa  Clara.  The  rural  parts  of  Matanzas  and  Oriente  contained 
the  largest  proportions  of  all,  while  in  the  cities  of  Matanzas  province  this 
mode  of  family  life  was  very  prevalent. 

Of  the  82  municipalities  of  Cuba,  there  was  8  in  which  the  number  of  con- 
sensually  married  exceeded  the  number  of  lawfully  married.  These  were  Jo- 
vellanos  and  Pedro  Betancourt  in  Matanzas  province  and  Alto  Songo,  Bayamo, 
Cobre,  Guantdnamo,  Manzanillo,  and  Palma  Soriano  in  Oriente  province. 
In  1899,  out  of  the  135  municipalities  which  then  existed,  there  were  no  fewer 
than  25  in  which  the  number  of  consensually  married  exceeded  the  number 
of  lawfully  married. 

Of  the  176,509  consensually  married  in  Cuba,  85,131,  or  48.2  percent,  were 
males  and  91,378,  or  51.8  per  cent,  were  females.  Considering  adults  only, 
the  number  and  proportion  of  the  consensually  married,  together  with  similar 
figures  for  Cuba  and  Porto  Rico  in  1899  added  for  comparison,  are  given  in 
the  following  tabular  statement: 


, 

POPULATION 

AT  LEAST    15  TEABS  OF  AOB. 

Total. 

Consensually  married. 

Number. 

Per  cent. 

Cuba,  1907 

1,300,787 
995,761 
534,941 

176,495 

131,732 

84.241 

13.6 

Cuba,  1899 

13.2 

Porto  Rico,  1899 

15.7 

As  a  result  of  the  increase  of  young  children  in  Cuba  in  the  8  years  preced- 
ing 1907,   the  increased  proportion  shown  for  Cuba  in  that  year  as  com- 


CONJUGAL  CONDITION. 


191 


pared  with  1899   is    relatively  greater  than  the   increase  based  upon  total 
population  would  be. 

In  the  following  table  proportions  based  upon  adult  population  by  provinces, 
are  given  for  1907  and  1899 : 


PROVINCE. 

PER  CENT  CON8EN8UAI.lt 
MARRIED. 

1907 

1899 

Matanzas 

19.4 
18.7 
11.8 
11.1 
11.0 
10.6 
9.1 

15.9 
21.3 
11.7 
11.8 
10.7 
9.6 
7.0 

Oriente 

Santa  Clara 

Pinar  del  Rio 

City  of  Habana 

Habana 

CamagOey 

Owing  to  the  differing  proportions  of  young  children  in  the  different  pro- 
vinces, the  above  figures  for  1907  bear  little  relation  to  corresponding  percent- 
ages based  upon  total  populations.  In  4  of  the  above  provinces  and  Habana 
city  the  proportions  were  greater  in  1907  than  in  1899.  In  2  only,  Pinar  del 
Rfo  and  Oriente,  were  they  less.  These  provinces,  it  will  be  remembered, 
had  the  greatest  rate  of  increase  and  the  largest  proportion  of  young 
children. 

In  the  following  table  the  proportion  which  the  total,  the  consensually  mar- 
ried, and  the  legally  married  formed  of  the  total  population  in  1907  is  given 
by  age  periods: 


15  to  19  years 

20  to  24  years 

25  to  29  years 

30  to  34  years.. . . 
35  to  44  years. . . . 

45  to  54  years 

65  to  64  years 

65  years  and  over 


PER  CENT  MARRIED   FORM  OP  TOTAL 
POPULATION. 


Both 

Consensually 

Legally 
married. 

classes. 

married. 

7.6 

1.7 

6.8 

33.1 

8.3 

24.8 

57.0 

15.3 

41.7 

67.8 

17.9 

49.9 

69.9 

20.8 

49.1 

62.6 

20.5 

42.1 

47.8 

17.8 

30.0 

32.3 

15.6 

16.7 

It  will  be  noted  that  the  proportion  of  the  consensually  married  is  relatively 
largest  in  the  more  advanced  age  groups.  In  the  age  period  15  to  19  years  they 
formed  less  than  one-third  the  proportion  of  the  legally  married,  while  in  the 
age  group  65  years  and  over,  the  proportions  were  nearly  the  same.  When 
those  of  advanced  ages  were  younger,  doubtless  the  practice  of  consensual 
marriage  was  more  common  than  now;  moreover,  the  colored,  among  whom 
consensual  marriage  is  much  more  common  than  among  whites,  are  relatively 
more  numerous  at  advanced  ages  than  at  the  younger  ages. 


192 


POPULATION. 


In  the  following  table  proportions  of  the  legally  married  and  the  consensu- 
ally  married  are  classified  by  sex  and  by  age  groups.  The  corresponding  per- 
centages of  married  and  consensually  married  in  Cuba,  in  1899,  are  also 
shown: 


PER   CENT   HARRIED   FORM   OF  TOTAL   POPULATION. 

Males. 

Females. 

AOK. 

1907. 

1899. 

both 

closses. 

1907. 

1899. 

both 

classes. 

Both 
classes. 

Legally 
married. 

Consen- 
sually 
married. 

Both 
classes. 

Legally 
married. 

Consen- 
sually 
married. 

15  to  19  years 

20  to  24  years 

25  to  29  years 

30  to  34  years 

35  to  44  years 

45  to  54  years 

55  to  64  years 

66  years  and  over. . 

0.6 
16.1 
46.5 
63.5 
71.9 
72.0 
60.6 
45.7 

0.4 
11.6 
35.1 
48.3 
52.6 
50.6 
39.6 
25.4 

0.2 
4.5 
11.4 
15.2 
19.3 
21.4 
21.0 
20.3 

0.6 
11.0 
32.2 
50.6 
61.0 
59.1 
50.1 
40.1 

14.1 
52.9 
69.2 
73.2 
67.4 
51.0 
32.9 
18.5 

11.0 
40.2 
49.4 
51.8 
44.8 
31.7 
18.8 
7.7 

3.1 
12.7 
19.8 
21.4 
22.6 
19.3 
14.1 
10.8 

10.6 
39.7 
56.2 
60.2 
55.2 
40.5 
26.2 
14.4 

The  separation  of  the  sexes  in  the  age  analysis  is  very  important,  since  the 
ages  of  the  married  of  the  different  sexes  differ  widely.  Comparing  the  legally 
married  with  the  consensually  married  of  the  same  age  periods,  it  is  seen 
that  among  the  males  of  15  to  19  years,  the  proportion  of  the  legally  mar- 
ried was  double  that  of  the  consensually  married,  and  that  the  ratio  between 
the  two  increased,  reaching  a  maximum  at  about  30  years  of  age,  when  it 
was  more  than  3  to  1.  From  that  age  on  it  decreased  so  that  among  those  of 
65  years  and  over,  the  consensually  married  were  four-fifths  as  numerous  as  the 
legally  married. 

The  proportion  of  the  legally  married  to  the  consensually  married  among 
females  was  largest  in  the  youngest  age  group  and  diminished  steadily  to  the 
highest  age  group,  at  which  age  the  number  of  consensually  married  was 
greater  than  the  number  of  the  legally  married  in  the  proportion  of  10  to  7. 

The  increase  in  the  proportion  of  legally  married  to  consensually  married 
among  males  in  the  four  lower  age  groups  is  not  significant,  as  it  was  small  and 
the  numbers  involved  are  not  large.  The  decrease  in  that  proportion  with 
advancing  years,  or  the  increasing  proportions  of  consensually  married  to 
legally  married  with  males  above  30  years  and  with  females  at  all  ages,  is  due 
in  part  to  a  general  diminution  of  the  custom,  and  in  part  to  a  relative  reduction 
in  more  recent  years  in  the  proportion  of  colored  in  the  total  population, 
among  whom  the  custom  is  most  common. 

The  maximum  proportion  of  all  married  is  found  among  males  at  about  45 
years,  and  among  females  in  the  age  group  30  to  34  years.  These  maxima 
occurred  in  1907  at  the  same  ages  as  in  1899. 

The  number  of  the  consensually  married  among  whites  was  68,298,  or  4.8^ 
per  cent  of  the  white  population.    The  number  among  the  colored  was  108,211,, 


CONJUGAL  CONDITION. 


193 


or  17.4  per  cent  of  the  colored  population.  Thus  the  proportion  of  consensually 
married  among  the  colored  was  between  three  and  four  times  as  great  as  among 
the  whites.  Comparing  the  consensually  married  with  the  legally  married,  it 
appears  that  among  the  whites  there  were  only  19  consensually  married  to 
100  legally  married,  while  among  the  colored  there  were  181  consensually 
married  to  100  legally  married.  These  proportions  appear  as  follows  in  the 
provinces  and  Habana  city : 


PROVINCE  OR  CITY. 


CONSENSUALLT  MARRIED 

TO  EACH    100  LEGALLY 

MARRIED. 


CamagQey 

Habana 

City  of  Habana 

Matanzas 

Oriente 

Pinar  del  RIc. 
Santa  Clara ... 


This  table  shows  very  wide  diflFerences  among  the  provinces,  from  12  in 
Matanzas  to  40  in  Oriente,  among  the  whites,  and  among  the  colored  from  78 
in  Camaguey  to  537  in  Matanzas.  This  province,  it  will  be  noted,  has  the 
smallest  proportion  of  whites  consensually  married  and  by  far  the  largest  pro- 
portion of  colored  consensually  married. 

The  following  table  shows  the  number  and  the  proportion  of  the  population 
consensually  married  in  the  six  largest  cities  of  Cuba: 


CITY  HAVINa  AT  LBABT  25,000  INHABITANTS.* 


Total. 


CainagUey 

Cardenas , 

Cienfuegos 

Habana 

Matanzas 

Santiago  de  Cuba. 


Population. 


462,634 


29,616 
24.280 
30,100 
297,159 
36,009 
45,470 


CONSENSUALLY  MARRIED. 


Niunber. 


35,910 


1,400 
2,563 
3,081 
23,287 
3,506 
2,073 


Per  cent 
of  total. 


7.8 


4.7 
10.5 
10.2 
7.& 
9.7 
4. a 


1  C&rdenas  also  included. 

In  the  cities  of  Habana  and  Cienfuegos  the  proportion  of  the  population 
consensually  married  was  larger  than  the  similar  proportions  for  the  provinces 
in  which  they  are  situated.    In  the  other  4  cities,  the  proportions  were  less. 

The  proportion  of  the  consensually  married  to  the  population  in  these  6 
large  cities  was  less  than  the  similar  proportion  for  all  Cuba;  this  proves 
that  consensual  marriage  is  more  common  in  the  rural  districts  of  Cuba 
than  in  its  cities. 

The  following  table  shows  for  each  of  the  6  largest  cities  the  proportion  of 
the  consensually  married  of  each  element  of  the  population,  classified  by  color: 

13 


194 


POPULATION. 


CITT  HATDra  AT  LEAST  26,000  INHABITANTS.' 


PBB    CBNT    CONSBNSUAIXT 

MASRIF.D  FORM  OP  TOTAI. 

POPULATION. 


CamagOegr 

C&rdenas 

Cienf  uegos 

Habana 

Matanzaa 

Santiago  de  Cuba . 


iC&rdenas,  with  24,280  inhabitants,  also  included. 

In  every  city,  the  per  cent  of  colored  consensually  married  was  more  than 
double  that  of  the  whites.  Indeed,  in  Matanzas  it  was  five  times  as  great,  and 
in  Cardenas,  six  and  one-half  times  as  great. 

The  total  number  of  native  whites  15  years  of  age  and  over  was  711,262,  of 
whom  59,340,  or  8.3  per  cent,  were  consensually  married.  The  foreign  whites 
15  years  of  age  and  over  numbered  192,242,  of  whom  8,952,  or  4.6  per  cent, 
wei-e  consensually  married;  this  percentage  is  only  a  little  more  than  half  as 
great  as  that  shown  for  native  whites. 

Classified  by  sex,  as  well  as  nativity,  the  proportions  consensually  married 
appear  as  follows: 


NATIVITY    AND    SEX. 

Per  cent  con- 
sensually mar- 
ried form  of 
population    at 
least  15  years 
of  age. 

NATIVITY    AND    8KX. 

Per  cent  con- 
sensually mar- 
ried form  of 
population    at 
least  15  years 
of  age. 

Native  wfaite: 

Males 

8.2 
8.4 

Foreign  white: 

4.8 

Females 

Females 

3.8 

The  proportions  for  native  white  males  and  females  are  very  nearly  equal, 
•the  females  being  slightly  the  more  numerous.  But  among  the  foreign  white, 
the  proportion  of  males  consensually  married  was  decidedly  the  greater. 

The  following  table  classifies  the  native  white  males  and  foreign  white  males 
conseasually  married  by  age  groups: 


AGE  QKOUP. 


PKn  CENT  WHITE  MALES  CON- 
SENSUALLY MARRIED  FORM  OF 
TOTAL  WHITE  MALE  POPULA- 
TION. 


Native. 

Foreign. 

0.1 

3.0 

6.7 

8.9 

2.7 

12.4 

5.5 

14.6 

7.8 

15.1 

8.9 

13.2 

7.8 

9.2 

4.6 

16  to  19  years ... 
20  to  24  years ... 
25  to  29  years. . . 
30  to  34  years ... 
35  to  44  years. . . 
45  to  54  years. . . 
65  to  64  years . . . , 
65  years  and  over 


CONJUGAL  CONDITION. 


195 


In  every  age  group  the  proportion  of  native  white  is  decidedly  the  greater. 
The  maximum  proportion  is  reached  by  both  classes  in  the  age  group  45  to  54 
years. 

The  following  table  classifies  the  consensually  married  whites  of  each  pro- 
vince and  the  city  of  Habana,  by  nativity,  expressing  it  as  a  percentage  of  the 
population  of  each  class: 


;    ■■■ —                                       1                                                                     := 

PROVINCE. 

PER  CENT  CONSENSDALLT 

MABRIBO  FORM  OP  POPULATION 

AT  LEAST  15  YEARS  OF  AOB. 

Native  white. 

Foreign  white. 

Cuba 

8.3 

4.6 

CamagQey 

7.6 
6.1 
6.9 
5.2 
15.7 
9.2 
6.5 

5.0 
4.0 
4.2 
5.5 
5.9 
4.3 
6  1 

Habana 

City  of  Habana 

Matanzas 

Oriente 

Pinar  del  Rio 

Santa  Clara 

The  proportions  for  the  native  white  show  great  diversity  in  the  different 
provinces,  ranging  from  5.2  per  cent  in  Matanzas  to  the  surprising  propor- 
tion of  15.7  per  cent  in  Oriente,  showing  that  the  mean  for  Cuba  is  a  com- 
posite of  widely  differing  communities.  The  proportions  of  the  foreign  white, 
on  the  other  hand,  differ  little  in  the  several  provinces,  the  range  being  from 
4  per  cent  in  Habana  province  to  5.9  per  cent  in  Oriente.  The  proportion 
of  native  white  is  greater  than  the  proportion  of  foreign  white  in  every 
province  except  Matanzas,  where  the  proportion  for  foreign  white  is  slightly 
the  larger. 

The  widowed. — The  number  of  widowed  in  Cuba  in  1907  was  79,458,  which 
was  3.9  per  cent  of  the  whole  population,  or  6.1  per  cent  of  the  population  15 
years  of  age  and  over.  In  1899  the  number  of  widowed  was  85,167,  or  5,709 
more  than  the  number  in  1907.  Thus,  in  spite  of  an  increase  of  30  per  cent  in 
the  total  population,  the  number  of  widowed  actually  decreased.  The  propor- 
tion which  the  widowed  bore  to  the  whole  population  in  1899  was  5.4  per  cent, 
and  to  that  part  of  the  population  15  years  of  age  and  over,  8.6  per  cent. 

The  proportion  of  widowed  in  1907  was  very  small,  much  less  than  the 
proportion  in  Porto  Rico  in  1899,  8.6  per  cent,  or  the  proportion  in  the  United 
States  in  1900,  7.9  per  cent.  But  in  comparison  with  the  proportion  in  the 
United  States,  the  reader  must  remember  that  in  Cuba  the  consensually 
married  were  nearly  one-third  as  numerous  as  the  married,  and  that  when 
such  a  union  is  broken  by  death  the  survivor  is  relegated  not  to  the  widowed 
class,  but  to  the  single  class.  Hence,  for  fair  comparison,  the  proportion  of 
widowed  should  be  increased  by  about  two-fifths,  making  it  approximately 
8.5  per  cent,  or  somewhat  larger  than  the  proportion  in  the  United  States. 

For  the  above  reason  proportions  between  the  widowed  and  the  married  will 


196 


POPULATION. 


be  used  in  the  following  discussion  instead  of  proportions  between  the  widowed 
and  the  total  population  or  the  population  15  years  of  age  and  over. 

In  1907  the  proportion  of  widowed  to  married  was  18.8  per  cent.  This 
stands  in  strong  contrast  with  the  similar  proportion  8  years  eariier,  34.6  per 
cent,  and  with  that  of  Porto  Rico  in  1899,  29  per  cent.  The  proportion  in  the 
United  States  in  1900  was,  however,  decidedly  less,  being  14  per  cent. 

Below  are  shown  the  number  of  widowers  to  100  husbands  and  the  number 
of  widows  to  100  wives  in  Cuba,  Porto  Rico,  and  the  United  States: 


COUNTKT    AND    CENSUS. 


Widowers 

to  100 
husbands. 


Widows 
to  100 
wives. 


Cuba,  1907 

Cuba,  1899 

Porto  Rico,  1899. . . 
United  States.  1900 


9.3 

18.4 

15.3 

8.4 


28.7 
61. S 
42.0 
19.7 


The  proportion  of  widowers  in  Cuba  has  been  reduced  in  8  years  to  about 
one-half,  while  that  of  widows  is  but  little  more  than  one-half.  The  proportion 
of  widows  in  1907  was  about  three  times  that  of  widowers,  while  in  the  United 
States  it  was  a  little  more  than  twice  that  of  widowers. 

Of  the  native  whites,  there  were  19.1  widowed  to  100  married.  Of  the  foreign 
whites,  the  corresponding  number  of  widowed  was  14.5  and  of  the  colored  22.8. 
Thus  the  colored  had  the  the  largest  and  the  foreign  whites  the  smallest  pro- 
portion. 

Carrying  the  analysis  farther,  and  introducing  the  distinction  of  sex,  it 
appears  that  of  the  native  whites,  there  were  9  widowers  to  100  husbands  and 
27  widows  to  100  wives;  of  the  foreign  whites,  the  corresponding  figures  were 
9  widowers  and  29  widows;  and  of  the  colored,  11  widowers  and  34  widows. 
Thus  the  colored  showed  the  largest  proportion  of  widowed  in  each  sex. 

In  the  city  of  Habana  there  were  43  widowed  to  100  married  of  the  native 
whites;  43  widowed  to  100  married  of  the  foreign  whites;  and  76  widowed  to 
■  100  married  of  the  colored. 

The  following  table  presents  the  proportions  of  widowed  to  married,  by  sex 
and  age  groups: 


Widowers  to 

Widows  to 

100  husbands. 

100  wives. 

7 

1 

1 

» 

2 

4 

3 

9 

6 

28 

13 

76 

28 

100 

66 

682 

15  to  19  years... . 
20  to  24  years.... 

25  to  29  years 

30  to  34  years.... 

35  to  44  years 

45  to  54  years 

55  to  64  years 

65  years  and  over 


The  above  figures  show  a  steady  and  rapid  increase  with  advancing  age  in 
each  sex,  but  with  the  females  the  increase  is  much  more  rapid.  This  results, 
as  has  been  heretofore  noted,  in  a  great  preponderance  of  widows  over  widowers. 


CONJUGAL  CONDITION. 


197 


This  excess  of  widows  is  found  in  all  countries.  It  may  be  accounted  for  in  one 
or  both  of  two  ways;  first,  since  husbands  are,  as  a  rule,  older  than  their  wives, 
their  death  rate  is  necessarily  greater,  that  is,  more  of  them  die  each  year; 
second,  widowers  remarry  in  greater  proportion  than  widows,  and  in  re- 
marrying, often  choose  maidens  rather  than  widows. 

The  following  table  gives,  for  each  province  and  for  the  city  of  Habana, 
the  proportion  of  widowed  to  married,  by  sex,  for  1907  and  1899: 


1907 

1899 

PBOymCE   OB   CITT. 

Widowers 

to  100 
husbands. 

Widows 
to  100 
wives. 

Widowers 

to  100 
husbands. 

Widows 
to  100 
wives. 

9 

11 

11 

11 

7 

9 

9 

29 
36 
44 
33 
25 
19 
25 

14 
24 
15 
20 
14 
20 
20 

46 

Habana   

65 

City  of  Habana 

57 

54 

Oriente 

47 

Pinar  del  Rio 

46 

Santa  Clara 

60 

The  proportion  of  widowers  was  smallest  in  Oriente  and  largest  in  Habana 
and  Matanzas.  Of  widows,  the  proportion  was  smallest  in  Pinar  del  Rfo  and 
largest  in  the  city  of  Habana.  The  proportion  of  widows  to  widowers  ranged 
from  a  trifle  over  2  in  Pinar  del  Rfo  to  4  in  Habana  city.  In  every  province  the 
figures  for  1907  were  much  smaller  than  in  1899. 

The  single. — The  small  proportion  of  married  in  the  total  population,  20.7 
per  cent,  has  been  considered.  Adding  to  this  the  per  cent  of  the  consen- 
sually  married,  8.6,  the  total,  29.3  per  cent,  is  by  no  means  large.  We  should 
expect,  therefore,  to  find  that  the  proportion  of  single  is  large.  There  were, 
indeed,  in  1907,  1,369,476  single  persons  in  Cuba,  including  persons  whose 
conjugal  condition  was  unknown,  and  1,098  divorced  persons.  This  is  66.8 
per  cent,  or  about  two-thirds  of  the  total  population.  In  1899,  the  single 
formed  70.5  per  cent  of  the  population,  a  notably  greater  proportion. 

The  proportion  in  1907  was  larger  than  the  proportion  in  any  other  country 
of  importance  of  which  we  have  a  census.  This  is  a  result  of  the  large  per- 
centage of  young  children.  By  eliminating  those  under  15  years  of  age,  a 
different  result  is  obtained.  The  population  15  years  of  age  and  over  was 
1,300,787,  while  the  single  of  those  ages  numbered  621,386,  or  47.8  per  cent. 
The  corresponding  proportion  in  1899  was  53.4  per  cent  and  in  Porto  Rico  in 
the  same  year,  45.9  per  cent. 

Of  the  males  15  years  of  age  and  over  in  1907,  53.5  per  cent  were  single  and 
of  the  females,  41.2  per  cent;  in  1899  the  corresponding  proportions  were  59 
per  cent  and  47.4  per  cent.  The  proportion  of  single  among  adults  of  each  sex 
materially  diminished  in  the  8  years. 

Single  males  were  largely  in  excess  of  single  females,  a  phenomenon  due  in 
part  to  the  excess  of  males  over  females  in  the  island,  and  in  part,  to  the  excess 
of  widows  over  widowers. 


198 


POPULATION. 


The  proportion  of  single  in  each  age  group  and  by  sex  is  shown  below: 


PBB  CENT   BINOLE    FORM   OF  TOTAL   POPULATION. 


1907 


Males. 


Females. 


1899 


Males. 


Females. 


Under  15  years. . 
16  to  19 years.  .  . 
20  to  24  years .  .  . 
26  to  29  years .  .  . 
30  to 34  years. .  . 
36  to  44  years .  .  . 
46  to  54  years .  .  . 
56  to  64  years . .  . 
65  years  and  over 


100.0 
99.4 
83.8 
52.8 
35.2 
25.0 
21.3 
28.2 
37.6 


100.0 
85.8 
46.6 
28.6 
21.9 
21.2 
25.1 
29.8 
36.4 


99.9 
99.3 
88.6 
67.2 
45.9 
33.1 
32.1 
38.0 
42.9 


99.8 
89.1 
67.8 
36.7 
29. S 
28.8 
31.8 
34.6 
41.8 


The  proportion  of  single  diminished  with  advancing  age,  with  the  males 
down  to  the  age  group  45  to  54  years  and  with  the  females  to  the  age  group 
35  to  44  years;  in  the  higher  age  groups  they  increased.  The  same  phenom- 
enon of  an  increase  in  the  proportion  of  the  single  in  the  later  age  groups  was 
noted  in  Cuba  and  Porto  Rico,  by  the  census  of  1899,  and  in  the  Philippine 
Islands,  in  1903;  but  in  the  United  States  and  European  countries,  this  phe- 
nomenon is  not  present,  and  the  proportions  go  on  decreasing  to  the  end  of 
life.  Its  explanation  in  the  case  of  Cuba  is  found  in  the  simple  fact  that 
when  one  of  the  partners  in  a  consensual  marriage  dies,  the  remaining  one,  in- 
stead of  becoming  widowed,  returns  to  the  class  of  single.  Since  the  con- 
sensual marriages  were  much  more  numerous  among  the  colored  than  among 
the  whites  we  should  expect  a  greater  increase  in  later  years  among  that  race. 
The  following  table  shows  this  to  be  true: 


PER   CENT    SINGLE    FORM    OF   TOTAL    POPULATION. 


Males. 


Females. 


White. 


Colored.1 


White. 


Colored.! 


15  to  19 years.  . . . 
20  to  24  years .  . . . 

25  to  29  years 

30  to  34  years. .  . . 
35  to  44  years. . .  . 
45  to  54  years.  .  .  . 
55  to  64  years.  .  . . 
66  years  and  over . 


99.5 
86.0 
53.6 
34.7 
23.1 
17.4 
16.4 
15.7 


99.1 
80.3 
60.5 
37.2 
30.8 
31.6 
46.4 
55.9 


85.1 
43.6 
24.5 
16.6 
14.3 
15.2 
16.3 
17.7 


87.4 
63.0 
38.1 
33.4 
34.1 
41.8 
49.0 
57.6 


>  Includes  black,  mixed,  and  yellow. 

For  the  single  the  per  cent  of  white  males  diminished  throughout;  the 
female  white  reached  a  minimum  at  44  years  and  then  increased,  but  not 
greatly.  The  per  cent  of  colored  males  reached  a  minimum  at  44  years  and 
then  increased  greatly;  while  the  colored  females  reached  a  minimum  at 
34  and  then  also  increased  greatly.  This  seems  to  confirm  the  above  ex- 
planation. 


CONJUGAL  CONDITION. 


199' 


All  classes  of  conjugal  condition. — In  the  following  table,  the  four  classes' 
of  conjugal  condition  are  brought  together,  classified  by  age  groups  and 
expressed  by  per  cents  of  the  total  population  of  each  age  group,  for  Cuba;, 
the  provinces,  and  the  city  of  Habana.  A  second  table  for  Cuba,  classifies  the 
population  also  by  sex. 

Population,  classified  by  conjugal  condition — per  cent  of  total. 


Legally 
married. 


ConsensuaJly 
married. 


Widowed. 


15  to  19  years 

20  to  24  years 

25  to  29  years 

30  to  34  years.... 

35  to  44  years 

45  to  54  years 

65  to  64  years 

65  years  and  over 


15  to  19  years 

20  to  24  years 

25  to  29  years 

30  to  34  years.... 

35  to  44  years 

45  to  54  years 

55  to  64  years 

65  years  and  over 


15  to  19  years 

20  to  24  years 

25  to  29  years 

30  to  34  years 

35  to 44 years..,. 

45  to  54  years 

55  to  64  years 

65  years  and  over 


15  to  19  years 

20  to  24  years 

25  to  29  years 

30  to  34  years 

35  to  44  years 

45  to  54  years 

55  to  64  years. . . . 
65  years  and  over 


15  to  19  years 

20  to  24  years.... 

25  to  29  years 

30  to  34  years 

35  to  44  years 

45  to  54  years 

55  to  64  years 

65  years  and  over 


1  Includes  divorced. 


200 


POPULATION. 


Population,  classified  by  conjugal  condition — Continued. 


Legally 
married, 


Consensually 
married. 


15  to  19  years. .. . 

20  to  24  years 

25  to29  vears 

30  to  34  years 

35  to  44  years.... 
45  to 54 years.... 
55  to  64  years.... 
65  years  and  over 


15  to  19  years 

20  to  24  years 

25  to  29  years 

30  to  34  years 

35  to  44  years.... 
45  to  54  years 

65  to 64 years..., 

66  years  and  over 


15  to  19  years.... 

20  to  24  years 

25  to  29  years 

30  to  34  years 

35  to  44  years.. .. 

45  to  54  years 

55  to  64  years 

65  years  and  over 


Widowed. 


1  Includes  divorced. 
Population,  classified  by  conjugal  condition  and  sex. 


PEB   CENT   OP  TOTAL. 


Males. 


Single 
or  un- 
known.* 


Legally 
married. 


Consen- 
sually 
married. 


Widowed. 


Females. 


Single 
or  un-  I 
known.* 


Legally 
married. 


Consen- 
sually 
married 


Widowed. 


All  ages . 

15  to  19  years.  . 
20  to  24  years. . 
25  to  29  years. . 
30  to  34  years .  . 
35  to  44  years .  . 
45  to  54  years .  . 
65  to  64  years . . . 
65  years  and  over 


70.0 


20.2 


7.9 


1.9 


99.4 
83.8 
52.9 
35.2 
25.0 
21.3 
28.2 
37.6 


0.4 
11.6 
35.1 
48.3 
52.6 
60.6 
39.6 
25.4 


0.2 
4.5 
11.4 
15.2 
19.3 
21.4 
21.0 
20.3 


0.1 
0.6 
1.3 
3.1 
6.7 
11.2 
16.7 


63.4 


21.1 


9.4 


6.1 


85.8 
46.5 
28.7 
21.9 
21.2 
25.1 
29.8 
36.6 


11.0 
40.2 
49.4 
51.8 
44.8 
31.7 
18.8 
7.7 


3.1 
12.7 
19.8 
21.4 
22.6 
19.3 
14.1 
10.8 


0.1 
0.6 
2.1 
4.9 

11.4 
23.0 
37.3 
46.9 


•Includes  divorced. 


ILLEGITIMATE  CHILDREN. 


All  children  bom  of  the  consensually  married  are  under  Cuban  laws  tech- 
nically illegitimate;  but  under  the  heading  of  illegitimate  children  have  been 
included  only  those  children  found  in  the  families  of  the  consensually  married. 


ILLEGITIMATE  CHILDREN. 


201 


The  number  of  them  is,  therefore,  confessedly  incomplete,  especially  the 
number  of  those  above  the  ages  of  childhood,  since  many  of  mature  years  have 
left  their  homes  and  consequently  could  not  be  identified  as  of  this  class.  The 
extent  of  these  omissions  will  appear  later  in  the  discussion  of  the  illegitimate 
by  age  periods. 

The  total  number  of  children  returned  as  illegitimate  was  257,888,  or  12.6 
per  cent  of  the  total  population.  The  corresponding  proportion  in  1899  was 
11.8  per  cent.  Thus  in  the  8  years  there  was  a  slight  increase  in  the  proportion 
of  illegitimate  children.  A  part  of  this  increase  is  explainable  by  the  fact  of  a 
general  increase  in  the  proportion  of  children. 

The  following  table  shows  the  distribution  of  illegitimate  children  among 
the  provinces  and  the  city  of  Habana: 


PKOVINCE    OR   CITT. 


Total 
population. 


ILLEOITIMATB  CHIIiDREN. 


Number. 


Per  cent. 


Cuba.. 

CamagOey 

Habana 

City  of  Habana 

Matanzas 

Orieiile. 

Pinar  del  Rio.  . 
Santa  Clara 


2.048,980 


267.888 


12.6 


118,269 
538,010 
297,159 
239,812 
455,086 
240,372 
457,431 


11,197 
39,623 
21.607 
27,753 
98.763 
35.564 
44,983 


9.6 

7.4 

7.3 

11.6 

21.7 

14.8 

9.8 


The  proportions  of  illegitimate  children  were  greatest  in  Oriente  and  Pinar 
del  Rio,  at  the  two  ends  of  the  island,  where  the  proportions  of  children  were 
greatest,  and  least  in  Habana  city  and  province,  where  the  proportions  of 
children  were  smallest. 

The  two  following  tables  show  the  proportion  the  illegitimate  children 
formed  of  the  total  population  in  the  6  largest  cities  and  in  the  provinces 
outside  of  those  cities: 


Total 
population. 

TT-T.KQITIMATB  CHILDREN. 

Number. 

Per  cent. 

Aggregate 

2,048.980 

257.888 

12.6 

Cities  having  at  least  25,000  inhabitants 

462.634 

39,140 

8.5 

Camagtley       

29,616 
24,280 
30,100 
297,159 
36,009 
46,470 

1,586.346 

2,399 
1,927 
3,303 
21,607 
4.079 
6,825 

218.748 

8.1 

CS^rdenas                     

7.9 

11.0 

Habana              

7.3 

11.3 

12.8 

Provinces  exclusive  of   cities    having    25,000   in- 
habitants   

13.8 

88,653 
240,851 
179,523 
409,616 
240,372 
427,331 

8.798 
18,016 
21,747 
92,943 
35,564 
41.680 

9.9 

7.6 

12.1 

22.7 

Pinar  del  Rio          

14.8 

9.8 

>C&rdenas  also  Included. 


14 


202 


POPULATION. 


In  the  six  largest  cities,  the  illegitimate  children  formed  8.5  per  cent  of  the 
population,  while  in  the  rest  of  Cuba  they  formed  13.8  per  cent  of  the  popula- 
tion, which  fact  .shows  that  this  class  was  decidedly  more  numerous  in  the 
country  districts.  Of  the  cities,  Santiago  de  Cuba  showed  the  largest  per- 
centage, while  Matanzas  and  Cienfuegos  had  large  proportions. 

The  number  of  illegitimate  children  among  the  native  whites  was  94,772, 
or  7.7  per  cent  of  that  element  of  the  population ;  the  number  among  the  foreign 
whites  was  only  341;  the  number  among  the  colored  was  162,775,  or  26.2  per 
cent  of  all  the  colored.  It  thus  appears  that  the  number  of  illegitimate  children 
among  the  colored  was  nearly  twice  as  great  as  the  number  among  the  native 
white  and  that  the  proportion  was  between  three  and  four  times  as  great. 

The  following  table  shows  the  percentages  which  illegitimate  children 
formed  of  the  total,  the  native  white,  and  the  colored  population,  by  age 
groups: 


-Under  5  years 

5  to    9  years 

10  to  14  years 

15  to  19  years. . . . 

20  to  24  years 

25  years  and  over. 


FEB   CENT    ILLEQITIMATE    CHILDRBN    FOBU 
or    TOTAL    POPULATION. 


All  classes. 


25.7 
27.0 
20.8 
16.3 
8.2 
1.7 


Native  white. 


15.2 

15.5 

10.6 

8.3 

4.4 

0.9 


Colored.* 


53.0 
52.5 
44.0 
36.2 
19.7 
4.1 


>  Includes  black,  mixed,  and  yellow. 


The  proportion  of  illegitimate  children  in  the  population  5  to  9  years  of 
age  is  dightly,  but  not  significantly,  larger  than  the  proportion  under  5  years. 
In  the  succeeding  age  periods,  however,  the  proportions  diminish  rapidly. 
Indeed,  it  is  only  in  the  two  age  periods  below  10  years  that  the  figures  can  be 
considered  as  representing  actual  conditions.  The  proportions  of  illegitimate 
children  among  the  native  whites  and  the  colored  show  a  similarly  rapid 
decrease  above  10  years  of  age.  Below  that  age  the  illegitimate  colored  are 
proportionately  about  three  and  one-half  times  as  numerous  as  the  illegiti- 
mate native  whites;  and  above  that  age  the  ratio  between  the  proportions  in- 
creases, the  increase  probably  being  due  to  the  fact  that  whites  leave  the 
iiome  earlier  in  life  than  the  colored. 

In  all  probability  the  number  of  illegitimate  children  under  10  years  of  age  is 
tairly  complete,  and  the  ratio  which  they  form  of  the  whole  number  of  children 
of  that  age  group  may  be  assumed  as  applying  to  the  entire  population.  In 
other  words  about  26  per  cent,  or  a  little  more  than  one-fourth,  of  all  Cubans 
were  bom  of  consensual  unions.  This  is  more  than  double  the  number  directly 
enumerated.  Similarly,  about  one-seventh  of  the  native  whites  and  more  than 
one-half  of  the  colored  were  born  of  such  unions. 

The  consensually  married  fonned  about  one-fourth  of  all  living  in  the 
married  state,  while  the  children  born  of  such  unions  formed  a  little  more  than 
•.one-fourth  of  all  children. 


CHILDREN  OF  SCHOOL  AGE. 


203 


In  the  following  table  are  shown  the  proportions  which  illegitimate  children 
under  10  years  of  age  bore  to  all  children  of  that  age,  in  each  province  and  in 
the  city  of  Habana.  Comparison  is  limited  to  the  above  age  group  in  order 
to  obtain  a  more  accurate  measure  of  the  extent  of  illegitimacy  in  the 
provinces. 


PROVINCE    OK    CITY. 

Per  cent  illegitimate 
form  of  pop- 
ulation under 
10  years  of  age. 

Camagfley 

18  4 

Habana 

18  5 

City  of  Habana 

20  7 

Matanzas ; ,    . 

25  5 

Oriente 

38  8 

Pinar  del  Rio 

29  8 

Santa  Clara 

20  0 

The  above  figures  may.  be  regarded  as  applying  to  all  ages.  In  other  words, 
in  Camagtiey  and  Habana  provinces  between  18  and  19  per  cent  of  all  the 
people  were  born  of  consensual  marriages,  and  in  Oriente  not  less  than  38  or 
39  per  cent. 


CHILDREN  OF  SCHOOL  AGE. 

The  children  of  school  age,  5  to  17  years,  numbered  541,445  in  1907,  and 
formed  26.4  per  cent  of  the  total  population.  This  proportion  compares  with 
35.1  per  cent  in  Cuba  in  1899,  33.8  per  cent  in  Porto  Rico  in  1899,  and  28.3 
per  cent  in  the  United  States  in  1900.  This  great  reduction  in  the  proportion 
of  children  of  school  age  in  Cuba  in  8  years  calls  for  explanation.  During  the 
revolution  and  reconcentrations,  however  much  the  children  of  school  age  may 
have  suffered,  those  below  school  age  suffered  far  more.  Not  only  did  a  large 
proportion  of  them  perish,  but  their  numbers  were  lessened  by  the  decrease, 
in  marriages  and  births.  The  children  who  were  in  1899  less  than  5  years  of 
age  were  in  1907  in  the  class  of  school  age,  and  that  class  was  consequently 
reduced.  Indeed,  the  number  of  children  of  school  age  in  1907  was  actually 
less  than  the  number  in  1899  (552,928). 

Of  the  children  of  school  age  in  1907,  272,585,  or  50.3  per  cent,  were  males, 
and  268,860,  or  49.7  per  cent,  were  females. 

The  following  table  shows  for  each  province  and  for  the  city  of  Habana  the 
proportion  of  school  children  to  total  population: 


PROVINCE   OR  CITY. 


Per  cent  children 
5  to  17  years 
of  age  form  of 

total  population. 


City  of  Habana 

Habana 

Habana,  excluding  the  city 

Matanzas 

Santa  Clara 

Pinar  del  Rio 

Oriente 

CamagOey 


22.6 
23.4 
24.3 

25.4 
25.8 
28.7 
29.2 
29.5 


204 


POPULATION. 


The  above  figures  show  that  in  the  provinces  most  remote  from  the  middle 
of  the  island  where  most  of  the  fighting  and  where  the  reconcentration  took 
place,  the  proportion  of  school  children  is  largest;  but  even  in  these  prov- 
inces the  proportion  is  far  less  than  it  was  for  Cuba  in  1899. 

SCHOOL  ATTENDANCE. 

The  total  number  of  children  of  school  age,  5  to  17  years,  was  541,445.  Of 
these,  171,017,  or  31.6  per  cent,  attended  school  during  the  year  preceding 
September  30, 1907.  This  proportion  is  nearly  twice  as  great  as  that  shown  by 
the  census  of  1899,  which  was  15.7  per  cent. 

It  has  been  shown  that  literacy  is  much  more  common  in  large  cities  than 
in  the  rest  of  Cuba,  and  the  conclusion  naturally  is  that  school  attendance  is 
more  common  in  the  large  cities.  That  this  is  so  appears  from  the  following. 
The  6  cities  of  Cuba  with  more  than  25,000  inhabitants  each  had  together 
110,810  children  of  school  age.  Of  this  number,  55,336,  or  49.9  per  cent,  at- 
tended school.  The  corresponding  proportion  in  1899  was  33  per  cent.  In 
the  rest  of  Cuba,  the  proportion  of  the  children  of  school  age  attending  school 
in  1907  was  26.9  per  cent.  The  corresponding  proportion  in  1899  was  11,5 
per  cent.  These  figures  indicate  a  great  gain  in  school  attendance  at  the  later 
census  year.  In  1907  the  proportion  of  children  of  school  age  attending  school 
in  the  6  largest  cities  was  nearly  twice  as  great  as  the  proportion  in  the  rest  of 
Cuba.   The  following  table  gives  the  proportion  attending  school  in  each  city: 


Per  cent  children 

attending  school 

form  of 

population 

5  to  17  years 

of  age. 


CamagQey 

.  Cfirdenas 

Cienfuegos' 

Habana 

Matanzas 

Santiago  de  Cuba 


63.8 
46.1 
54.8 
48.7 
66.0 
48.8 


The  following  table  gives  the  proportion  of  children  of  school  age  attending 
school  in  each  province,  and  the  proportion  attending  school  in  each  province 
outside  of  cities  of  25,000  inhabitants  or  more: 


PER  CENT  CHILDREN   ATTENDING 

SCHOOL   FORM   OP   POPCLATION 

5  TO    17  YEARS   OF   AGE. 

PROVINCE. 

In  entire 
province. 

In  province 
exclusive  of 
cities  having  at 
least  25,000 
inhabitants. 

CamagOey 

27.7 
42.3 
35.1 
25.4 
24.1 
30.7 

20  • 

Habana 

35  0 

Matanzas 

29  0 

Oriente 

23  2 

Pinar  del  Rio 

24   1 

Santa  Clara 

29  0 

LITERACY.  205 


These  tables  illustrate  in  greater  detail  what  was  stated  above  for  Cuba  as 
a  whole. 

Of  the  male  children  of  school  age,  32.5  per  cent,  and  of  the  female  children, 
30.7  per  cent,  attended  school.  This  result  is  surprising,  inasmuch  as  it  is 
shown  farther  on  that  a  larger  proportion  of  the  female  children  than  of  the 
male  children  were  literate. 

Of  white  children  of  school  age,  31.3  per  cent,  and  of  the  colored  children, 
32.3  per  cent,  attended  school.  This  again  is  surprising,  as  the  proportion  of 
literates  among  whites  was  greater  than  the  proportion  among  colored. 

The  following  table  shows  the  proportion  of  the  population  in  certain  age 
groups  who  attended  school: 


Per  cent 

attending 

school. 


5  to  9  years. 
10  to  14  years. 
15  to  17  years. 


28.5 

62.0 

0.6 


More  than  nine-tenths  of  all  children  attending  school  were  under  15  years 
of  age. 

LTTERACy. 

A  census  can  take  cognizance  of  the  degree  of  education  of  a  people  only  as 
it  is  indicated  by  certain  simple  tests.  These  tests  refer  usually  to  formal  or 
book  education,  not  because  that  is  necessarily  the  most  important,  but  because 
it  is  the  most  easily  tested.  The  tests  used  by  the  present  census  were  attendance 
at  school,  ability  to  read,  and  possession  of  college  or  technical  education,  as 
indicated  by  the  possession  of  a  degree.  It  is  obvious  that  attendance  at  school 
certifies  nothing  regarding  a  person's  educational  attainments;  yet,  if  the 
entire  population  is  to  be  classed  according  to  degree  of  education,  some  as- 
sumption must  be  made  regarding  children  attending  school.  It  can  not  intro- 
duce serious  error  to  assume  that  all  children  attending  school  were  able  to 
read,  and  all  under  10  years  of  age  and  not  attending  school  were  not  able  to 
read. 

In  1907,  of  the  1,481,573  inhabitants  10  years  of  age  and  over,  837,958,  or 
56.6  per  cent,  were  able  to  read.  Of  the  total  population,  40.9  per  cent  were 
able  to  read.  In  1899  the  proportion  was  36  per  cent;  in  1887,  27.7  per  cent, 
and  in  1861,  19.2  per  cent,  thus  showing  a  steady  and  rapid  increase  in  literacy. 

The  following  table  shows  the  proportions  of  literate  in  the  population  10 
years  of  age  and  over  in  the  case  of  the  native  whites,  foreign  whites,  and 
colored,  for  each  province  and  for  the  city  of  Habana: 


206 


POPULATION. 


PEE  CENT  LITERATE   FORM  OF  POFDLATIOM 
AT  VEA3T    10  YEAR3  OF  AGE. 

Native 
white. 

Foreign 
white. 

Colored.' 

CamagQey 

61. G 
74.8 
91.8 
60.9 
51.6 
38.9 
54.3 

76.1 
82.6 
86.8 
66.2 
71.8 
61.8 
61.8 

56.4 

Habana 

58.5 

Cltv  of  Habana 

66.4 

Idatanzas 

39.3 

Oriente 

43.0 

Pinar  del  Rio 

43.2 

pf^ntn.  riarfl.,               , 

43.2 

>  Includes  black,  mixed,  and  yellow. 

Among  the  native  whites,  Hteracy  was  highest  in  the  city  of  Habana,  where 
more  than  nine  out  of  ten  persons  could  read.  It  was  least  in  Pinar  del  Rfo, 
where  less  than  two-fifths  were  able  to  read.  This  was  the  only  province  with 
less  than  one-half  literate  among  the  native  whites.  Indeed,  the  proportion  of 
literates  in  this  province  was  less  among  native  whites  than  among  colored. 
Among  foreign  whites  the  proportion  of  literates  was  high,  ranging  from  a 
little  more  than  three-fifths  in  Pinar  del  Rio  and  Santa  Clara  up  to  almost 
seven-eighths  in  the  city  of  Habana.  Among  the  colored,  the  proportion  of 
literates  was  smallest  in  Matanzas,  where  it  was  about  two-fifths,  and  highest 
in  the  city  of  Habana,  where  almost  two-thirds  of  the  people  were  literate. 

It  is  usually  the  case  that  literacy  is  higher  in  cities  than  in  the  country, 
since  in  the  former,  schools  are  better,  more  numerous,  and  more  generally 
attended.  In  the  6  cities  of  over  25,000  inhabitants  each,  the  literates  formed 
82.6  per  cent  of  the  population  10  years  of  age  and  over,  while  in  the  rest  of 
Cuba,  the  proportion  of  literates  was  only  47.9  per  cent. 

The  following  table  gives  the  proportion  of  literates  in  the  population  at 
least  ten  years  of  age  in  each  of  the  cities  having  25,000  or  more  inhabitants 
and  in  the  city  of  Cardenas,  which  has  24,280  inhabitants: 


CITY   HAVING  AT  LEAST  25,000 
IKHABITANTS. 

Per  cent  literate 

form  of 

population 

at  least  10  years 

of  age. 

CITY  HAVING  AT  LEAST  25,000 
INHABITANTS. 

Per  cent  literate 

form  of 

population. 

at  least  10  years 

of  age. 

Camagfley 

84  7 

79  7 

H  abana 

83.9 
82.6 

77.9 

Santiago  de  Cuba 

73.8 

The  following  table  shows  the  proportion  of  the  several  elements  of  the 
population,  ten  years  of  age  and  over,  who  were  able  to  read : 


COLOB  AND  NATXTTTT. 

PER  CENT  LITERATE  FORM  OF  POPULATION 
AT  LEAST  10  YEABS  OF  AGE. 

Both  sexes. 

Males. 

Females. 

All  classes 

56.6 

68.3 

54.6 

Native  white 

58.6 
74.4 
45.0 

58.0 
77.7 
44.7 

59  2 

Foreign  white 

60  1 

Colored 

45  4 

LITERACY. 


207 


Of  the  total  population,  the  proportion  of  males  who  could  read  was  larger 
than  that  of  females.  Among  the  native  white  and  the  colored,  the  proportion 
of  females  who  could  read  was  slightly  larger  than  that  of  males,  while  among 
the  foreign  white,  the  proportion  of  literate  males  greatly  exceeded  that  of- 
literate  females. 

The  foreign  whites  had  the  largest  proportion  of  literates,  while  the  colored' 
had  the  smallest. 

The  following  table  shows,  for  the  total  population,  the  proportion  of  literatea 
in  each  age  group: 


Per  centi 
literate. 


10  to  14  years.  .  .  . 

15  to  19  years 

20  to  24  years 

25  to  29  years 

30  to  34  years .  .  .  . 
36  to  44  years.  .  .  . 
45  to  54  years.  .  .  . 
65  to  64  years .  .  . . 
65  years  and  over. 


70.7 
67.2 
59.9 
56.7 
55. 6' 
50.9 
46.2 
39.2 
31.5 


There  was  a  steady  and  rapid  reduction  in  literacy  with  advancing  age. 
This  is  in  part  due  to  the  increasing  facilities  for  education,  especially  during 
the  last  eight  years,  and  in  part  to  the  decreasing  proportion  of  colored,  the 
least  literate  class. 

The  following  table  shows  the  proportion  of  literates  in  each  age  period;, 
of  each  sex,  color,  and  nativity. 


10  to  14  years. . . . 
15  to  19  years. . . . 
20  to  24  years. . . . 
25  to  29  years. . . . 
30  to  34  years .... 
35  to  44  years.  . . . 
45  to  54  years .... 
55  to  64  years.  .  . . 
65  years  and  over. 


PBB  CENT  LITERATB. 


Males. 


69.7 
65.4 
61.0 
59.6 
60.0 
55.6 
60.0 
42.0 
31.0 


Females. 


71.6 
69.0 
68.7 
53.5 
49.8 
46.2 
39.3 
36.1 
32.0 


Native 
whites. 


70.6 
66.8 
58.9 
64.5 
63.7 
62.4 
50.1 
49.9 
60.8 


Foreign 
wlxites. 


82.6 
82.4 
76.6 
75.2 
74.6 
72.8 
72.1 
69.0 
60.7 


Colored. 


69.9 
64.5 
54.9 
49.6 
43.6 
34.2 
23.0 
15.9 
10.5 


•Includes  black,  mixed,  and  yellow. 

The  proportions  of  the  two  sexes,  for  the  age  group  10  to  14  years,  were  not 
dissimilar,  females  having  a  slight  advantage,  which  they  increased  in  the  next 
age  group.  Then  males  took  the  lead  and  maintained  it  until  the  last  age 
period.  According  to  the  proportions  of  literates  for  the  first  two  age  periods, 
girls  have  availed  themselves  to  a  greater  extent  than  boys  of  the  present 
modern  school  system.  During  the  Spanish  regime,  when  those  now  over  20 
years  of  age  were  children,  few  facilities  were  afforded  for  elementary  educa- 
tion, and  less  to  girls  than  to  boys. 

In  all  the  above  elements  of  population  there  is  a  more  or  less  rapid  decrease 


208 


POPULATION. 


in  literacy  with  increasing  age,  but  with  certain  elements  the  decrease  is  more 
rapid  than  with  others.  The  colored,  starting  in  the  first  age  period  with 
practically  the  same  degree  of  literacy  as  the  native  whites,  fall  off  with  great 
rapidity,  so  that  the  oldest  age  group  contains  little  more  than  one-fifth  of  the 
proportion  of  literates  as  the  same  group  of  native  whites,  and  little  more  than 
one-seventh  of  the  colored  proportion  at  the  ages  from  10  to  14  years.  It  is 
rather  surprising  to  find  that  the  colored  literates  10  to  14  years  of  age  are 
practically  as  numerous,  proportionately,  as  the  native  whites.  The  foreign 
whites,  of  course,  show  a  high  degree  of  literacy  at  all  ages;  even  at  the  most 
advanced  age,  three-fifths  of  them  could  read.  Literates  among  the  native 
whites  dropped  from  seven-tenths  to  one-half  between  the  youngest  and  most 
advanced  ages. 

The  following  table  shows  for  each  pro^^nce  and  for  the  city  of  Habana  the 
proportion  of  Uterates  in  the  total  population  10  years  of  age  and  over,  and  in 
each  sex: 


PBOTiNci;  OS  crrr. 

PER  CENT  LITERATES  FORM  OF  POPULATION 
AT  LEAST  10  TEARS  OF  AGE. 

Both  sexes. 

Males. 

Females. 

CainagrQey 

62.1 
72.7 
83.9 
52.9 
49.6 
39.0 
62.0 

60.0 
75.8 
88.7 
52.7 
51.3 
43.9 
52.4 

64.6 

Habana 

69.0 

City  of  Habana 

78.4 

Matanzas 

53.1 

Oriente  

47.8 

Pinar  del  Rio 

33.2 

Santa  Clara 

51.5 

In  the  case  of  the  total  population,  males,  and  females,  the  highest  pro- 
portions were  in  Habana  city  and  the  lowest  in  Pinar  del  Rfo.  In  Habana, 
Oriente,  Pinar  del  Rio,  and  Santa  Clara,  the  proportions  of  literates  were 
greater  among  males  than  among  females,  and  in  the  other  two  provinces  the 
reverse  was  the  case. 

OCCUPATIONS. 


By  occupation,  in  connection  with  a  census,  is  meant  gainful  occupation,  or 
an  occupation  by  means  of  which  a  person  gets  a  livelihood  for  himself  or  for 
himself  and  others.  It  is  not  the  head  of  the  family  alone,  however,  who  may 
be  thus  occupied,  as  it  is  quite  possible  that  other  or  even  all  members  of  the 
family  may  be  wage-earners.  Children  at  home  or  at  school,  house^aves,  etc., 
are  not  considered  as  being  "gainfully  employed"  so  far  as  census  statistics 
are  concerned. 

The  number  of  persons  engaged  in  gainful  occupations  in  Cuba  in  1907  was 
772,502.  This  was  37.7  per  cent  of  the  population.  In  1899,  the  proportion 
was  larger,  being  39.6  per  cent.  The  reduction  in  the  proportion  in  1907  is 
doubtless  due  to  the  increased  number  of  young  children.  The  proportion  in 
1907  was  larger  than  that  for  Porto  Rico  in  1899,  33.2  per  cent,  but  less  than 
that  for  the  United  States  in  1900,  39.0  per  cent. 


OCCUPATIONS. 


209 


The  absolute  and  relative  numbers  of  persons  engaged  in  gainful  occupations 
were  as  follows  in  the  provinces  and  the  city  of  Habana: 


Population. 

WAOK-EARNEBS. 

Number. 

Per  cent. 

Cuba 

2,048,980 

772.502 

37.7 

City  of  Habana 

297,159 
538,010 
239,812 
457,431 
118,269 
240,372 
466,086 

138,906 

229.605 
92,399 

171,408 
42,882 
84,655 

151,563 

46.7 

Habana 

42.7 

Matanzas 

38.5 

Santa  Clara 

37.5 

CamagOey 

36.3 

Pinar  del  Rio 

35.2 

Oriente 

33.3 

The  proportion  of  breadwinners  was  almost  as  low  in  Oriente  as  in  Porto 
Rico.  In  Santa  Clara  it  was  about  the  same  as  the  average  for  Cuba.  The  city 
of  Habana  had  by  far  the  largest  proportion,  and  this  fact  raises  the  question 
whether  breadwinners  were  relatively  more  numerous  in  city  or  country. 

In  the  19  cities  with  8,000  or  more  inhabitants  each  there  was  a  total  popula- 
tion of  619,835,  of  which  260,774,  or  42.1  per  cent,  were  bread\vinners.  Rural 
Cuba  had  a  population  of  1,429,145,  of  which  511,728,  or  35.8  per  cent,  were 
wage-earners.  The  foUowdng  table  gives  the  proportion  of  wage-earners  to  the 
total  population  in  each  of  the  19  cities: 


CITT    HAVING   AT  LEAST   8,000 
INHABITANTS. 

Per  cent  of 
wage-earners 

in  total 
population. 

CITY    HAVING   AT  LEAST   8,000 
INHABITANTS. 

Per  cent  of 
wage-earners 

in  total 
population. 

Habana 

46.7 
43.3 
42.1 
40.9 
39.9 
39.5 
39.6 
39.1 
38.5 
38.4 

San  Antonio  de  los  Baflos 

Guantanamo 

37.8 

37.0 

Marianao 

Sancti-Spiritus 

36.6 

Santa  Clara 

36.5 

Cienfuegos   

CamagOey 

36.1 

Guanabacoa 

35.7 

Santiago  de  Cuba 

Caibari^n 

35.3 

Pinar  del  Rio 

Manzanillo 

30.6 

Matanzas 

Trinidad 

28.8 

GQines 

Habana,  the  largest  city,  had  the  greatest  proportion,  while  Trinidad  had 
less  than  any  other  city.  Of  the  above  19  cities,  11  had  proportions  greater 
than  that  for  Cuba  as  a  whole  and  8  had  smaller  proportions. 

The  following  table  shows  the  proportion  of  wage-earners  in  the  rural 
portions  of  the  several  provinces: 


PHOVINCK. 

Per  cent  of 
wage-earners 

in  rural 
population. 

PBOVINCB. 

Per  cent  of 
wage-earners 

in  rural 
population. 

38.3 
37.6 
37.4 

CamagOey 

36.3 

Habana         .                     

Pinar  del  Rio 

35.0 

Oriente 

32.5 

210 


POPULATION. 


Perhaps  the  most  striking  feature  of  the  above  figures  is  their  uniformity. 
The  smallest  proportion,  32.5  per  cent,  in  Oriente,  differed  but  5.8  per  cent 
from  the  largest,  that  of  Matanzas,  38.3  per  cent. 

Comparison  of  the  proportions  in  the  cities  of  each  province  with  the  pro- 
portion in  the  rural  parts  of  the  province,  shows  that  in  12  cases  the  proportion 
of  wage-earners  was  greater  in  the  cities  than  in  the  rest  of  the  province  and 
in  7  cases  it  was  less. 

The  number  of  male  wage-earners  was  698,982,  or  65.0  per  cent  of  all  males; 
that  of  female  wage-earners  was  73,520,  or  7.5  per  cent  of  all  females.  In  1899, 
the  corresponding  proportions  were  68.2  per  cent  for  males  and  8.8  per  cent 
for  females.  There  was,  therefore,  a  reduction  in  the  recent  census  in  each  sex. 
In  Porto  Rico,  in  1899,  the  proportions  were  56.9  per  cent  for  males  and  9.9 
per  cent  for  females.  It  appears,  therefore,  that  in  Cuba  in  1907  the  proportion 
of  gainfully  employed  was  greater  for  males  and  less  for  females  than  the 
corresponding  proportions  for  Porto  Rico  in  1899. 

In  the  following  table  the  proportions  of  breadwinners  are  given  by  sex,  for 
each  province,  and  for  the  city  of  Habana,  for  1907  and  1899 : 


PER  CENT  OP 

WAQE-EARNEBS  IN  l-OTAL  POPULATION. 

FBOTINCB  OB  CITT. 

1907 

1899 

Males. 

Females. 

Males. 

Females. 

CamagQey 

63.8 
69.7 
73.5 
66.7 
59.9 
61.7 
66.6 

5.8 
12.2 
16.8 
8.6 
5.1 
4.8 
8.5 

60.9 
71.9 
72.9 
69.2 
61.4 
69.8 
70.2 

10.3 

Habana 

12.0 

City  of  Habana 

16.0 

Matanzas 

13.7 

Oriente 

5.0 

Pinar  del  Rio ^  . 

4.S 

Santa  Clara 

7.1 

In  1907  the  maximum  proportion  among  males  was  in  Habana  and  the 
minimum  in  Oriente;  among  females  also  the  maximum  was  in  Habana,  but 
the  minimum  was  in  Pinar  del  Rio.  Comparing  the  figures  of  the  two  cen- 
suses, the  proportion  of  gainfully  employed  males  increased  in  Camagiiey 
alone.  In  every  other  province  the  proportion  decreased.  Of  female  bread- 
winners, the  proportion  increased  decidedly  in  Santa  Clara  and  slightly  in 
Habana  and  Oriente.  In  Pinar  del  Rio  the  proportions  were  equal,  while  in 
Camagiiey  and  Matanzas  they  decreased  greatly. 

The  fact  that  Habana  city  contained  the  largest  proportion  of  wage-earners 
of  each  sex,  suggests  that  conditions  in  the  other  cities  may  be  similar,  and  that 
the  rural  districts  may  contain  lower  proportions  of  wage-earners  of  each  sex. 
To  test  this,  the  proportions  between  the  population  and  the  wage-earners  of 
the  6  cities  with  25,000  or  more  inhabitants  have  been  obtained  separately  by 


OCCUPATIONS. 


211 


sex.  The  male  population  of  these  6  cities  numbered  234,986,  and  the  male 
wage-earners  166,699,  showing  that  70.9  per  cent  of  the  males  were  wage- 
earners.  The  gainfully  employed  females  numbered  227,648,  of  which  total, 
36,326  were  wage-earners,  the  proportion  being  16  per  cent. 

In  the  sections  of  Cuba  outside  of  the  6  cities  having  at  least  25,000  in- 
habitants each,  the  male  population  was  839,896,  of  which  532,283,  or  63.4 
per  cent,  were  wage-earners;  while  the  female  population  numbered  746,450, 
of  which  37,194,  or  5  per  cent,  were  wage-earners. 

Thus,  for  each  sex,  the  proportion  of  wage-earners  was  much  greater  in  the 
large  cities  than  in  the  smaller  cities  and  country  districts. 

The  following  table  gives,  by  sex,  the  proportion  of  wage-earners  to  popula- 
tion, in  each  of  the  6  cities  with  a  population  of  at  least  25,000  inhabitants  and 
in  each  province  exclusive  of  these  large  cities. 


MALES. 

FEMALES. 

CITY   OB  PHOVINCE. 

Total. 

Wage-earners. 

Total. 

Wage-earners. 

Number. 

Per  cent. 

Number. 

Per  cent. 

Cuba 

1,074,882 

698,982 

65.0 

974,098 

73,520 

7.5 

cities  having  at  least  25,000 
inhabitants  i 

234,986 

166,699 

70.9 

227,648 

36,326 

16.0 

Camagtley.CamagQey. . 
Cardenas,  Matanzas. . . . 
Cienfuegos,  Santa  Clara 

Habana,  Habana 

Matanzas,  Matanzas 

Santiago  de  Cuba,  Ori- 
ente 

13,668 
11,634 
14,489 
157,155 
16,593 

21,547 
839,896 

8,660 

7,882 

9,695 

115,437 

10,723 

14,302 
532,283 

63.8 
67.7 
66.9 
73.5 
64.6 

66.4 
63.4 

16,048 
12,646 
15,611 
140,004 
19,416 

23,923 
746.450 

2,019 
1,713 
2,321 
23,469 
3,129 

3.676 
37,194 

12.6 
13.5 
14.9 
16.8 
16.1 

15.3 

Provinces  exclusive  of  cities 
having  at  least  25,000  in- 
habitants  

5.0 

CamagUey 

48,550 
127,596 

95,333 
212,189 
128,542 
227,686 

30,983 
83,153 
63,778 

125,935 
79,311 

149,123 

63.8 
65.2 
66.9 
59.4 
61.7 
65.5 

40,103 
113,255 

84,190 
197,427 
111,830 
199,645 

1,220 
7,546 
5,174 
7,641 
5,344 
10,269 

3.0 

Habana 

6.7 

6.1 

Oriente 

3.9 

Pinar  del  Rio 

4.8 

5.1 

»Cfirdenas  with  24,280  inhabitants  also  included. 

There  does  not  appear  to  be  any  relation  between  the  proportions  of  wage- 
earners  and  the  population  of  the  cities,  beyond  the  fact  that  in  the  case  of 
each  sex  the  proportion  was  greatest  in  Habana,  the  largest  city. 

Considering  the  males  in  the  districts  outside  of  the  large  cities,  Matanzas 
had  the  highest  proportion  and  Oriente  the  lowest.  For  females,  Habana  was 
highest  and  Camagiiey  lowest. 

The  following  table  brings  together,  for  comparison,  the  proportion  which 
female  wage-earners  bore  to  the  total  female  population  in  the  large  cities  of 
the  several  provinces  and  in  the  remainder  of  the  provinces: 


212 


POPULATION. 


PROVINCB. 

PER  CENT  OF  WAOE-EARNERa  IN 
TOTAL,  FEMALE  POPULATION. 

Cities  having 

at  least  25.000 

inhabitants. 

Smaller  cities 

and  country 

districts. 

Cama^ey 

Habana 

12.6 
16.8 
16.1 
16.3 

3.0 

' 

6.7 

Matanzas 

6.1 

3.9 

Pinar  del  Rio 

4.8 

Santa  Clara 

14.9 

6.1 

The  proportion  of  wage-earners  in  the  cities  ranged  from  two  and  one-half 
to  over  four  times  that  of  the  rest  of  the  provinces. 

The  following  table  gives,  for  each  sex,  the  number  and  the  proportion  of 
wage-earners  to  the  total  of  that  sex  for  each  province  and  for  the  city  of 
Habana: 


UALBS. 

FEMALES. 

PBOVINCE  OR  CITY. 

Total. 

Wage-earners. 

Total. 

Wage-earners. 

Number. 

Per  cent. 

Number. 

Per  cent. 

Cuba 

1.074.882 

698.982 

65.0 

974,098 

73,520 

7.5 

CamagQey 

62,118 
284.751 
157,155 
123,560 
233,736 
128.542 
242.176 

39,643 
198,590 
115,437 

82,383 
140,237 

79,311 
158,818 

63.8 
69.7 
73.5 
66.7 
69.9 
61.7 
65.6 

56.151 
253,259 
140,004 
116.252 
221.350 
111,830 
215.256 

3,239 
31,015 
23,469 
10,016 
11,316 

5,344 
12.590 

6.8 

Habana 

12.2 

City  of  Habana 

16.8 

Matanzas 

8.6 

Oriente 

5.1 

Pinar  del  Rio 

4.8 

Santa  Clara 

8.i 

Among  males  the  highest  proportions  were,  of  course,  in  the  city  and  province 
of  Habana.  The  lowest  proportion  was  in  Oriente,  with  Pinar  del  Rfo  very 
near  it.  Among  females,  as  with  males,  the  city  and  province  of  Habana  had 
the  highest  proportions,  while  Pinar  del  Rio  was  the  lowest,  with  Oriente  very 
near  it.  Thus  the  provinces  at  the  two  extremes  of  the  island  had  the  lowest 
proportions  of  wage-earners,  a  fact  connected  with  their  large  proportions  of 
young  children. 

Under  the  instructions  given  enumerators,  inquiries  concerning  occupations 
applied  only  to  persons  10  or  more  years  of  age.  Hence  in  noting  the  propor- 
tions of  persons  gainfully  employed,  it  is  better  to  disregard  the  population 
under  10  years  of  age.  Persons  at  least  10  years  of  age  numbered  1,481,573  in 
1907;  of  these  772,502,  or  52.1  per  cent,  were  breadwinners.  The  correspond- 
ing proportion  in  Cuba  in  1899  was  51.2  per  cent,  or  slightly  less,  and  in  Porto 
Rico  in  the  same  year  the  proportion  was  48  per  cent,  which  was  much  less. 
It  appears,  therefore,  that  the  reduction  in  the  proportion  of  breadwinners  to 
total  population  in  1907  as  compared  with  1899  was  due  to  the  greatly  in- 
creased proportion  of  young  children  in  the  later  year. 


OCCUPATIONS. 


213 


The  following  table  shows  the  proportion  of  breadwinners  to  population  10 
or  more  years  of  age,  for  each  province  and  for  the  city  of  Habana  in  1907  and 
in  1899: 


PKOVINCE  OB  CITY. 


Oriente 

CamagOey 

Ilatanzas 

Santa  Clara 

Pinar  del  Rio.. 

Habana 

City  of  Habana 


PER  CENT  OF  WAQE-EARNERS  IN  POPXJLATION 
AT  LEAST  10  YEABS  OF  AGE. 


45.7 
49.9 
63.6 
61.8 
62.1 
63.1 
66.7 


The  range  in  the  proportions  of  wage-earners  to  the  population  at  least  10 
years  of  age  is  much  less  than  the  corresponding  range  for  the  entire  popula- 
tion. It  will  be  remembered  that  the  proportions  of  young  children  were 
greatest  in  Oriente  and  least  in  Habana  city.  The  elimination  of  the  children 
has  brought  the  proportions  of  wage-earners  in  the  different  provinces  nearer 
together. 

The  proportion  of  wage-earners  was  greater  in  the  western  than  in  the 
eastern  parts  of  the  island  and  reached  a  maximum  in  the  city  of  Habana. 

In  the  following  table  the  proportions  of  wage-earners  in  different  age  groups 
are  given  for  1907  and  1899: 


PEB  CENT  OF  WAQE-EABNEBS. 


1907 


1899 


10  to  14  years 

15  to  19  years 

20  to  24  years 

25  to  29  years 

30  to  34  years 

35  to  44  years.... 

45  to  54  years 

55  to  64  years 

65  years  and  over 


15.5 
48.8 
58.2 
58.6 
60.1 
60.4 
60.6 
58.9 
52.7 


24.6 
48.8 
66.2 
67.7 
69.3 
60.4 
60.3 
69.6 
62.0 


In  1907  only  about  one-seventh  of  those  between  10  and  14  years  of  age 
were  wage-earners.  In  the  next  age  period,  15  to  19  years,  the  proportion  rose 
to  nearly  one-half,  and  thereafter,  up  to  65  years,  nearly  or  quite  three-fifths 
were  engaged  in  gainful  occupations.  The  proportion  did  not  materially 
diminish  until  the  latest  age  period,  65  years  and  over,  although  the  maximum 
was  reached  at  the  period  from  45  to  54  years.  The  differences  between  the 
proportions  for  the  2  years  is  noteworthy  in  only  one  point.  The  proportion  in 
the  first  age  period,  10  to  14  years,  was  much  less  at  the  later  census.  This  was 
probably  due  to  two  causes:  first,  the  smaller  number  of  children  of  this  age  in 
1907,  and,  second,  the  great  prosperity  of  the  country  at  this  time,  as  con- 
trasted with  the  poverty  of  the  people  8  years  earlier. 


214 


POPULATION. 


The  following  table  shows  the  proportions  of  wage-earners  of  each  sex  in  the 
different  age  groups  for  the  censuses  of  1907  and  1899: 


• 

PER  CENT  OF  WAOE-F.ARKEBS. 

AOB. 

Males. 

Females. 

1907 

1899 

1907 

1899 

27.8 
87.1 
98.8 
99.3 
99.3 
99.3 
99.2 
98.7 
94.7 

44.0 
91.6 

2.6 
11.1 

4.6 

15  to  19  vears 

10.3 

20  to  24  years 

98.1 

11.5 

11.4 

25  to  29  years 

98.5  10.5 

98.6  11.5 
98.3                    12.7 
97.5                    13.6 
96.2                    12.9 
90.2                    10.0 

12.0 

30  to  34  years 

13.4 

35  to  44  years 

14.6 

15.6 

65  to  64  years 

15.8 

65  years  and  over 

13.3 

In  the  youngest  age  group,  both  males  and  females  were  in  much  smaller 
proportions  in  1907  than  in  1899.  In  the  second  age  group,  males  were  rela- 
tively fewer  and  females  more  numerous  in  the  later  year.  The  maximum 
proportion  of  males,  which  was  reached  at  the  age  of  25  and  extended  thence 
to  44  years,  in  1907,  was  higher  in  that  year  than  in  1899,  and  the  decrease  in 
advancing  years  was  not  large. 

The  proportion  of  females  was  greater  in  1899  than  in  1907  for  almost  all  of 
the  age  groups.  In  1899,  the  maximum,  15.8  per  cent,  was  reached  in  the  age 
group  55  to  64  years,  while  in  1907,  the  maximum  was  reached  10  years  earlier 
and  was  only  13.6  per  cent. 

The  following  table  shows  the  number  and  proportion  of  wage-earners  in  the 
population,  classified  by  color  and  nativity  and  by  sex: 


COIXtR,  NATIVITY,  AND  SEX. 


Total. 


WUtes. 


Male 

Female 

Native 

Male. . . 

Female. 
Foreign 

Male. . . 

Female. 


Colored*. 


Hale. . . 
Female. 


Total 
population. 


i     Number. 


2,048,980 


1,428,176 


771.611 
656,565 
1,224,539 
608,597 
615,942 
203,637 
163,014 
40,623 

620,804 


303,271 
317,533 


WAGE-EARNERS. 


772,502 


531,699 


505,901 

25,798 

369.378 

349.545 

19.833 

162,321 

156.356 

5.965 

240.803 


193.081 
47,722 


Per  cent. 


37.7 


37. J 


65.6 
3.9 
30.2 
57.4 
3.2 
79.7 
95.9 
14.7 

38.8 


63.7 
15.0 


i  Includes  black,  mixed,  and  yellow. 


The  fact  that  the  proportion  of  white  wage-earners  was  less  than  that  of 
colored  was  due  in  part  to  the  larger  proportion  of  young  children  among 
them,  and  in  part  to  the  larger  proportion  of  white  women  workers.    The 


OCCUPATIONS. 


215 


proportion  of  male  breadwinners  was  greater  among  the  whites  than  among 
the  colored.  In  the  case  of  the  females,  however,  the  proportion  of  colored 
breadwinners  was  about  four  times  as  great  as  that  of  the  whites. 

The  large  proportion  of  breadwinners  among  the  foreign  white  males  is, 
of  course,  due  to  the  age  composition  of  this  class.  The  proportion  of  female 
wage-earners  was  more  than  four  times  as  great  among  the  foreign  whites 
as  among  the  native  whites. 

The  following  table  gives  the  proportion  of  breadwinners  in  each  age  group, 
classified  by  sex,  race,  and  nativity: 


PER  CENT  Oy  WAOE-EABNEBS  IN  TOTAL  POPULATION- 


Males. 


Native 
white. 


Foreign 
white. 


Colored.* 


Females. 


Native 
white. 


Foreign 
white. 


Colored. 


10  to  14  years. . . . 
15  to  19  years. . . . 

20  to  24  years 

25  to  29  years. . . . 
30  to  34  years. . . . 
35  to  44  years. . . . 
45  to  54  years. . .  . 

65  to  64  years. . . . 

66  years  and  over 


27.0 
84.6 
98.4 
99.1 
99.2 
99.2 
99.2 
98.7 
95.1 


50.7 
97.3 
99.6 
99.4 
99.5 
99.4 
99.1 
98.3 
91.5 


27.3 
87.9 
99.1 
99.2 
99.3 
99.3 
99.2 
98.8 
95.3 


1.6 
6.3 
5.7 
4.6 
4.7 
5.0 
5.1 
4.0 
2.8 


11.0 
27.7 
27.6 
18.8 
14.7 
13.2 
12.2 
8.7 
6.1 


4.9 
19.6 
21.1 
20.7 
23.6 
25.3 
26.7 
26.1 
17.6 


'  Includes  black,  mixed,  and  yellow. 

The  proportions  of  native  white  and  colored  males  were  very  similar  to  one 
another  throughout  all  ages  and  contrast  strongly  with  those  of  the  foreign 
white  males.  The  latter  were  much  the  highest  in  the  early  age  groups  and 
remained  the  highest  to  the  age  of  45  years,  from  which  point  they  were 
slightly  exceeded  by  the  other  classes. 

In  the  case  of  females,  the  proportion  of  the  native  white  was  much  the 
smallest  at  each  age  period.  The  proportions  of  the  foreign  white  were  larger 
than  those  of  the  colored  up  to  25  years,  but  beyond  that  age  they  were  ex- 
ceeded by  the  latter;  in  the  latest  age  periods,  the  excess  was  great.  The 
large  proportions  between  15  and  24  years  among  the  foreign  whites  were 
caused  by  the  class  of  domestic  servants,  mainly  immigrants  from  Spain. 
This  class  has  trebled  in  proportion  since  1899. 

The  occupations  in  which  persons  are  engaged  are  grouped  by  the  census 
into  five  main  classes,  as  follows: 

Agriculture,  fisheries,  and  mining. 

Domestic  and  personal  service. 

Manufacturing  and  mechanical  industries. 

Trade  and  transportation. 

Professional  service. 
The  first  class  includes  all  persons  engaged  in  the  so-called  extractive  in- 
dustries or  those  concerned  with  getting  the  wealth  out  of  the  earth  or  water; 
the  third  class  includes  those  who  transform  the  raw  material  furnished  bj 


216 


POPULATION. 


the  extractive  industries  into  new  forms  or  combinations;  the  fourth  class 
includes  all  engaged  in  giving  place  or  time  values  to  wealth  by  moving  it 
from  a  place  where  it  is  less  needed  to  a  place  where  it  is  more  needed,  or  by 
saving  it  from  a  time  when  it  is  less  needed  until  a  time  when  it  is  more  needed; 
while  the  second  and  fifth  classes  include  all  whose  contribution  to  society  is 
in  the  form  of  personal  services  rather  than  of  goods  or  of  services  upon  goods. 
The  line  of  division  between  these  groups  or  classes  is  often  obscure,  and  in 
many  individual  cases  serious  difficulties  have  arisen  in  selecting  the  best  group 
to  which  a  person  or  an  occupation  should  be  assigned  under  the  imperfect 
description  found  on  the  schedule. 

The  population  of  Cuba  engaged  in  gainful  occupations  was  divided  as 
follows  among  the  5  groups: 


WAOE-EABNEBS. 

OCCUPATION  OBOXTP. 

Number, 

Per  cent  distribution. 

1907 

1907 

1899 

Total 

772,502 

100.0 

100.0 

Agrriculture,  fisheries,  and  mining 

374,969 
122,288 
126,021 
136,419 
12,805 

48.5 
16.0 
16.3 
17.6 
1.6 

48.1 

Domestic  and  personal  service 

22.8 

Manufacturing  and  mechanical  pursuits 

14.9 

Trade  and  transportation 

12.8 

Professional  service 

1.4 

Neariy  one-half  of  all  workers  were  engaged  in  agriculture  and  about  one- 
sixth,  each,  in  domestic  and  personal  service,  in  manufacturing  and  mechanical 
industries,  and  in  trade  and  transportation. 

A  comparison  of  the  percentages  for  1907  and  1899  shows  that  the  pro- 
portion in  agricultural  pursuits  has  scarcely  changed,  but  those  in  domestic 
and  personal  service  have  decreased  greatly,  while  those  in  manufacturing 
and  mechanical  pursuits  and  in  trade  and  transportation  have  greatly  in- 
creased. The  decided  increase  in  the  case  of  trade  and  transportation  is  due 
in  a  measure,  at  least,  to  the  recent  extension  of  railways,  and  to  the  general 
business  prosperity. 

The  following  table  shows  the  distribution  of  males  and  females  among 
the  great  groups  of  occupations: 


PEB  CENT  DISTRIBUTION  OP 
WAGE-EARNERS. 


OCCUPATION  OBOnP. 


Total 

Agriculture,  fisheries,  and  mining 

Domestic  and  personal  service 

Manufacturing  and  mechanical  pursuits 

Trade  and  transportation 

Professional  service 


OCCUPATIONS. 


217 


Of  the  males  more  than  one-half  were  agriculturists;  almost  one-fifth  were 
in  trade  and  transportation;  over  one-seventh  were  in  manufacturing  and  me- 
chanical pursuits;  and  about  one- tenth  only  were  in  domestic  and  personal 
service.  The  proportions  for  the  females  differed  widely.  Two-thirds  were  in 
domestic  and  personal  service;  one-fifth  followed  manufacturing  and  mechan- 
ical pursuits;  and  only  about  one  twenty-fifth  were  agriculturists;  while  in 
trade  and  transportation  the  proportion  was  very  small. 

The  following  table  shows  by  sex  the  distribution  of  breadwinners  among 
the  5  great  groups  of  occupations,  by  percentage  of  males  and  females  over 
10  years  of  age: 


PEB  CENT  OF'WAOB-EABNEBS. 


OCCUPATION  OBOUP. 


Agriculture,  fisheries,  and  mining 

Domestic  and  personal  service 

Manufacturing  and  mechanical  pursuits 

Trade  and  transportation 

Professional  service 


The  following  table  shows  by  sex  the  distribution  of  breadwinners  among 
the  5  great  groups  of  occupations,  by  percentage  of  the  total  population  oc- 
cupied: 


OCCUPATION   GHOUP. 


Agriculture,  fisheries,  and  mining 

Domestic  and  personal  service 

Manufacturing  and  mechanical  pursuits 

Trade  and  transportation 

Professional  service 


The  following  table  shows  the  proportion  of  males  and  females  in  the  total 
number  of  breadwinners  in  each  of  the  5  great  groups  of  occupations: 


PEB  CENT  OF  TOTAL 


OCCUPATION  OBOUP. 


Agriculture,  fisheries,  and  mining 

Domestic  and  personal  service 

Manufacturing  and  mechanical  pursuits 

Trade  and  transportation 

Professional  service 


From  this  table  it  appears  that  practically  all  agriculturists  and  practically 
all  of  those  engaged  in  trade  and  transportation  were  males;  moreover,  seven- 
eighths  of  those  engaged  in  manufacturing  and  mechanical  pursuits  and  two- 


218 


POPULATION. 


thirds  of  those  in  professional  service  were  males.    Of  the  persons  engaged  in 
domestic  and  personal  service  three-fifths  were  males  and  two-fifths  females. 
The  following  table  shows  for  each  age  period  the  proportion  of  wage-earners 
engaged  in  each  of  the  5  great  groups  of  occupations: 


PBR   CSNT   OF   WAOE-EABNEBS   ENQAQED   IN — 

AOK. 

Agriculture, 

fisheries, 
and  mining. 

Professional 
service. 

Domestic  and 
personal 
service. 

Trade  and 
transpor- 
tation. 

Manufacturing 
and  mechan- 
ical pursuits. 

Total 

48.6 

1.7 

15.8 

17.7 

16.3 

10  to  14  years 

15  to  19  years 

20  to  24  years •. . 

25  to  29  years 

30  to  34  years 

35  to  44  years 

45  to  54  years 

55  to  64  years 

65  years  and  over .... 

65.7 
47.8 
48.2 
47.0 
44.6 
45.9 
49.2 
61.7 
68.4 

0.1 
1.0 
1.6 
1.9 
2.0 
2.0 
2.0 
1.8 
1.3 

10.9 
13.4 
16.9 
16.4 
16.3 
16.4 
16.5 
18.3 
17.9 

10.8 
17.6 
17.6 
18.5 
20.4 
18.8 
17.6 
15.8 
12.2 

12.5 
20.2 
16.8 
16.2 
16.8 
16.9 
14.7 
12.4 
10.2 

Much  the  largest  occupation  group  at  all  ages  was  the  group  for  agriculture, 
fisheries,  and  mining.  This  group  was  largest  in  the  youngest  age  period; 
then  it  diminished  up  to  35  years,  from  which  age  it  increased  to  the  most  ad- 
vanced age.  Professional  service,  at  all  ages,  was  very  small,  increasing  up 
to  middle  life  and  then  decreasing.  Domestic  and  personal  service  increased 
up  to  65  years  and  then  diminished.  Trade  and  transportation,  starting  with 
a  small  percentage,  increased  up  to  35  years,  then  diminished.  The  maximum 
for  manufacturing  and  mechanical  pursuits  was  reached  at  the  age  group  15 
to  19  years. 

The  following  table  shows  the  numbers  of  those  engaged  in  the  44  im- 
portant occupation  classes  and  the  proportions  which  the  numbers  so  en- 
gaged formed  of  the  total  number  of  wage-earners: 


OCCUPATIONS. 


219 


OCCUPATION. 


WAOE-EARNEHS. 


Number. 


Per  cent. 


Fanners,  planters,  and  farm  laborers 

Merchants 

Day  laborers 

Servants 

Salesmen 

Cigarmakers 

Clerks  and  copyists 

Launderers 

Carpenters 

Masons 

Draymen  and  coachmen 

Seamstresses 

Policemen  and  soldiers 

Mechanics 

Shoemakers 

Sailors  and  boatmen 

Bakers 

Teachers 

Barbers  and  hairdressers 

Tailors 

Blacksmiths 

Bankers,  brokers,  capitalists,  and  financiers 

Miners 

Peddlers  and  hucksters 

Painters 

Dressmakers 

Harness  makers 

Printers,  lithographers,  etc ; 

Cattle  dealers 

Fishermen 

Miners  and  quarrymen 

Machinists 

Lawyers 

Physicians  and  surgeons 

Apprentices 

Butchers 

Steam  railway  employees 

Firemen  (not  locomotive) 

Officials  of  manufacturing  companies 

Boilermakers 

Tinsmiths 

Civil  engineers  and  land  survej'ors 

Agents  (real  estate),  collectors,  and  commercial  travelers 
Musicians 


367,931 

60,856 

42,358 

39,312 

32,324 

27,503 

26,483 

25,533 

21,422 

12,163 

10,199 

9,470 

8,238 

7,917 

6,848 

6,446 

6,162 

5,964 

5,039 

5,112 

3,668 

2,792 

2,516 

2,444 

2,434 

2,337 

1,946 

1,817 

1,699 

1,693 

1,662 

1,498 

1,349 

1,243 

1,140 

1,008 

951 

937 

906 

888 

830 

804 

773 

762 


47.6 
6.6 
5.5 
5.1 
4.2 
3.6 
3.4 
3.3 
2.8 
1.6 
1.3 
1.2 
1.1 
1.0 
0.9 
0.9 
0.8 
0.8 
0.7 
0.6 
0.5 
0.4 
0.3 
0.3 
0.3 
0.3 
0.3 
0.2 
0.2 
0.2 
0.2 

o;2 

0.2 
0.2 
0.1 
0.1 
0.1 
0.1 
0.1 
0.1 
O.I 
0.1 
0.1 
0.1 


The  above  44  occupations  comprised  97.8  per  cent  of  all  wage-earners. 
Nearly  four-fifths  of  the  total  number  engaged  in  the  first  8  occupations. 

Agriculturists  were  far  the  largest  class,  and  formed  nearly  one-half  of  all 
wage-earners.  Merchants,  second  in  rank,  were  far  below  them  in  number, 
with  a  proportion  of  one-sixteenth  of  all. 


220 


POPULATION. 


The  following  table  shows  the  number  and  the  proportion  of  wage-earners 
in  each  of  eleven  selected  occupations,  for  the  native  whites,  foreign  whites, 
and  colored: 


OCCUPATION. 


WAOE-EABNXBS. 


Native  white. 


Number. 


Per 
cent. 


Foreign  white. 


Number. 


Per 

cent. 


Colored.' 


Number. 


Per 
cent. 


Farmers,  planters,  and  farm 

laborers 

Merchants 

Day  laborers 

Servants 

Salesmen 

Cigarmakers 

Clerks  and  copyists 

Launderers. . . . ; 

Carpenters 

Masons 

Draymen  and  coachmen. . . 


211 ,026 

20,216 

16,724 

6,118 

9,034 

14,922 

18,986 

3,978 

7.589 

2,595 

4,100 


67.1 
6.6 
4.5 

1.7 
2.4 
4.0 
5.1 
1.1 
2.1 
0.7 
1.1 


48,848 
26,307 
9,851 
9,290 
21 ,273 
2,096 
5,633 
1,065 
4,570 
2,645 
3,170 


30. 
16 

6. 

5 
13. 

1. 

3 


0.7 
2.8 
1.6 
2.0 


108,058 
4,333 

15,783 

23,904 
2.017 

10,485 
1.864 

20.500 
9,263 
6,923 
2.929 


44.9 
1.8 
6.6 
9.9 
0.8 
4.4 
0.8 
8.5 
3.8 
2.9 
1.2 


'Includes  black,  mixed,  and  yellow. 

Among  the  native  whites  the  farmers  and  farm  laborers  constituted  nearly 
three-fifths  of  the  breadwinners.  Merchants,  who  were  next  in  rank,  were  less 
than  one-tenth  as  numerous.  Then  followed  clerks  and  copyists,  day  laborers, 
and  cigarmakers. 

Among  the  foreign  whites,  agriculturists,  although  the  most  numerous  class, 
formed  less  than  one-third  of  the  whole  number  of  breadwinners.  Then  came 
merchants  with  about  one-sixth,  salesmen  with  one-eighth,  and  day  laborers 
and  servants  with  about  one-sixteenth.  There  were  more  merchants  and 
salesmen  in  this  element  of  the  population  than  in  any  other. 

Among  the  colored,  agriculturists  were  again  in  far  the  greatest  proportion, 
with  about  nine-twentieths  of  all  breadwinners.  Next  came  servants,  with 
about  one-tenth,  then  laundrymen  and  day  laborers. 

The  following  table  gives  the  number  and  proportion  of  males  and  of  females 
in  each  of  eleven  selected  occupations: 


OCCTJPATION. 


Draymen  and  coachmen 

Carpenters 

Masons 

Salesmen 

Farmers,  planters,  and  farm  laborers 

Merchants 

Day  laborers 

Clerks  and  copyists 

Cigarmakers 

Servants 

Launderers 


WAGE-EARKXBS. 


Males. 


Number. 


10.199 
21,420 
12.161 
32,208 
364,821 
50.302 
41,767 
25,599 
24,161 
15,934 
1,527 


Per  cent. 


100.0 
99.9 
99.9 
99.6 
99.2 
98.9 
98.6 
96.7 
87.8 
40.5 
6.0 


Females. 


Number. 


2 

2 

116 

3,110 

654 

691 

884 

3.342 

23.378 

24.016 


Per  cent. 


0.1 

0.1 

0.4 

0.8 

1.1 

1.4 

3.3 

12.2 

59.6 

94.0 


FAMILIES  AND  DWELLINGS. 


221 


All  of  the  draymen  and  coachmen  and  nearly  all  of  the  carpenters,  masons, 
salesmen,  agriculturists,  merchants,  and  laborers  were  males.  Most  of  the 
clerks  and  copyists,  and  cigarmakers  were  males.  On  the  other  hand,  neariy 
all  launderers  were  females.  Of  the  servants  two-fifths  were  males  and  three- 
fifths  females. 

The  following  table  gives  the  proportion  of  all  male  and  female  wage-earners 
who  were  engaged  in  certain  selected  occupations: 


OCCUPATION. 


Farmers,  planters,  and  farm  laborers 

Merchants 

Day  laborers 

Salesmen 

Clerks  and  copyists 

Cigarmakers 

Carpenters 

Servants 

Masons 

Draymen  and  coachmen 

Launderers 


PF.K  CENT  OF  WAOE-EAKNEKS. 


Male. 

Female. 

52.2 

4.2 

7.2 

0.8 

6.0 

.  . 

0.8 

4.6 

0.2 

3.7 

1.2 

3.5 

4.5 

3.1 

2.3 

31.8 

1.7 

1.5 

0.2 

32.7 

Over  one-half  of  all  male  wage-earners  were  agriculturists;  other  important 
classes  were  merchants  and  day  laborers.  Of  the  female  wage-earners,  about 
one-third  were  laundresses  and  almost  as  many  were  servants. 


FAMILIES  AND  DWELLINGS. 

A  family,  in  the  ordinary  or  popular  sense  of  the  word,  means  a  group  of 
persons  bound  together  by  ties  of  kindred.  Usually  they  live  together,  but 
this  is  not  necessarily  involved  in  the  word,  for  a  married  son  or  daughter 
occupying  a  separate  house  is  still  regarded  as  a  member  of  the  family.  On  the 
other  hand,  not  all  persons  who  live  with  the  family  are  deemed  members,  for 
servants,  laborers,  or  boarders  are  excluded. 

The  census  finds  such  a  definition  of  the  family  inapplicable  to  its  field  of 
work.  The  test  of  kindred  can  not  be  applied  by  the  enumerator.  In  many 
cases  families  of  relatives  are  dispersed  through  the  community,  returns  about 
them  come  through  different  enumerators,  and  their  names  and  the  facts  about 
them  can  not  be  assembled  on  the  schedules  or  tabulated  together.  Accordingly 
in  this  field,  as  in  several  others,  the  census  is  forced  to  abandon  the  effort  to 
bring  together  data  that  belong  together  and  to  confine  itself  to  the  simpler  and 
more  practicable  task  of  tabulating  together  data  that  are  found  by  the 
enumerators  conjoined.  The  census  test  of  a  family  is  not  kinship  by  blood, 
but  association  in  home  life.  Persons  living  in  the  same  home  are  for  census 
purposes  members  of  the  same  family. 

In  census  usage,  therefore,  the  word  "family"  means  the  group  of  people, 
whether  related  by  blood  or  not,  who  share  a  common  dwelling  and  table.  If 
a  person  sleeps  and  eats  alone,  he  constitutes  for  census  purposes  a  family. 


222  POPULATION. 


On  the  other  hand,  if  a  large  group  of  people  sleep  and  eat  in  a  common 
dwelling,  like  a  hotel  or  convent,  they  make  up  a  single  census  family.  Census 
families,  therefore,  may  be  divided  into  two  classes:  Natural  families  or 
families  in  the  popular  sense  of  that  word,  and  "other  families."  Members 
of  a  natural  family  are  bound  together  primarily  by  ties  of  kindred.  Members 
of  other  families  are  bound  together  primarily  by  other  motives,  usually  those 
of  an  economic  character.  The  latter  may  perhaps  without  great  violence  to 
the  facts  be  called  economic  families.  These  two  classes  of  motives  may  and 
often  do  coexist,  but  the  family  should  be  classed  with  natural  families  or  with 
economic  families  according  to  the  class  of  motives  which  is  primary.  For 
example,  a  family  having  only  one  boarder  should  doubtless  be  grouped  with 
natural  families,  but  a  family  in  which  the  boarders  largely  outnumber  the 
blood  relatives  should  be  grouped  with  economic  families. 

Size  of  family. — The  limits  of  size  are  much  wider  in  ,the  economic  family 
than  in  the  natural  family.  The  economic  family  may  consist  of  one  person  liv- 
ing alone,  of  two  partners  li\'ing  together  at  their  place  of  business,  of  three  or 
more  boarders  living  with  a  housekeeper,  or  of  hundreds  of  guests,  nuns,  or 
prisoners  living  together  in  a  hotel,  convent,  or  prison.  On  the  basis  of  number 
of  members  alone  no  sharp  lines  can  be  drawn  between  natural  families  and 
economic  families.  Still,  the  only  classification  of  census  families  presented  in 
the  tables  of  this  voliune  is  that  by  size,  and  on  this  basis,  therefore,  an  attempt 
may  perhaps  be  made  to  divide  census  families  into  two  classes,  one  of  which 
shall  consist  mainly  of  natural  families  and  the  other  mainly  of  economic  families. 

As  a  natural  family  can  not  be  composed  of  a  single  member,  the  lower 
limit  of  size  for  a  natural  family  may  be  drawn  with  confidence  between  two 
members  and  one.  The  higher  limit  is  more  vague  and  uncertain.  Yet  it 
seems  that  if  all  families  of  more  than  ten  persons  are  grouped  as  economic 
families,  a  large  proportion,  if  not  a  majority,  of  the  persons  in  them  might  be 
assumed  to  be  lining  apart  from  their  kindred — that  is,  as  farm  laborers  in 
their  employers'  families  or  as  boarders,  lodgers,  or  residents  of  hotels, 
schools,  prisons,  or  other  institutions  treated  by  the  census  as  a  family,  but  not 
so  regarded  in  ordinary  speech.  On  this  basis,  therefore,  the  families  in  Cuba 
may  be  divided  into  the  following  three  groups: 

1.  Families  of  one  member. 

2.  Families  of  two  to  ten  members. 

3.  Families  of  more  than  ten  members. 

Of  these  groups  the  second  consists  mainly  of  natural  families,  the  first 
entirely  and  the  third  largely,  if  not  mainly,  of  economic  families. 

The  total  number  of  families  in  Cuba  in  1907  was  427,630,  an  increase 
over  the  number  in  1899  of  30.4  per  cent,  which  percentage  is  a  little  greater 
than  that  of  the  increase  in  population.  The  average  number  of  persons  in  a 
family  was  4.8  at  both  censuses.  Considering  the  great  increase  in  the  number 
of  young  children  by  1907,  it  is  surprising  that  the  averages  should  be  the 
same  for  the  two  years.    The  increase  in  population  is  of  course  accounted  for 


SIZE  OF  FAMILIES. 


223 


by  the  above  noted  increase  in  the  number  of  famiUes.  In  1900,  the  average 
family  in  the  United  States  contained  4.7  persons,  and  the  average  for  Porto 
Rico  in  1899  was  5.3  persons. 

The  following  table  presents  the  number  of  families  and  their  average  size, 
for  each  province  and  for  the  city  of  Habana: 


PBOVINCE    OB   CITY. 


Cuba 

City  of  Habana 

Matanzas 

Habana 

Santa  Clara. . . . 

Oriente 

Pinar  del  Rio .  . 
CaraagOey 


Number  of 
families. 


427,630 


70,762 
66,768 
120,413 
93,000 
90,373 
45,663 
21,423 


Average  number 

of  persons  to  a 

family. 


4.8 


4.2 
4.2 
4.6 
4.9 
6.0 
6.3 
6.6 


The  city  of  Habana  and  the  province  of  Matanzas  had  the  smallest  average 
family  and  the  sparsely  populated  province  of  Camagiiey  the  largest.  In 
Pinar  del  Rio,  the  number  was  the  same  as  in  Porto  Rico;  and  in  Camagiiey, 
alone,  was  it  larger. 

While  the  average  size  of  the  Cuban  family  was  4.8  persons,  that  of  families 
having  native  white  heads  was  much  larger,  being  5.2.  That  of  families  having 
foreign  white  heads  was  the  same  as  that  of  the  total  population,  4.8,  while  that 
of  the  colored  was  much  smaller,  being  only  4.2. 

The  following  table  gives,  for  each  province  and  the  city  of  Habana,  the 
average  size  of  family  in  each  element  of  the  population,  as  determined  by  the 
race  or  nationality  of  its  head : 


PROVINCE    OR   CITT. 


Cuba. 


CamagQey 

Habana 

City  of  Habana. 

Matanzas 

Oriente 

Pinar  del  EIo.  . 
Santa  Clara .... 


AVERAGE    NUMBER   OF    PERSONS   TO    A   FAMILY. 


All 

classes. 


4.8 


5.5 
4.5 
4.2 
4.2 
6.0 
6.3 
4.9 


Native 
white. 


5.2 


6.8 
4.9 
4.7 
4.8 
6.3 
6.4 
6.2 


Foreign 
white. 


4.8 


6.0 
4.4 
4.2 
4.6 
4.9 
6.7 
5.1 


Colored.! 


4.2 


6.0 
3.7 
3.6 
3.6 
4.2 
4.7 
4.3 


'Includes  black,  mixed,  and  yellow. 


In  all  provinces  the  native  white  families  were  larger  than  those  of  the  total 
population;  the  foreign  white  families  were  smaller  in  one- half  of  the  provinces 
and  larger  in  the  other  half;  while  in  all  cases  the  colored  families  were  much 
smaller. 

The  following  table  presents,  for  each  province  and  for  Habana  city,  the 
per  cent  distribution,  by  size,  of  the  whole  number  of  families: 


224 


POPULATION. 


PERSONS 

PER   CENT   DISTRIBUTION 

3F   NUMBER   OF   FAMILIES. 

TO    A 
FAMILY. 

Cuba. 

Caraa- 
gOey. 

Habana. 

City  of 
Uabana. 

Matan- 
zas. 

Oriente. 

PInar 
del  Rio. 

Sant» 
Clara. 

1 

8.7 

14.9 

15.3 

14.3 

12.8 

10.5 

7.9 

5.7 

3.7 

2.4 

3.3 

0.3 

0.2 

6.3 

12.4 

13.2 

12.8 

12.1 

10.6 

8.8 

6.9 

5.4 

4.0 

6.8 

0.5 

0.2 

11.3 

17.6 

16.4 

14.3 

12.1 

9.3 

6.5 

4.5 

2.9 

1.8 

2.7 

0.4 

0.2 

14.3 

20.3 

17.3 

13.5 

10.6 

7.6 

5.4 

3.7 

2.5 

1.6 

2.5 

0.5 

0.2 

12.6 

17.8 

16.7 

14.2 

12.0 

0.1 

6.6 

4.4 

2.8 

1.7 

2.0 

0.1 

0.1 

6.7 

13.0 

14.9 

14.6 

13.3 

11.1 

8.7 

6.5 

4.2 

2.9 

3.7 

0.2 

0.2 

6.1 

10.7 

13.3 

14.1 

14.0 

12.4 

10.0 

7.1 

4.7 

3.1 

3.9 

0.4 

0.2 

6.9 

2 

14.0 

3 

15  1 

4 

14.7 

5 

13.4 

6 

11.1 

7 

8.4 

8 

6  1 

9 

4.0 

10 

2.6 

11  to  15 

16  to  20 

21  and  over 

3.3 
0.3 
0.2 

The  number  of  families  of  1  person  each  was  37,300.  This  was  8.7  per  cent 
of  the  total  number  of  families  and  represented  1.8  per  cent  of  the  total  popula- 
tion. In  other  words,  out  of  every  hundred  people,  1.8  persons  were  living 
alone.  In  1899,  the  corresponding  proportion  was  1.95  per  cent,  while  in 
Porto  Rico  in  1899,  the  percentage  was  only  0.82.  In  the  United  States  in 
1900,  families  of  one  person  each  formed  5.1  per  cent  of  all  families,  and 
represented  1.1  per  cent  of  the  population.  The  proportion  of  1-person  fami- 
lies in  the  provinces  was  greatest  in  Matanzas,  Habana  being  second,  and 
was  least  in  Pinar  del  Rio. 

This  disposition  to  live  alone  was  far  more  decided  in  the  cities  than  in  the 
country.  Of  the  total  number  living  alone,  no  fewer  than  18,092,  or  a  little 
less  than  one-half,  were  living  in  the  19  largest  cities.  In  these  19  cities,  2.9 
persons  out  of  every  hundred  were  living  alone,  while  in  rural  Cuba  the  pro- 
portion was  but  1.3  person  in  every  hundred. 

The  following  table  shows  the  percentage  of  persons  living  alone  in  each 
of  the  19  largest  cities: 


CITY    HAVING   AT   LEAST   8,000 
INHABITANTS. 

Per  cent  of 

persons  living 

alone. 

CITY   HAVING    AT   LEAST   8.000 
INHABITANTS. 

Per  cent  of 

persons  living 

alone. 

Total 

2.9 

o  4 

Jovellanos 

4.5 
3.6 
3.4 
3.0 
3.0 
2.8 
2.7 
2.6 
2.5 

Gtlines 

2.1 

CSrdenas 

GuantS.nanio 

2.1 

CainagOey 

2.0 

Matanzas 

Caibari6n 

1.6 

1.6 

Pinar  del  Rio 

Trinidad 

1.6 

Marianao 

San  Antonio  de  los  Bafios 

Manzanillo 

1.5 

1.4 

Cienfuegos 

Sancti-Spiritus 

1.4 

The  proportion  of  families  of  more  than  10  members  was  3.7  per  cent, 
representing  a  population  of  222,643,  or  10.9  per  cent  of  the  total.  As  there 
were  15,866  families  in  this  group,  the  average  number  per  family  was  14.0 
persons.  In  1899,  the  proportion  of  the  population  in  this  group  of  families 
was  12.9  per  cent. 

In  the  United  States  in  1900,  this  group  of  families  formed  2.2  per  cent  of 
all  families  and  contained  7  per  cent  of  the  population  and  on  the  average,  each 


SIZE  OF  FAMILIES. 


225 


such  family  contained  15.2  persons;  thus  the  proportion  of  such  famiUes  was 
less  than  in  Cuba,  and  the  average  family  was  large. 

The  following  table  shows  for  each  province  and  for  Habana  city  the  pro- 
p)ortion  which  the  number  of  families  of  more  than  10  members  each  formed 
of  the  total  number  of  families;  the  proportion  which  the  population  in  these 
families  formed  of  the  total  population;  and  the  average  number  of  persons 
in  such  families: 


FAMILIES   WITH    MOKE    THAN    10 

MEMBERS. 

PKOVINCE    OK   C'lTY. 

Per  cent  number 

forms  of  total 

number  of  families. 

Per  cent  popula- 
tion forms  of  total 
population. 

Average  number 

of  persons  to  a 

family. 

Cuba 

3.7 

10.9 

14.0 

7.5 
3.2 
3.1 
2.1 
4.1 
4.5 
3.7 

18.4 
11.6 
13.0 
6.8 
10.8 
12.9 
10.2 

13.4 

Habaiia 

Ifi.O 

City  of  Habana 

17.4 

llatanzas 

13.5 

Oriente 

13.4 

Pinar  del  Rio 

15.2 

6anla  Clara 

13.6 

The  proportional  number  of  families  was  largest  in  Camagiiey  and  smallest 
in  Matanzas.  It  is  also  rather  small  in  the  city  and  the  province  of  Habana. 
As  one  expects  to  find  the  proportion  of  the  population  in  hotels,  boarding 
houses,  and  institutions  larger  in  cities  than  in  the  country,  the  small  proportion 
of  families  in  Habana  is  surprising  until  one  sees  that  the  average  size  of  such 
families  is  considerably  larger  in  Habana  than  elsewhere  and  that,  except  in 
Camagiiey,  the  percentage  of  population  is  greater. 

The  families  containing  from  2  to  10  members  constituted  87.6  percent,  or 
seven-eighths,  of  all  families,  and  represented  87.3  per  cent  of  the  total  popula- 
tion. In  Cuba,  in  1899,  85  per  cent  of  the  population  were  in  this  group  of 
families;  in  the  United  States,  in  1900,  the  proportion  was  much  larger,  namely, 
91.7  per  cent,  while  the  proportion  of  families  in  this  group  was  93.3  per  cent. 

The  following  table  presents  the  percentage  which  families  of  each  specified 
size  from  2  to  10  persons  bore  to  all  families,  and  the  percentage  of  the 
population  contained  in  such  families: 


PERSONS  TO   A  FAMILY. 

FAMILIES  WITH   2 

TO    10   MEMBERS. 

Per  cent  number 

forms  of  total 

number  of  families. 

Per  cent  popula- 
tion forms  of  total 
population. 

Total 

87.6 

87  3 

2.. 

14.9 

15.4 

14.4 

12.8 

10.5 

7.9 

6.7 

3.7 

2.4 

6  2 

3 

9  6 

4 

12  0 

5 

13.4 

6 

13   1 

7 

11  5 

8 

9  5 

9 

7  0 

10 

5  0 

15 

226 


POPULATION. 


Families  of  3  members  were  the  most  numerous,  but  the  families  of  5  mem- 
bers contained  the  largest  proportion  of  the  population.  Dividing  the  above 
into  two  groups,  first,  small  families,  those  with  from  2  to  5  members,  and 
second,  large  families,  those  with  from  6  to  10  members,  it  appears  that  the 
small  families  comprised  57.4  percent  of  all  families,  but  represented  only  41.2 
per  cent  of  the  population;  while  the  large  families  comprised  only  30.2  per 
cent  of  all  families,  but  represented  46.1  per  cent  of  the  population. 

The  following  table  shows,  by  provinces,  the  proportion  which  families  of 
2  to  10  members  bore  to  all  families,  and  the  proportion  which  the  population 
in  them  bore  to  the  total  population: 


PROVINCE. 

rAHILIES  WITH  2 

TO    10  MEMBEBS. 

Per  cent  number 

forms  of  total 

number  of  families. 

Per  cent  popula- 
tion forms  of 
total  population. 

Cuba 

87.6 

87.3 

Plnar  del  Rio .... 

89.4 
89.4 
89.3 
86.2 
85.4 
85.3 

86.0 

88.4 

Oriente      

87  9 

CamagQey 

80.6 

fiabana               

85  0 

Matanzas 

90.2 

In  four  of  the  provinces  the  percentage  of  families  was  greater  than  that  of 
population. 

Dtvellings. — ^^Fhe  total  number  of  occupied  dwellings  in  Cuba  in  1907  was 
350,830.  The  average  number  of  persons  to  a  dwelling  was  5.8  and  the 
average  number  of  families,  1.2.  In  1899,  the  number  of  occupied  dwellings 
was  262,724;  thus  there  was  an  increase  in  8  years  of  33.6  in  the  number. 
In  1899,  the  average  number  of  persons  to  a  dwelling  was  6.0  and  the  aver- 
age number  of  families,  1.2. 

The  following  table  shows  the  average  number  of  families  and  the  average 
number  of  persons  to  a  dwelling  in  each  province  and  in  the  city  of  Habana: 


PHOVmCE    OR   CITY. 

Average  num- 
ber of  families 
to  a 
dwelling. 

Average  num- 
ber of  persons 
to  a 
dwelling. 

Total 

1.2 

5.8 

1.1 
1.7 
2.5 
1.2 
1.1 
1.1 
1.1 

6.1 

7.4 

City  of  Habana 

10  3 

5  0 

Oriente 

5  5 

Pinar  del  Rio 

5.7 

Santa  Clara 

5.3 

The  lai^e  number  of  families  and  persons  to  a  dwelling  in  Habana  city 
are  notable,  although  large  numbers  are  usual  in  all  large  cities.  The  aver- 
age number  of  persons  to  a  dwelling  has  increased  in  Habana  city  since  1899, 


DWELLINGS. 


227 


when  it  was  9.4  persons.  In  the  other  cities  of  Cuba,  especially  the  larger 
cities,  there  was  a  slight  tendency  in  the  same  direction.  In  the  19  cities,  col- 
lectively, the  persons  per  dwelling  numbered  7.2.  Excluding  Habana,  which 
is,  in  a  way,  in  a  class  by  itself,  the  number  is  reduced  to  5.6.  In  rural 
Cuba,  the  number  of  persons  per  dwelling  was  5.4,  or  only  a  little  less  than 
the  number  in  the  18  large  cities  other  than  Habana. 

The  average  number  of  families  and  the  average  number  of  persons  to  a 
dwelling  in  each  of  the  19  cities  follows : 


CITY. 

Average  num- 
ber of  families 
to  dwelling. 

Average  num- 
ber of  persoiu 
to  dwelling. 

Habana 

2.5 
1.4 
1.4 
1.2 
1.3 
1.3 
1.3 
1.1 
1.1 
1.2 
1.3 
1.2 
1.2 
1.2 
1.7 
1.2 
1.5 
1.1 
1.3 

10.3 

Santiago  de  Cuba 

6.0 

Matanzas 

5.9 

Cienf uegos 

5.4 

Camagtley 

6.2 

C&rdenas 

5.2 

Sancti-Splritus 

5.7 

Santa  Clara 

5.1 

Manzanillo 

5.1 

Guantlnamo 

5.4 

Guanabacoa 

6.0 

Sagua  la  Grande 

5.2 

Trinidad 

5.1 

Pinar  del  Rio 

5.1 

7.8 

Jovellanos 

4.6 

San  Antonio  de  los  Baflos 

6.6 

Caibari6n 

5.0 

GOines 

5.3 

Of  the  19  cities,  no  less  than  9  had  fewer  persons  to  a  dwelling  than  the 
number  in  rural  Cuba,  while  8  had  a  greater  number,  and  in  2  the  numbers 
were  the  same. 


GENERAL  TABLES 


POPULATION  TABLES. 


Table  1. — Total  population  at  different  censuses:  1774  to  1907. 


YEAK. 

Population. 

YEAR. 

Population. 

1774 

171,620 
272,300 
572,363 
704,487 
1,007,624 

1861 

1  396  530^ 

1792 

1877 

1,509 1 291 

1817 

1887 

1  631   687 

1827 

1899 

1^572,797 

1841 

1907 

2,048,980 

Table  2. — Population  of  the  provinces  at  different  censuses:  1861  to  1907. 


PROVINCE. 

1861> 

1887 

1899 

1907 

Cuba 

1,396,530 

1,631,687 

1,572,797 

2,048,980 

Camagtlev 

85,702 
393,789 
234,524 
264,520 
146,685 
271,310 

67,789 
451,928 
259,578 
272,379 
225,891 
354,122 

88,234 
427,514 
202,444 
327,715 
170,354 
356.536 

118,269 

Habana 

538,010 

239,812 

465,086 

Pinar  del  Rio 

240 , 372 

457,431 

>The  population  of  the  provinces  is  estimated. 

Table  3. — Population  of  municipalities:  1907. 
PROVINCE  OF  CAMAGUEY. 


MUNICIPALITY. 

Population. 

MUNICIPALITY. 

Population. 

118.269 

66.460 
17,741 

Morfin 

13,898 

Nuevitas 

10,620 

Camagtley 

Ciego  de  Avila    

Santa  Cruz  del  Sur    

9.550 

PROVINCE  OF  HABANA. 


MUNICIPALITY. 


Province . 

Aguacate 

Alqufzar 

Batabanfi 

Bauta 

Bejucal    

Guanabacoa . . . . 

GOines 

Gtlira  de  Melena 


Population. 


638,010 

7,305 
10,561 
16,434 
13,430 
15,655 
24,968 
32,216 
13,701 


MUNICIPALITY. 


Habana 

Isla  de  Pinos 

Jariico 

Madriix'a 

Mariaiiao 

Nueva  Paz 

San  Antonio  de  los  Bafios 
Sau  Jos6  de  las  Lajas.  .  . . 
Santa  Maria  del  Rosario.. 
Santiago  de  las  Vegas. .  . . 


Population. 


302,52ft 

3,276. 

12,067 

7,111 

18.15& 

12.196 

20.447 

11.988 

3,916 

13,068 


(231) 


232 


POPULATION. 


Table  3. — Population  of  municipalities:  1907 — Continued. 
PROVINCE  OF  MATANZAS. 


MUNICIPALITT. 

Population. 

MUNICIPALITT. 

Population. 

Province 

239.812 

JagOey  Grande 

10.256 

17.024 
15.104 

Alacranes 

16.838 
12.377 
28.576 
52.006 

Mart! 

Bolondr6n 

Matanzas 

64.385 

C&rdenas 

Pedro  Betancourt 

13,044 

Colon 

Unidn  de  Reyes 

11.202 

PROVINCE  OF  ORIENTE. 


MUNICIPALITT. 

Population. 

MUNICIPALITT. 

Population. 

Province 

455.086 

Holguin 

50 , 224 

13  325 

Alto  Songo 

20.553 
27.852 
26.511 
16.215 
14.715 
39,343 
43,300 

MariiianiUo 

54 . 900 

Baracoa 

Mavarl 

17,628 

Bavamo 

Palnia  Soriano 

20,235 

Cahev 

Puerto  Padre 

34,061 

Cobre 

Sagua  de  TS.nanio 

8,398 

Gibara 

San  Luis 

14,212 

Guant&namo 

Santiago  de  Cuba 

53,614 

PROVINCE  OP  PINAR  DEL  Rfo. 


MUNICIPALITT. 

Population. 

MUNICIPALITY. 

Population. 

Province 

240,372 

29,236 

11   041 

Artemisa 

14,719 
11.652 
11.471 
28,819 
15,336 

Plnar  del  Rio 

60,071 

Cabanas 

San  Cristobal 

20.388 

Consolacidn  del  Norte 

San  Juan  y  Martinez 

19,807 

1 1 , 092 

Guanajay 

Viflales 

16,840 

PROVINCE  OF  SANTA  CLARA. 


MUNICIPALITT. 

Population. 

MUNICIPALITT. 

Population. 

Province 

457,431 

Ranchuelo 

12,537 

22  083 

Gaibarlfin 

10,053 
16,979 
14,583 
70,416 
10,239 
18,183 
15,750 
16,682 
11,309 
14.616 

26,937 

Calabazar 

San  Antonio  de  las  Vueltas 

Sancti-Spiritus 

16,861 

CamaJuanI 

36,572 

Cienfuegos 

San  Juan  de  los  Remedlos 

Santa  Clara 

21,573 

Cruces 

46,640 

Esperanza 

Santa  Isabel  de  los  Lajas 

Santo  Domingo 

11,407 

Palmira 

20,776 

Placetas 

Trinidad 

29,548 

Quemado  de  GQines 

Yaguajay 

13,707 

Rancho  Veloz 

GENERAL  TABLES. 


233 


Table  4. 


-Population  of  cities  and  towns   having  at  least  1,000  inhabitants  or  more: 

1907. 


CITY    OB   TOWN. 

Municipal  district. 

Province. 

Popu- 
lation. 

Abreus 

Rodas 

Santa  Clara 

Matanzas 

Habana 

Santa  Clara 

Matanzas 

Habana 

2  no.i 

Agramonte 

Coldn 

I 
1 
1 
2 
4 
1 
1 
1 
3 
1 
1 
3 
5 
1 
4 
5 
2 
1 
8 
1 
1 
1 
1 

29 
5 
1 
3 
1 
1 
1 

24 
1 
1 
1 
1 
2 
4 

30 
1 
1 
7 
3 
1 
1 
5 
1 
2 
6 

14 
6 
1 

14 
1 
8 
1 
5 
297 
7 
1 
1 
1 
2 
1 
9 
1 
1 
2 

1 

1 
15 
9 
1 
36 
1 
2 
1 
1 

852 

Aguacate 

Aguacate 

109 

Aguada  rie  Pasajeros 

Cienfuegos 

452 

Alacranes 

870 

Alcjiifzar 

Alqulzar 

?15 

Alto  Kongo 

Alto  Songo 

"^10 

Amarillas 

Col6n 

Matanzas 

Pinar  del  Rio.  , . 
Pinar  del  Rio. . . 
Pinar  del  Rio. . . 

Matanzas 

Griente 

986 

Arrovos 

0S« 

Artemisa 

Artemisa 

831 

Babia  Honda 

'>fi3 

BanagUises 

Colfin 

130 

Banes 

Gibara 

788 

Baracoa 

Baracoa 

(r^'^ 

Habana 

Oriente 

Habana 

Matanzas 

Pinar  del  Rio... 

Santa  Clara 

Habana 

Santa  Clara 

Haliana 

Matanzas 

CamagQey 

Santa  Clara 

Santa  Clara 

Oriente 

907 

Bavarno 

Ba  vamo 

10?. 

Bejucal 

Bejucal 

?65 

Bolonfirrtn 

Bolondrfin 

581 

Cabafias 

Cabanas 

015 

Caibari^n 

Caibaridn 

333 

Caiiiiito 

Bauta 

000 

Calabazar 

496 

Calabazar 

Santiago  de  las  Vegas 

400 

Calirnete 

{^olrtn 

180 

Camaguev 

Camagtley 

616 

Camajiiant 

Camajuanl 

316 

Camarones 

Palmira 

1?!7 

Cam|)e<'liuela 

Man^tanillo 

933 

Candado 

Trinidad 

Santa  Clara 

Pinar  del  Rio.  . . 
Oriente 

179 

Candelaria 

San  Crist6bal 

746 

Canev 

Canev 

067 

Cardenas 

Cfirdenas 

Matanzas 

Matanzas 

Santa  Clara 

Santa  Clara 

Habana 

Habana 

CamagQey 

Santa  Clara 

Santa  Clara 

Oriente 

'>H0 

Carlos  Rojas 

635 

Cascajal 

Santo  Domingo 

140 

Trinidad 

?4« 

Catalina 

GQines 

490 

Ceiba 

Marianao 

661 

Ciego  de  Avila 

Ciego  de  .\vHa 

?4^ 

Cienfiiegos 

Cienfuegos 

100 

Cif  uentes 

Sagua  la  Grande 

49^ 

Cohre 

Cobre 

781 

Col6n 

Colrtn 

Consolacifin  del  Sur 

Matanzas 

Pinar  del  Rio. . . 

Habana 

Oriente 

1?I4 

Consolaci6n  del  Sur 

414 

Cotorro 

Santa  Maria  del  Rosario 

Caney 

178 

Cristo 

316 

Criices 

Cruces 

Santa  Clara 

Santa  Clara 

Santa  Clara 

Oriente 

111 

p]ncruci  jada 

Calabazar 

801 

Esperanza 

Esperanza 

754 

Gihara.    ...                

Gibara 

170 

Guanabacoa 

Guanubacoa 

Habana 

Pinar  del  Rio. .. 
Pinar  del  Rio... 
Oriente 

368 

G  uanajay 

Guanajay 

400 

Guane 

Guane 

369 

Guantanamo  .        .            .    . 

Gnantclnamo 

559 

Guara 

GOines 

Habana 

Habana 

Matanzas 

Habana 

Habana 

Oriente 

0?!0 

GOines 

GQines 

053 

GOira 

Bolondrfin 

?.'i3 

GOira  de  Melena 

5.50 

1.59 

Holgiifn 

Holguln 

59?! 

Isabela 

Sagua  la  Grande 

Santa  Clara 

Matanzas 

968 

.Jagflev  Grande 

S?i6 

400 

Jaruco 

Hul)ana 

Oriente 

Matanzas 

Habana 

Matanzas 

Habana 

056 

Jiguanf 

JigiianI 

36? 

Jovellanos 

?46 

La  Salud 

Bejucal 

465 

Matanzas 

6.59 

175 

Colrtn 

Matanzas 

Santa  Clara 

Pinar  del  Rio. . . 
Oriente 

181 

Manicaragua 

Santa  Clara 

434 

Mantua 

Mantua 

167 

819 

Marianao 

Mariel 

Marianao 

Gua!iajay 

Habana 

Pinar  del  Rio. . . 

Matanzas 

Matanzas 

Oriente 

332 
592 

Matanzas 

Matanzas 

009 

Maximo  G6niez 

Marti 

708 

Mavarl.                                         .    . 

Mavarl 

746 

GQines 

Habana 

CamagQey 

615 

Minas 

CaraagUey 

387 

16 


234 


POPULATION. 


Table  4. — Population  of  cities  and  towns  having  at  least  1,000  inhabitants  or  more: 

/P07— Continued. 


CITY    OB   TOWN. 


Hordn 

Niquero 

Nueva  Paz 

Nuevltas 

Palacios 

Palma  Soriano 

Palmira 

Palos 

Pedro  Betancourt 

Perico 

Pinar  del  Rio 

Placetas 

Pueblo  de  Bataband 

Puerto  Padre 

Punta  Brava 

Quemada  de  GtUnes 

QuivicS.n 

Rancho  Vcloz 

Ranchuelo 

Remedios 

Rodaa 

Sagua  la  Grande 

Sagua  de  Tfinamo 

San  Antonio  de  los  Baflos 

San  Cayetano 

San  Cristobal 

Sancti-Spiritus 

San  Felipe 

San  Jos^  de  las  Lajas 

San  Jos^  de  los  Ramos . . . 

San  Juan  de  las  Yeras 

San  Juan  y  Martinez 

San  Luis 

San  Luis 

San  Nlcol&s 

Santa  Ana 

Santa  Clara 

Santa  Cruz  del  Sur 

Santa  Isabel  de  las  Lajas. 

Santa  Lucia 

Santiago  de  Cuba 

Santiago  de  las  Vegas. . . . 

Santo  Domingo 

Surgidero  de  BatabanO. . . 

Tapaste 

Tnnidad 

Tunas 

Uni6n  de  Reyes 

Veguita 

Vereda  Nueva 

Vieja  Bfermeja 

Viflales 

Vueltas 

Yaguajay 

Zulueta 


Municipal  district. 


Mordn 

Manzanillo 

N  ueva  Paz 

Nuevltas 

San  Crist6bal 

Palma  Soriano 

Palmira 

Nueva  Paz 

Pedro  Betancourt 

Col<5n 

Pinar  del  Rio 

Placetas 

Batabanfi 

Puerto  Padre 

Bauta 

Quemado  de  Gflines 

Bejucal 

Rancho  Veloz 

Ranchuelo 

San  Juan  de  los  Remedios. 

Rodas 

Sagua  la  Grande 

Sagua  de  Tftnamo 

San  Antonio  de  los  Baflos. 

Viflales 

San  Cristobal 

Sancti-Spiritus 

Bataban(5 

San  Jos^  de  las  Lajas 

Col(5n 

Ranchuelo 

San  Juan  y  Martinez 

San  Luis 

San  Luis 

GOines 

Matanzas 

Santa  Clara 

Santa  Cruz  del  Sur 

Santa  Isabel  de  las  Lajas. . 

Gibara 

Santiago  de  Cuba 

Santiago  de  las  Vegas 

Santo  Domingo 

Bataban6 

San  Jos^  de  las  Lajas 

Trinidad 

Puerto  Padre 

Uni6n  de  Reyes 

Bayamo 

San  Antonio  de  los  Baflos . 

Alacranes 

Viflales 

San  Antonio  de  las  Vueltas 

Yaguajay 

San  Juan  de  los  Remedios. 


r*rovince. 


CamagQey 

Oriente 

Habana 

CamagQey 

Pinar  del  Rio .  . . 

Oriente 

Santa  Clara 

Habana 

Matanzas 

Matanzas 

Pinar  del  Rio .  . . 

Santa  Clara 

Habana 

Oriente 

Habana 

Santa  Clara 

Habana 

Santa  Clara 

Santa  Clara 

Santa  Clara 

Santa  Clara 

Santa  Clara 

Oriente 

Habana 

Pinar  del  Rio.  .  . 
Pinar  del  Rio .  . . 

Santa  Clara 

Habana 

Habana 

Matanzas 

Santa  Clara 

Pinar  del  Rio .  .  . 

Oriente 

Pinar  del  Rio .  .  . 

Habana 

Matanzas 

Santa  Clara.. . 

CamagUey 

Santa  Clara 

Oriente 

Oriente 

Habana 

Santa  Clara 

Habana 

Habana 

Santa  Clara 

Oriente 

Matanzas 

Oriente 

Habana 

Matanzas 

Pinar  del  Rio .  . . 

Santa  Clara 

Santa  Clara 

Santa  Clara 


Popu- 
lation. 


2 

627 

1 

584 

2 

379 

4 

386 

2 

082 

2 

333 

4 

137 

2 

100 

3 

349 

\ 

322 

10 

634 

6 

184 

1 

533 

2 

173 

1 

916 

1 

867 

1 

270 

1 

317 

2 

859 

6 

988 

3 

306 

12 

393 

1 

222 

9 

125 

1 

159 

1 

456 

17 

440 

1 

200 

2 

873 

1 

389 

1 

601 

2 

486 

3 

441 

1 

533 

2 

326 

1 

033 

16 

702 

1 

640 

4 

509 

1 

183 

45 

470 

6 

462 

3 

090 

4 

990 

1 

300 

11 

197 

2 

147 

3 

941 

1 

012 

1 

037 

1 

087 

1 

425 

1 

129 

3 

110 

1 

955 

GENERAL  TABLES. 


235 


Table  5. — Population,  classified  by  sex,  general  nativity,  and  color,  by  provinces:  1907. 
[Figures  in  italics  are  included  in  those  for  the  province.] 


TOTAL. 

NATIVE    WHITE. 

rOBEIGN   WHITE. 

Total. 

Male. 

Female. 

Total. 

Male. 

Female. 

Total. 

Male. 

Female. 

Cuba. 

2,048,980 

1,074,882 

974,098 

1,224,539 

608,597 

616,942 

203,637 

163,014 

40.623 

CamagQey . . . 

Habana 

City  of  Ha- 
bana  

Matanzas..  .  . 

Oriente 

Pinar  del  Rio 

Santa  Clara.. 

118,269 
538,010 

S97,169 
239,812 
455,086 
240,372 
457,431 

62,118 
284,751 

167,156 
123,560 
233,736 
128,642 
242,175 

56,151 
253,259 

140,004 
116,252 
221,360 
111,830 
215,256 

88,661 
316,040 

148 ,6S8 
130,879 
231,585 
165,019 
292,366 

44,555 
153,211 

69 , IBS 
64,765 

114,870 
84,679 

146,517 

44 , 106 
162,829 

79,345 
66,114 

116,715 
80,340 

145,838 

7,932 
95,832 

73,816 
17,656 
27,409 
16,483 
39,325 

6,634 
73,414 

54,766 
13,917 
22,645 
13,591 
32,813 

1,298 
22.418 

18,061 
3,739 
4,764 
1.892 
6,512 

BLACK. 

MIXED. 

YELLOW. 

Total. 

Male. 

Female. 

Total. 

Male. 

Female. 

Total. 

Male. 

Female. 

Cuba. 

274,272 

133,655 

140,617 

334,695 

167,975 

176,720 

11,837 

11,641 

196 

Camagtiey. . . 

Habana 

City  of  Hw- 

bana 

Matanzas 

Oriente 

Pinar  del  Rio 
Santa  Clara.. 

8,846 
59,186 

so,eis 

60,633 
67,623 
35,753 
52,331 

4,573 
26,617 

IS, 476 
24,272 
33,885 
18,148 
26,160 

4.273 
32,569 

18,136 
26,361 
33,638 
17,605 
26,171 

12,636 
63,674 

42,753 
37,354 
127,837 
23,512 
69,783 

6,063 
28,347 

18,380 
17,337 
61,615 
11,541 
33,072 

6,472 
36,327 

Z4,S7S 
20,017 
66,222 
11,971 
36,711 

295 
3,278 

3,460 

3,290 

732 

605 

3,637 

293 
3,162 

3,361 

3.269 

721 

583 

3,613 

3 
116 

99 
21 
11 
22 
24 

Table  6. — Population,  classified  by  age  and  sex,  by  provinces:  1907. 
[Figures  in  italics  are  included  in  those  for  the  province.] 


Total 
population. 

UNDER  6  YEARS. 

5  TO   17  YEARS. 

Male. 

Female. 

Male. 

Female. 

Cuba 

2,048,980 

173.657 

168.996 

272,685 

268,860 

Camagtley 

118,269 
538,010 
397,169 
239,812 
465,086 
240.372 
457,431 

9.613 
37,416 
16,033 
19,394 
43,059 
23,810 
40,366 

9.091 
36,963 
16,956 
19,027 
41,279 
23,237 
39,398 

17,661 
63,348 
33,760 
30,057 
67 , 103 
35,308 
59,118 

17,203 

Habana 

62,675 

City  of  Habana 

33,548 

Matanzas 

30,743 

Oriente 

65,899 

Pinar  del  Rio 

33.637 

Santa  Clara 

58.803 

18  TO   20  TEABS. 

21   TO  44  YEARS. 

45   YEARS  AND  OVER. 

Male. 

Female. 

Male. 

Female. 

Male. 

Female. 

Cuba 

77.001 

76.145 

398,647 

328,269 

162.992 

131,839 

CamagQey 

Habana 

4.597 
21,531 
13,603 

8,322 
16,669 

8,449 
.    17.433 

4,643 
18.479 
10,097 

9.093 
18,173 

8,679 
17,178 

20,737 
122,972 
73, lis 
43,610 
76,263 
46,211 
88,864 

16,951 
97,822 
57,664 
39,887 
66,039 
36,823 
71,737 

9.520 
39.484 
31 ,668 

22, m 

30,652 
14,764 
36,395 

8.363 
37,420 

City  of  Habana. . 
Matanzas 

33,760 
17,602 

Oriente 

29,960 

Pinar  del  Rio 

Santa  Clara 

10,454 
28,140 

236 


POPULATION. 


Table  7. — Population,  classified  by  nativity,  color,  sex,  and  age:  1907. 


All  ages 

Under  1  year 

1  year 

2  years 

3  years 

4  years 

6  to  9  years 

10  to  14  years.  . . . 
16  to  17  years.  . . . 
18  to  19  years.  . . . 

20  years 

21  to  24  years .... 
25  to  29  years .... 
30  to  34  years .... 
36  to  39  years. . . . 
40  to  44  years. . . . 
45  to  49  years.  .  . . 
50  to  54  years .... 
65  to  69  years .... 
60  to  64  years.  .  . . 
65  to  69  years .... 
70  to  74  years .... 
75  to  79  years .... 
80  to  84  years .... 
85  to  89  years .... 
90  to  94  years .... 
95  to  99  years .... 
100  years  and  over 
Unknown 


Total. 


2.048,980 


64,599 

59,338 

73.860 

72.860 

72.005 

224.765 

180.786 

135.904 

100.075 

63.071 

180,882 

184,567 

136,347 

117.942 

108.168 

79.800 

70.263 

39.694 

41.251 

18,284 

16,485 

7,020 

6,312 

2.136 

1,708 

678 

522 

688 


Male. 


1,074,882 


32,668 

30,387 

37,548 

36,796 

36.258 

113,813 

92,793 

66.979 

50.840 

26,161 

99.134 

100.051 

74,971 

64,472 

60.019 

44,886 

37,509 

22,166 

21,275 

9,670 

8,291 

3,600 

2,908 

999 

763 

309 

239 

377 


Female. 


974.098 


31.931 

28.951 

36.302 

36.064 

35,747 

110,942 

87,993 

69.925 

49,235 

26,910 

81.748 

84,516 

60.376 

63.470 

48,149 

34,914 

32.744 

17.528 

19.976 

8.614 

8.194 

3.420 

3.404 

1,137 

945 

369 

283 

311 


NATIVE  WHITE. 


Total. 


1.224.539 


47.043 

42.127 

52.443 

61 .623 

60,506 

149,819 

119,716 

86,437 

59,720 

31.079 

107.162 

103,133 

71.506 

62.339 

66,396 

42.363 

34,609 

19.213 

17.339 

7.966 

6,002 

2.778 

1.884 

685 

319 

147 

63 

133 


Male. 


608.597 


23,921 

21,641 

26,716 

26,227 

25,568 

76,296 

61 ,383 

40,496 

28,409 

13.910 

54.632 

60.418 

35.176 

30,981 

28,893 

22,126 

17,008 

9,608 

7,479 

3.379 

2,348 

1,128 

617 

225 

97 

44 

17 

67 


FOREIGN    WHITE. 


COLORED.  > 


Total. 


Male. 


Female. 


Total. 


Male. 


All  ages 

Under  1  yea 

1  year 

2  years 

3  years 

4  years 

6  to  9  years 

10  to  14  years.  .  . . 
16  to  17  years.  . . . 
18  to  19  years.  .  . . 

20  years 

21  to  24  years. . .  . 
25  to  29  years.  .  .  . 
30  to  34  years.  .  . . 

35  to  39  years 

40  to  44  years .... 
45  to  49  years. . . . 
60  to  54  years .... 
66  to  59  years.  .  . . 
60  to  64  years .... 
65  to  69  years. . . . 
70  to  74  years .... 
75  to  79  years.  .  . . 
80  to  84  years .... 
85  to  89  years .... 
90  to  94  years .... 
95  to  99  years. . . . 
100  years  and  over 
Unknown 


203,637 


163.014 


40,623 


620,804 


303.271 


180 

295 

654 

863 

836 

3,928 

4,639 

7,708 

9,782 

6,196 

23,063 

31,500 

28.545 

22.259 

19.307 

13,821 

11,406 

6,617 

5,558 

2.728 

1,811 

928 

522 

199 

72 

36 

15 

170 


81 

146 

369 

439 

420 

2,075 

2,916 

6.366 

8.376 

5.200 

19.178 

25,659 

23,369 

18,191 

15.954 

11.477 

9.006 

5.212 

4.136 

1,981 

1,277 

586 

303 

115 

36 

21 

8 

128 


99 

149 

295 

424 

416 

1,863 

1,723 

1,342 

1,407 

995 

3,885 

6.841 

6,176 

4.068 

3.363 

2.344 

2.400 

1,405 

1,422 

747 

634 

342 

219 

84 

36 

16 

7 

42 


17.376 

16.916 

20.753 

20,374 

20.663 

71 .008 

56.431 

41.759 

30.673 

15,797 

50.657 

49.934 

35,296 

33.344 

32.465 

23.616 

24.238 

13.864 

18,354 

7,601 

8,672 

3.314 

3,906 

1,252 

1,317 

495 

444 

385 


8,666 

8.600 

10.473 

10.130 

10.280 

35.443 

28,494 

19,118 

14,056 

7,051 

25,424 

23,974 

16,426 

15.300 

15.172 

11.284 

11.495 

7.446 

9.660 

4.310 

4.666 

1,886 

1,988 

659 

630 

244 

214 

182 


'Includes  black,  mixed,  and  yellovr 


GENERAL  TABLES. 


237 


Table  8. — Population  classified  by  birthplace,  by  provinces:  1907. 
[Figures  in  italics  are  included  in  those  for  the  province.] 


Total 
popu- 
lation. 

COUNTRY    OF    BIKTH. 

PKOVINCE. 

Cuba. 

Spain. 

United 
States. 

China. 

Africa, 

Other 
countries. 

Un- 
known. 

Cuba 

2,048,980 

1,820,239 

186,393 

6,713 

11,217 

7,948 

17,206 

264 

CamagQey .... 

Habana 

City  of  Ha- 
bana  

Matanzas 

Oriente 

PinardelRIo.. 

Santa  Clara.  .  . 

118,269 
638,010 

297,169 
239,812 
455,086 
240,372 
457,431 

109,517 
437,096 

SS0,992 
216,340 
422,303 
223,566 
411,427 

6,562 
87,451 

88,788 
16,576 
22,738 
14,251 
37,816 

715 
3,706 

2,42Z 
387 

1,009 
465 
431 

282 
2,940 

2,207 

3,221 

676 

540 

3,658 

368 
1,010 

389 

2,486 

434 

730 

2,920 

824 
6,661 

4,S81 
802 

7,917 
825 

1,277 

1 
246 

9 

5 
3 

Table  9. — Population,  classified  by  sex  and  color,  and  by  birthplace:  1907. 


COUNTRY 

TOTAL. 

WHITE. 

COLORED.* 

OF    BIRTH. 

Total. 

Male. 

Female. 

Total. 

Male. 

Female. 

Total. 

Male. 

Female. 

Total... 

2,048,980 

1,074,882974,098 

1,428,176 

771,611 

656.566 

620,804 

303,271 

317.533 

Cuba 

Porto  Rico .  . 

The  remain- 
ing   West 
Indies. .  . . 

Mexico 

Central  and 
Soutii  Am- 
erica   

United  States 

Spain 

France 

United  King- 
dom  

Other  Euro- 
pean coun- 
tries  

Africa 

China 

Other  coun- 
tries   and 
unknown. . 

1,820,239 
2,918 

4,280 
1,187 

1.442 

6,713 

185,393 

1,476 

1,252 

1,811 

7,948 

11,217 

3,104 

891,949 
1,875 

2,630 
604 

786 

3,997 

151.828 

960 

796 

1,425 
4,808 
11,166 

2,169 

928,290 
1,043 

1,650 
683 

666 

2,716 

33,565 

526 

457 

386 

3,140 

51 

935 

1,224,539 
2,176 

1,066 
1,070 

1,308 

6,026 

185 , 189 

1,380 

878 

1,761 
81 
77 

2,625 

608,597 
1,399 

663 
450 

698 

3,478 

161,678 

893 

666 

1,393 
60 
72 

1.765 

616.942 
777 

603 
620 

610 

2.548 

33,611 

487 

313 

368 

21 

5 

860 

595.700 
742 

3,214 
117 

134 

687 

204 

96 

374 

50 

7.867 

11.140 

479 

283,362 
476 

2,067 
54 

88 
619 
150 

57 

230 

32 

4,748 

11.094 

404 

312. 34S 
266 

1.147 
63 

46 

168 

54 

39 

144 

18 

3.119 

46 

76 

'Includes  black,  mixed,  and  yellow. 


238 


POPULATION. 


Table  10. — Pojndation,  classified  by  dtizenahip,  by  provinces:  1907. 
[Figures  in  italics  are  included  in  those  for  the  province.] 


Total 
population. 


CrnZENBHIP. 


Cuban. 


Spanish. 


Other 
and  unknown. 


Cuba 

Camagfiey 

Habana 

City  of  Habana 

Matanzas 

Oriente 

Pinar  del  RJo. . . 
Santa  Clara 


2,048,980 


1.780,628 


228.138 


40,214 


118,269 
538.010 

£97,169 
239,812 
465,086 
240.372 
467.431 


107,929 
429,999 

216,789 
213,996 
413,689 
216,891 
398,124 


8,460 
93,709 

70,968 
20.887 
30,289 
21,334 
53,469 


1,890 
14.302 

10,41S 
4.929 

11.108 
2,147 
5,838 


Table  11. — Male  population  21  years   and  over,  classified  by  color  and  nativity  and 
by  citizenship  and  literacy:  1907. 


Total. 

WHTFE. 

CITIZENSHIP 
AND    LITERACY. 

Bom  in 
Cuba. 

Bom  in 
Spain. 

Bom 

in  other 

countries. 

Colored.' 

Total  males  of 
voting  age .... 

561,639 

264,042 

127,882 

8,765 

160,960 

Cuban  citizenship 

430,514 

260,331 

31,363 

992 

137.828 

Literate 

Illiterate 

Degrees  received: 

Academic 

Professional... 

Other  and  unknown 

citizenship 

212,930 
217,584 

2,296 
4,026 

121,126 

138,466 
121,866 

1,951 
3,608 

3,711 

22,472 
8,891 

241 
279 

96,519 

804 
188 

32 
58 

7,763 

61,188 
86,640 

72 
81 

13,132 

Literate 

lUiterate 

Degrees  received: 

Academic 

Professional. . . 

89,217 
31,908 

621 
775 

3,094               76,343 
617               21,176 

93                    823 
122                     209 

\                           1 

6,600 
1,263 

194 
346 

4,280 
8,852 

11 
8 

'Includes  black,  mixed,  and  yellow. 


GENERAL  TABLES. 


239 


Table  12. — Population,  classified  by  sex,  color,  nativity,  and  citizenship, 
and  by  age:  1907. 


All  ages . . 

Under 5 years.. . 
5  to  9  years . .  . 
10  to  14  years. . . 
15  to  17 years. . . 
18  to  19  years. .  . 

20  years 

21  to 24 years.  .  . 
25  to  29  years.  .  . 
30  to  34  years .  .  . 
36  to  44  years.  . . 
45  to  54  years. . . 
55  to  64  years. .  . 
65  years  and  over 
Unknown 


TOTAL  POPULATION. 


Total. 


2,048,980 


342,652 

224,755 

180,786 

135,904 

100,075 

53,071 

180,882 

184,667 

136,347 

226,110 

150,053 

80,945 

53 , 145 

688 


Cuban 
citizen- 
ship. 


1,780.628 


312,886 

204,639 

164,091 

121,042 

86,113 

45,016 

163,664 

152,069 

108,751 

188,726 

128,378 

68,635 

46,240 

389 


Other 
and 
unknown 
citizen- 
ship. 


268,352 


TOTAL  MALES. 


Total. 


1,074,882 


173,657 

113,813 
92,793 
66,979 
60,840 
26,161 
99,134 

100,051 
74,971 

124,491 

82,396 

43,441 

26,779 

377 


Cuban 
citizen- 
ship. 


893,408 


158,499 
103,486 
83,817 
56,218 
40,610 
20,264 
79,257 
76,651 
56,448 
97,159 
66,479 
33,836 
21,527 
157 


Other 
and 
unknowiii 
citizen- 
ship. 


181,474 


15,16» 
10,327 

8,976. 

9,761 
10,230> 

5,89r 
19,87r 
23,400 
19,523^ 
27,332 
15,916 

9,605' 

5,252 
22* 


TOTAL   FEMALES. 


TOTAL   NATIVE   WHITE. 


Total. 


All  ages. . 

Under  6  years. . . 
5  to  9  years . .  . 
10  to  14 years. . . 
15 to  17  years.  . . 
18  to  19  years. . . 

20  years 

21  to  24  years. .  . 
25  to  29  years.  .  . 
30 to 34 years.  .  . 
36  to  44  years.  .  . 
46  to  54  years ... 
55  to  64  years ... 
65  years  and  over 
Unknown 


974,098 


168,995 

110,942 

87,993 

69,926 

49,235 

26,910 

81,748 

84,616 

60,376 

101,619 

67,658 

37,504 

26,366  ' 

311 


Cuban 
citizen- 
ship. 


Other 
and 
unknown 
citizen- 
ship. 


Total. 


887,220         86,878 


14,608 
9,789 
7,719 
5,101 
3,732 
2,168 
7,341 
9,108 
7,073 

10,063 

5,759 

2,705 

1,653 

79 


1,224,539 


154,387 
101,153 
80,274 
64,824 
46,503 
24,752 
74,407 
75,408 
63,303 
91,666 
61,899 
34,799 
24,713 
232 


243,742 

149,819 

119,716 

86,437 

59 , 720 

31,079 

107,162 

103 , 133 

71,506 

118,735 

76,972 

36,662 

19,833 

133 


Cuban 
citizen- 
ship. 


1,136,017 


217,779 

133,975 

107,724 

79,347 

55,464 

29,201 

101,773 

98,443 

68,459 

114,226 

74,428 

35,624 

19,445 

129 


Other 
and 
unknown 
citizen- 
ship. 


88,622 


25,963 

15,844 

11,992 

7,090 

4,256- 

1,87a 

5,389 

4,690 

3,047 

4,509- 

2,544 

928 

38a 

4 


NATIVE    WHITE   MALES. 


NATIVE    WHITE   FEMALES. 


Total. 


All  ages.. 

Under 5 years.. . 
5  to  9  years . . . 
10  to  14 years.  . . 
15  to  17  years.  .  . 
18 to  19 years.  .  . 

20  years 

21  to  24  years.  .  . 
26  to  29  years .  .  . 
30  to  34  years .  . . 
36  to  44  years .  . . 
45  to  54  years .  .  . 
55  to  64  years ... 
65  years  and  over 
Unknown 


608,597 


124,063 
76,295 
61,383 
40,496 
28,409 
13,910 
54,632 
50,418 
35,176 
59.874 
39,133 
16,987 
7,866 
67 


Cuban 
citizen- 
ship. 


571,592 


110,859 
68,191 
55,343 
37,138 
26,516 
13,214 
52,836 
49,667 
34,900 
69,476 
38,811 
16,828 
7,749 
64 


Other 
and 
unknown 
citizen- 
ship. 


37,006 


13,204 

8,104 

6,040 

3,357 

1,893 

696 

1,696 

751 

276 

398 

322 

159 

106 

3 


Total. 


615,942 


119,679 
73,624 
68,333 
46,942 
31,311 
17,169 
62,630 
62,715 
36,330 
58,861 
37,839 
19,665 
11,978 
66 


Cuban 
citizen- 
ship. 


664,425 


106,920 
65,784 
52,381 
42,209 
28,948 
15,987 
48,937 
48,776 
33,569 
54,760 
35,617 
18,796 
11,696 
65 


Other 
and 
unknown 
citizen- 
ship. 


51.517 


12,759 

7,740 

5,952 

3,733 

2,363 

1,182 

3,693 

3,939 

2,771 

4,111 

2,222 

769 

282 

1 


240 


POPULATION. 


Tablk  12. — Population,  classified  by  sex,  color,  nativity,  and  citizenship, 
and  by  age:  1907 — Continued. 


TOTAL   FOREIGN    WHITE. 


Total. 


Cuban 
citizen- 
ship. 


Other 
and 
unknown 
citizen- 
ship. 


FOREIGN    WBITK    MALES. 


Total. 


Cuban 
citizen- 
ship. 


Other 

and 

unknown 

ciiizen- 

sliip. 


All  ages.. 

Under  6  years. . . 
5  to  9  years... 
10  to  14  years. . . 
15  to  17  years. . . 
18  to  19  years.. . 

20  years 

21  to  24  years. . . 
26  to  29  years. . . 
30  to  34  years. . . 
35  to  44  years. . . 
45  to  54  years ... 
55  to  64  years ... 
65  years  and  over 
Unknown 


203.637 


43,289 


160,348 


103.014 


33,859 


129,155 


2,828 

3,928 

4,639 

7.708 

9,782 

6.195 

23.063 

31,500 

28,645 

41.666 

25.227 

12.175 

6,311 

170 


221 

624 

675 

481 

655 

363 

2,552 

5,632 

6,434 

10,727 

7,730 

4,617 

2,874 

4 


2,607 

3,404 

3.964 

7,227 

9.227 

6.832 

20.511 

25,868 

22.111 

30.839 

17.497 

7.668 

3,437 

166 


1.445 

2,075 

2.916 

6.366 

8.375 

6.200 

19.178 

25.659 

23.3«9 

34,146 

20,483 

9,348 

4,327 

128 


104 

285 

341 

245 

312 

217 

1,897 

4,515 

5.289 

8.799 

6,272 

3,601 

2,078 

4 


1.341 

1.790 

2,575 

6,121 

8,063 

4,983 

17,281 

21,144 

18.080 

25,346 

14,211 

6,847 

2,240 

124 


FOREIGN    WHITE   FEMALES. 


Total. 


Cuban 
citizen- 
ship. 


Other 
and 
unknown 
citizen- 
ship. 


TOTAL   COLORED.' 


Total. 


Cuban 
citizen- 
ship. 


Other 
and 
unknown 
citizen- 
ship. 


All  ages. . . 

Under  5  years 

6  to  9  years . . . , 
10  to  14  years. . . . 
15  to  17  years. . . , 
18  to  19  years 

20  years 

21  to  24  years. . . 

25  to  29  years 

30  to  34  years 

35  to  44  years. . . 
45  to  54  years . . . , 
66  to  64  years. . . 
65  years  and  over 
Unknown 


40,623 


9,430 


31,193 


620.804 


601.322 


19,482 


1.383 
1,853 
1,723 
1,342 
1,407 
996 
3,885 
6,841 
6,176 
7,421 
4,744 
2,827 
1,984 
42 


117 

239 

334 

236 

243 

146 

C65 

1,117 

1,145 

1,928 

1,458 

1,016 

796 


1,266 
1,614 
1.389 
1.106 
1,164 
849 
3,230 
4,724 
4,031 
5.493 
3,286 
1,811 
1,188 
42 


96,082 
71,008 
56,431 
41,759 
30,673 
15,797 
50.657 
49,934 
35,296 
65,809 
47,864 
32.218 
27.001 
385 


94,886 
70,140 
56,692 
41.214 
30,094 
15,452 
49,339 
47,984 
33.858 
63.772 
46.220 
28.494 
23,921 
256 


1,196 

868 

739 

645 

479 

345 

1,318 

1,950 

1,438 

2.037 

1,634 

3,724 

3,080 

129 


All  ages. . 

Under  5  years. . . . 

6  to   9  years 

10  to  14  years 

15  lo  17  years 

18  to  19  years 

20  years , 

21  to  24  years 

26  to  29  years .  . . . 

30  to  34  years 

35  to  44  years. . . , 
45  to  54  years .  .  .  , 
55  to  64  years.  .  . , 
65  years  and  over 
Unknown 


COLORED    MALES.l 


COLORED    FEMALES.' 


Total. 


303,271 


48,149 
35.443 
28.494 
19.118 
14.056 
7.051 
25,424 
23,974 
16,426 
30,472 
22,779 
17,106 
14,697 
182 


Cuban 
citizen- 
ship. 


287,967 


47,636 
35,010 
28,133 
18,835 
13,782 
6,833 
24.624 
22,469 
15,259 
28.884 
21,396 
13.507 
11,700 
89 


Other 
and 
unknown 
citizen- 
ship. 


Total. 


15,314 


317,533 


613 

433 

361 

283 

274 

218 

900 

1  ,605 

1,167 

1.588 

1,38.-? 

3.599 

2,897 

93 


47,933 
36 ,  Sf.o 
27,937 
22.641 
16.517 
8.746 
25,2.-^3 
25.960 
18,870 
35.337 
25.075 
15,112 
12,404 
203 


Cuban 
citizen- 
Ship. 


313,365 


47,350 
35,130 
27,559 
22.379 
16.312 
8,619 
24,815 
25.515 
18.599 
34,888 
24.824 
14.987 
12,221 
167 


Other 
and 
unknown 
citizen- 
ship. 


4,168 


583 
435 
378 
262 
205 
127 
418 
445 
271 
449 
251 
126 
183 
36 


■Includes  black,  mixed,  and  yellow. 


GENERAL  TABLES. 


241 


Table  13. — Population,  classified  by  conjtigal  condition,  by  provinces:  1907. 
[Figures  in  italics  are  included  in  those  for  the  province.] 


PROVINCE. 

Total 
population. 

Single 

and 

unknown. 

Married. 

Consensually 
married. 

Widowed. 

Cuba 

2.048.980 

'1,369.476 

423,537 

176,509 

79  4o8 

CamagQey 

118.269 
538,010 
£97,169 
239,812 
455,086 
240,372 
457,431 

80.322 
345,801 
191 ,e82 
153,450 
315,195 
170,075 
304.633 

26,316 
124,166 

66,sse 

46.013 

77.374 

47,943 

101,725 

6,676 
39,486 
2S,S87 
30.278 
50.393 
15.587 
34,089 

4  955 

Habana 

28.557 

City  of  Habana 

17,264 
10,071 

Oriente 

12   124 

Pinar  del  Rio 

6,767 

Santa  Clara 

16,984 

» Includes  122  divorced. 


Table  14. — Population,  classified  by  conjugal  condition,  and  by  color, 
nativtiy,  and  sex:  1907. 


BKX,   COLOR,    AND   NATIVITY. 

Total 
population. 

Single 

and 

unknown. 

Married. 

Consensually 
married. 

Widowed. 

Total 

2,048,980 

•1,369.476 

423,637 

176,509 

79,458 

Males 

1,074,882 
974,098 

751.869 
617.607 

217,511 
206,026 

85,131 
91,378 

20,371 

Females 

59.087 

Native  white 

1,224,539 

824 , 143 

286,389 

69.346 

64,661 

Males 

608,597 
615.942 

203.637 

437,552 
386,591 

106.069 

130,611 
155,778 

77,431 

28.573 
30,773 

8,952 

11,861 

Females 

42  800 

Foreign  white 

11,186 

Males 

163.014 
40,623 

620,804 

92.239 
13,830 

439,264 

57,759 
19,672 

59,717 

7,582 
1,370 

108,211 

5,434 

Females 

5,751 

Colored' 

13,612 

Males 

303,271 
317,533 

222,078 
217,186 

29,141 
30,576 

48.976 
69,235 

3,076 

Females 

10,636 

•Includes  1,098  divorced. 


'Includes  black,  mixed,  and  yellow. 


242 


POPULATION. 


TabIiE  15. — Population,  classified  by  conjugal  condition,  color,  and  nativity, 
and  by  sex  and  age:  1907. 


TOTAL    POPULATON. 


AOE. 

Total. 

Single 

and 

unknown. 

Married. 

Consen- 

sually 

married. 

Widowed. 

All  ages 

2.048,980 

11,369,476 

423.537 

176,509 

79  468 

Under  15  vears 

748,193 

135.904 

100,075 

63.071 

180.882 

184.567 

135.347 

226,110 

150,053 

80,945 

53,145 

688 

748,090 

131,607 

86,833 

40,661 

114.889 

77,065 

39,625 

52,670 

34,521 

23 ,439 

19,682 

494 

86 

3.488 

10,106 

9,129 

48,994 

76,922 

67,607 

111,023 

63,127 

24,248 

8,850 

57 

14 

879 

3.056 

3.167 

16,234 

28,228 

24,319 

47.051 

30.743 

14.421 

8.289 

109 

3 

16  to  17  years 

30 

18  to  19  years 

81 

20  j'ears 

114 

21  to  24  years 

765 

25  to  29  years 

2,362 

30  to  34  years 

3,896 

36  to  44  years 

16  366 

45  to  54  years 

21  662 

65  to  64  years 

18,837 

65  years  and  over 

16,324 

Unknown 

28 

TOTAL   MALES. 


Allages I   1,074,882 


Under  16  years.  .  . 
15  to  17  years. .  . . 
18  to  19  years .  .  . . 

20  years 

21  to  24  years.  .  . . 
25  to  29  years .  .  .  . 
30  to  34  years .  .  . . 
35  to  44  years.  .  .  . 
45  to  54  years.  .  .  . 
55  to  64  years .  .  . . 
65  years  and  over . 
Unknown 


380,263 
65,979 
60,840 
26.161 
99,134 

100.061 
74.971 

124.491 

82,396 

43,441 

26,779 

377 


761.869 


380,254 
65,901 
50,182 
24.837 
80.124 
62.855 
26.410 
31,136 
17,648 
12,252 
10,071 
299 


217,511 


4 

41 

415 

822 

13,668 

36,144 

36.218 

65,481 

41,663 

17,209 

6.812 

34 


85,131 


3 

25 

222 

478 

5,171 

11,465 

11,411 

24,083 

17,659 

9.144 

5,440 

40 


TOTAL   FEMALES. 


All  ages . . . 

Under  15  years.  . 
15  to  17  years.  .  . 
18  to  19  years.  . . 

20  years 

21  to  24  years.  .  . 
26  to  29  years .  .  . 
30  to  34  years .  .  . 
35  to  44  years.  . . 
45  to  64  years.  .  . 
55  to  64  years.  .  . 
66  years  and  over 
Unknown 


974.098 


367,930 
69.925 
49.236 
26,910 
81.748 
84,516 
60,376 

101,619 

67,658 

37,504 

26,366 

311 


617,607 


367,836 
65,606 
36.651 
15.824 
34.765 
24,210 
13.215 
21.634 
16.973 
11,187 
9.611 
195 


206,026 


82 

3,447 

9.691 

8.307 

35,326 

41,778 

31.289 

45.542 

21.464 

7.039 

2,038 

23 


91.378 


11 

854 

2,833 

2,689 

11,063 

16,773 

12,908 

22.968 

13,084 

5,277 

2.849 

69 


TOTAL   NATIVE   WHITE. 


All  ages . . . 

Under  16  years.  . 
15  to  17  years.  .  . 
18  to  19  years.  . . 

20  years 

21  to  24  years.  . . 
25  to  29  years.  .  . 
30  to  34  years .  . . 
36  to  44  years.  .  . 
45  to  54  years.  .  . 
65  to  64  years .  .  . 
65  years  and  over 
Unknown 


1,224.639 


513.277 
86,437 
59,720 
31,079 

107,162 

103.133 
71.506  i 

118.735 

76,972 

36.652 

19,833 

133 


824,143 


513.202 

83.343 

50,921 

22,799 

63.774 

35.437 

15.209 

18.974 

11.346 

5.710 

3.348 

80 


286.389 


67 

2,738 

7,669 

7,010 

36,705 

54.780 

44.477 

72.626 

40.592 

14.693 

6,007 

25 


59,346 


6 
339 

1,077 
1.202 
6,130 

11,281 
9.138 

16.279 

9.614 

3.252 

1.012 

16 


>  Includes  1,098  divorced. 


GENERAL  TABLES. 


243- 


Table  15. — Population,  classified  by  conjugal  condition,  color,  and  nativity, 
and  by  sex  and  age:    1907 — Continued. 


NATIVE    WHITE   MALES. 


All  ages . . . 

Under  15  years.  . 
15  to  17  years.  .  . 
18  to  19  years.  .  . 

20  years 

21  to  24  years.  .  . 
25  to  29  years.  .  . 
30  to  34  years.  .  . 
35  to  44  years.  .  . 
45  to  54  years.  .  . 
55  to  64  years.  .  . 
65  years  and  over 
Unknown 


Total. 


608.597 


261,741 
40,495 
28,409 
13,910 
54,532 
50,418 
35,176 
59,874 
39,133 
16,987 
7,865 
67 


Single 

and 

unknown. 


437,552 


261,736 

40,445 

28,047 

13,179 

43,002 

22,577 

9,190 

10,459 

5,419 

2,375 

1,083 

40 


Married. 


Consensually 
married. 


130,611 


2 

30 

282 

561 

9,534 

22,979 

21,096 

38,402 

24,511 

9,549 

3,661 

14 


28,573 


1 

12 

68 

165 

1,880 

4,485 

4,361 

8,735 

5,897 

2,234 

724 

11 


Widowed. 


11.861 


2 

8 

12 

15 

116 

377 

529 

2,278 

3,306 

2,829 

2,387 

2 


NATIVE   WHITE    FEMAI^ES. 


All  ages           

615,942 

386,591 

155,778 

30,773 

42,80a 

251,536 
45,942 
31,311 
17,169 
52,630 
62,715 
36,330 
58,861 
37,839 
19,565 
11,978 
66 

261,466 

42,898 

22,874 

9,620 

20,772 

12,860 

6,019 

8,515 

5,927 

3,335 

2,265 

40 

66 

2,708 

7,387 

6,459 

27,171 

31,801 

23,381 

34,224 

16,081 

5,144 

1,346 

11 

5 

327 

1,009 

1,037 

4,250 

6,796 

4,777 

7,544 

3,717 

1,018 

288 

5 

15  to  17  years 

» 

18  to  19  years 

41 

20  years 

53 

21  to  24  vears 

437 

25  to  29  years 

1,26* 

30  to  34  vears 

2,153 

35  to  44  years 

8,678 

45  to  54  vears 

12,114 

55  to  64  years 

10,068 

65  vears  and  over 

8,079- 

Unknown 

10- 

TOT.\L    FOREIGN   WHITB. 


All  ages 

203,637 

106,069 

77,431 

8,952 

11,185 

11,395 

7,708 

9,782 

6,196 

23,063 

31,500 

28,545 

41,566 

25,227 

12.175 

6.311 

170 

11,389 

7,607 

9.367 

5,699 

19,188 

19,649 

11,968 

12,254 

5,608 

2,254 

1,037 

149 

6 

88 

383 

455 

3,567 

10,662 

14,610 

24,389 

14,749 

6,272 

2,350 

10 

15  to  17  vears 

10 

27 

34 

279 

933 

1,571 

3,092 

2,013 

779 

210 

4 

a 

18  to  19  years 

5 

20  years 

r 

21  to  24  vears 

39- 

25  to  29  years 

256 

30  to  34  years 

496 

35  to  44  years 

1,831 

2,967 

55  to  64  years 

2,870 

2,714 

Unknown 

7 

FOHEION   WHITE   MALES. 


All  ages 

163,014 

92,239 

57,759 

7,582 

5,434 

6,436 

6,366 

8,375 

5,200 

19,178 

25,669 

23,369 

34,145 

20,483 

9,348 

4,327 

128 

6,435 

6,362 

8,341 

5,102 

17,691 

18,183 

11,103 

11,281 

4,950 

1,948 

828 

115 

1 
3 

27 

83 

1,406 

6,664 

10,718 

19,236 

12,239 

5,340 

2,035 

7 

1 

18  to  19  years 

5 

11 

163 

687 

1,284 

2,680 

1,824 

727 

197 

4 

2 

20  years .         

4 

18 

25  to  29  vears 

125 

30  to  34  years 

264 

35  to  44  vears 

948 

1,470 

55  to  64  vears 

1,333 

1,267 

UnKnown 

2- 

^44 


POPULATION. 


Tablk  16. — Population,  classified  by  conjugal  condition,  color,  and  nativity, 
and  by  sex  and  age:  1907 — Continued. 


FOREIGN    WHITE   FEMALES. 


▲OB. 

Total. 

Single 

and 

unknown. 

13,830 

Married. 

Consensually 
married. 

Widowed. 

All  ages 

40,623 

19,672 

1,370 

5,761 

Under  15  vears 

4,959 
1,342 
1.407 
995 
3,885 
6,841 
6.176 
7.421 
4.744 
2,827 
1,984 
42 

4,954 

1,245 

1,026 

597 

1,597 

1,466 

865 

973 

558 

306 

209 

34 

5 

85 

356 

372 

2,151 

3,998 

3,792 

5,153 

2.510 

932 

315 

3 

1 5  to  1 7  years 

10 

22 

23 

116 

246 

287 

412 

189 

52 

13 

2 

18  to  19  years 

3 

20  years 

3 

21  to  24  years 

21 

25  to  29  years 

131 

30  to  34  years 

232 

35  to  44  years 

883 

45  to  54  years 

1,487 

55  to  64  years 

1,537 

65  years  and  over 

1,447 

Unknown 

5 

TOTAL   COLORED. 


All  ages 

620,804 

439,264 

69.717 

108,211 

13.612 

Under  15  years 

223,521 
41,759 
30,573 
15.797 
50,657 
49,934 
35,296 
65,809 
47,854 
32,218 
27,001 
385 

223,499 
40,557 
26,646 
12,163 
31,927 
21,979 
12,448 
21,442 
17.667 
15.475 
15.297 
265 

13 

662 

2.054 

1,664 

8.732 

11.480 

8.520 

14.008 

7.786 

3,283 

1,493 

22 

8 

630 

1,951 

1,931 

9,825 

16.014 

13.610 

27,680 

19,116 

10.390 

7.067 

89 

1 

15  to  17  years 

10 

18  to  19  years 

23 

20  vears 

39 

21  to  24  years 

173 

25  to  29  vears 

461 

30  to  34  Vears 

718 

35  to  44  years 

2,679 

45  to  54  years 

3,285 

56  to  64  years 

3,070 

65  vears  and  over 

3.144 

Unknown 

9 

COLORED   MALES  .> 


All  ages  . 

303.271 

222,078 

29,141 

48,976 

3  076 

Under  15  years 

112,086 
19,118 
14,056 
7,051 
25,424 
23,974 
16,426 
30,472 
22,779 
17,106 
14,597 
182 

112,083 

19.094 

13,794 

6,556 

19,531 

12.095 

6.117 

9.396 

7,179 

7,929 

8,160 

144 

1 

8 

106 

188 

2,728 

5,501 

4,404 

7,843 

4.913 

2,320 

1,116 

13 

2 

13 

149 

302 

3,128 

6,283 

6,766 

12,668 

9,938 

6,183 

4.519 

25 

15  to  17  years 

3 

18  to  19  years 

7 

20  years 

5 

21  to  24  vears 

37 

25  to  29  vears 

95 

30  to  34  years 

139 

35  to  44  vears 

565 

45  to  54  j'ears 

749 

55  to  64  years 

674 

65  years  and  over 

802 

Unknown 

COLORED  FEMALES. 


All  ages 

317,533 

217,186 

30.576 

59,236 

10,536 

Under  1 5  years 

111,435 
22,641 
16,517 
8.746 
25,233 
25,960 
18,870 
35,337 
25,075 
15,112 
12,404 
203 

111,416 

21.463 

12.751 

5.607 

12,396 

9,884 

6,331 

12,046 

10,488 

7,546 

7,137 

121 

12 

654 

1,948 

1,476 

6,004 

5,979 

4,116 

6,165 

2,873 

963 

377 

9 

6 

617 

1,802 

1,629 

6,697 

9,731 

7,844 

15,012 

9,178 

4,207 

2,548 

64 

1 

15  to  17  years 

7 

18  to  19  years 

16 

20  J'ears 

34 

21  to  24  vears  

136 

25  to  29  vears  

366 

30  to  34  vears 

579 

35  to  44  vears 

2,114 

2,536 

55  to  64  years 

2,396 

65  years  and  over 

2,342 

Unknown 

9 

>  Includes  black,  mixed,  and  yellow. 


GENERAL  TABLES. 


245 


Table  16. — Illegitimate  children,  classified  by  age,  and  by  sex,  color,  and  nativity:  1907. 


SEX,  COLOR,  AND 
NATIVITY. 

Total. 

Under  5 
years. 

5  to  9 

years. 

10  to  14 
years. 

15  to  19 

years. 

20  to  24 
years. 

25  years 
and  over. 

Total 

257,888 

87,960 

60,586 

37,579 

38,385 

19 , 188 

14  190 

Males 

Females  .... 

130,971 
126,917 

44,323 
43,637 

30,750 
29,836 

19,412 
18,167 

18,727 
19,658 

11,048 
8,140 

6.711 
7.479 

Native  white. .  . . 

94,772 

36,989 

23,288 

12,695 

12,173 

6,030 

3,597 

Males 

Females 

Foreign  white 

49,543 
45,229 

341 

18,792 
18,197 

50 

11,937 
11.351 

52 

6,728 
5,967 

59 

6,241 
5,932 

59 

3,821 
2,209 

35 

2,024 
1,573 

86 

Males 

Females 

Colored* 

207 
134 

162,775 

30 
20 

50,921 

30 
22 

37,246 

37 
22 

24,825 

29 
30 

26,153 

24 
11 

13,123 

57 
29 

10.607 

Males 

Females  .... 

81,221 
81,554 

25,601 
25,420 

18,783 
18,463 

12,647 
12,178 

12,457 
13,696 

7,203 
6,920 

4.630 
5,877 

1  Includes  black,  mixed,  and  yellow. 


Table  17. — Population,  classify  by  school  attendance  and  literacy,  by  provinces :  1907. 
[Figures  in  italics  are  included  in  those  for  the  province.] 


Total 
popu- 
lation. 

UNDER    10   TEARS. 

10   TEARS   AND   OVER. 

PBOVmCB. 

Attending 
school. 

Not  at- 
tending 
school. 

Attending 
school. 

Not  attending 
school. 

Not 
stated. 

Literate. 

Illiterate. 

Cuba 

2.048,980 

64.111 

603,296 

107.258 

725,894 

643,615 

4,806 

CamagQey 

Habana 

City  of  Habana 

Matanzas 

Oriente 

118,269 
538,010 
297,169 
239,812 
455,086 
240,372 
457,431 

3,760 
21,739 
13,360 

7,778 
12,239 

6,397 
12,198 

28,397 
102,462 

43,088 

54,338 
128,545 

72,873 
116,681 

5,910 
31,718 
19,525 
13,606 
21,629 
10,276 
24,119 

47,474 
266,613 
182,143 

80,055 
133,458 

51,972 
146,322 

32,608 
113,081 

38,693 

83,756 
158,308 

98,196 
157,666 

120 
2.397 
360 
279 
907 

PinarrielRIo 

Santa  Clara 

658 
445 

246 


POPULATION. 


Table  18. — Population  at  least  10  years  of  age,  classified  by  age,  sex,  color,  and 
nativity,  and  by  literacy:  1907. 


AGE,  8SX,  COLOR,  AND  NATIVITY. 


Total 

10  to  14 years.  .  .  , 
16  to  19  years.  .  . 
20  to  24  years .  .  . . 
25  to  29  years .  .  .  , 
30  to  34  years ... 

35  to  44  years ... 

45  to  54  years ... 
65  to  64  years.  .  . 

65  years  and  over 

Total  males 

10  to  14 years.  .  . 

15  to  19 years.  .  . 
20  to  24  years .  .  . 
25  to  29  years .  .  . 
30  to  34  years .  .  . 

36  to  44  years . .  . 

46  to  54  years . .  . 

66  to  64  years .  .  . 
66  years  and  over 

Total  females , 

10  to  14  years.  .  .  , 

16  to  19 years. .  . 
20  to  24  years ... 
25  to  29  years ... 
30  to  34  years . .  . 
35  to  44  years .  .  . 
46  to  54  years .  .  . 

65  to  64  years .  .  . 

66  years  and  over 

Native  white 

10  to  14 years.  .  . 

15  to  19 years.  .  . 
20  to  24  years .  .  . 
25  to  29  years.  .  . 
30  to  34  years .  .  . 
35  to  44  years .  .  . 
46  to  54  years .  .  . 
55  to  64  years .  .  . 
66  years  and  over 

^Native  white  males  . . 

10  to  14 years.  .  . 

16  to  19  years.  .  . 
20  to  24  years.  .  . 

25  to  29  years .  .  . 
30  to 34 years.  .  . 
35  to  44  years .  .  . 
45  to  54  years .  .  . 
65  to  64  years .  .  . 

65  years  and  over 

Native  white  females. 

10  to  14  years.  .  . 
15  to  19  years.  .  . 
20  to  24  years.  .  . 

26  to  29  years .  .  . 
30 to 34 years.  .  . 
35  to  44  years.  .  . 
45  to  54  years .  .  . 

66  to  64  years .  .  . 
65  years  and  over 


Total. 

Literate. 

imterate. 

1.481.573 

837.958 

643,615 

180,786 

127,730 

53,066 

236,979 

158,644 

77,336 

233,953 

140,243 

93,710 

184,567 

104,725 

79,842 

135,347 

75,090 

60,267 

226,110 

115,029 

111,081 

150,053 

67,786 

82,267 

80,945 

31,763 

49,182 

53.833 

16.948 

36,885 

787.412 

450,023 

328,389 

92.793 

64,703 

28.090 

116,819 

76,437 

40.382 

125,296 

76,424 

48.871 

100.051 

59,519 

40.532 

74.971 

45,002 

29.969 

124.491 

69,122 

55,369 

82.396 

41.177 

41,218 

43.441 

18,227 

25,214 

27.166 

8,412 

18.744 

694.161 

378,935 

316,226 

87.993 

63,027 

24,966 

119.160 

82,207 

36,953 

108.668 

63,819 

44,839 

84.516 

45,206 

39,310 

60,376 

30,088 

30,288 

101.619 

45,907 

55,712 

67.668 

26,609 

41,049 

37,504 

13,536 

23,968 

26,677 

8,536 

18,141 

830,978 

487,217 

343,761 

119,716 

.   84,436 

35,280 

146,167 

97.693 

48,564 

138,241 

81.362 

56.879 

103,133 

56.258 

46,876 

71,506 

1      38.386 

33 ,  120 

118,735 

!      62,230 

56,506 

76,972 

1      38.576 

38.396 

36,552 

1      18,225 

18.327 

19,966 

1      10.161 

9,815 

408,239 

;     236.920 

171.319 

61,383 

!      43.032 

18.351 

68,904 

1      44.322 

24.582 

68,442 

39.769 

28.683 

50,418 

27.561 

22,867 

35,176 

19,134 

16,042 

59,874 

31,447 

28,427 

39.133 

19,662 

19,681 

16.987 

8,244 

8,743 

7.922 

3.869 

4,053 

422,739 

250.297 

172,442 

58,333 

41.404 

16,92» 

77,253 

53,271 

23,982 

69,799 

41.603 

28.196 

52,715 

28.697 

24.018 

36,330 

19,252 

17,07» 

58,861 

30,783 

28,078 

37,839 

1      19,024 

18,815 

19,565 

j      9.981 

9,584 

12,044 

1      6,282 

5,762 

GENERAL  TABLES. 


247 


Table  18. 


-Population  at  least  10  years  of  age,  classified  by  age,  sex,  color,  and 
nativity,  and  by  literacy:    1907 — Continued. 


AGE,  SEX,  COLOR,  AND   NATIVITY. 


Total  foreign  white. . . 

10  to  14  years.  .  . 
15  to  19  j'ears.  .  . 
20  to  24  years .  .  . 
25  to  29  years .  .  . 
30  to  34  years .  .  . 
35  to  44  years .  .  . 
45  to  54  years.  .  . 
55  to  64  years .  .  . 
65  years  and  over 

Foreign  white  males. . 

10  to  14  years.  .  . 
15  to  19  years.  .  . 
20  to  24  years .  .  . 
25  to  29  years .  .  . 
30  to  34  years .  .  . 
35  to  44  years .  .  . 
45  to  54  years .  .  . 
55  to  64  years .  .  . 
65  years  and  over 

Foreign  white  females 

10  to  14  years.  .  . 
15  to  19 years.  .  . 
20  to  24  years .  .  . 
25  to  29  years .  .  . 
30  to  34  years.  .  . 
35  to  44  years .  .  . 
45  to  54  years .  .  . 
65  to  64  years .  .  . 
65  years  and  over 

Total  colored ' 

10  to  14  years.  .  . 
15  to  19  years.  .  . 
20  to  24  years .  .  . 
25  to  29  years .  .  . 
30  to  34  years.  .  . 
35  to  44  years.  .  . 
45  to  54  years .  .  . 
55  to  64  years .  .  . 
65  years  and  over 

Colored  males* 

10  to  14 years.  .  . 
15  to  19 years.  .  . 
20  to  24  years .  .  . 
25  to  29  years .  .  . 
30  to  34  years .  .  . 
35  to  44  years .  .  . 
45  to  54  years .  .  . 
55  to  64  years .  .  . 
65  years  and  over 

Colored  females  * 

10  to  14  years .  .  . 
15  to  19  years.  .  . 
20  to  24  years .  .  . 
25  to  29  years .  .  . 
30  to  34  years .  .  . 
35  to  44  years .  .  . 
45  to  54  years .  .  . 
55  to  64  years .  .  . 
65  years  and  over 


Total. 


196,881 


159 


2 
14 
24 
25 
23 
34 
20 
9 
4 

37 

1 
2 
4 
5 
5 
7 
4 
2 
2 

453 


219 

28 
33 
32 
23 
16 
30 
22 
17 
14 

234 


639 
490 
258 
500 
545 
566 
227 
175 
481 


494 


916 
741 
378 
659 
369 
145 
483 
348 
455 

387 

723 
749 
880 
841 
176 
421 
744 
827 
026 

714 


431 
332 
454 
934 
296 
809 
854 
218 
386 


679 

494 
174 
475 
974 
426 
472 
779 
106 
779 

035 


937 
158 
979 
960 
870 
337 
076 
112 
607 


Literate. 


146,443 


3,834 
14,407 
22,412 
23,702 
21,310 
30,263 
18,183 
8,400 
3,932 


123,977 


2,443 
12,393 
19,231 
19,992 
18,140 
25,974 
15,664 
7,084 
3,056 

22,466 


1.391 
2,014 
3,181 
3,710 
3,170 
4,289 
2,519 
1,316 
876 

204,298 


39,460 

46,644 
36,469 
24,765 
15,394 
22,536 
11,027 
5,138 
2,865 


Illiterate. 


98,126 


19,228 

19,722 

17,434 

11,966 

7,728 

11,701 

5,961 

2,899 

1,487 

106,172 


20,232 

26,922 

19,035 

12,799 

7,666 

10,835 

5,066 

2,239 

1,378 


50,438 


805 
3,083 
6,846 
7,798 
7,235 
11,303 
7,044 
3,775 
2,549 


36,517 


473 
2,348 
5,147 
5,667 
5,229 
8,171 
4,819 
2,264 
1,399 

14,921 


332 
735 
1.699 
2,131 
2,006 
3,132 
2,225 
1,511 
1,150 

249,416 


16,971 
25,688 
29,985 
25 , 169 
19.902 
43,273 
36,827 
27,080 
24.521 


121.553 


9,266 
13.452 
15.041 
12,008 

8,698 
18,771 
16.818 
14.207 
13.292 

127,863 


7,705 
12,236 
14,944 
13,161 
11,204 
24,502 
20.009 
12,873 
11,229 


» Includes  black,  mixed,  and  yellow. 


248 


POPULATION. 


Tjlbve  19. — Population  attending  school,  classified  by  months,  sex,  age,  color,  and 

nativity:   1907. 


AGE,  SEX,  COIX)B,  AND  NATIVITT. 


Total. 


Under  5  years 

5  to    9  years. ... 

10  to  14  years 

15  to  17  years 

18  years  and  over. 


Total  males. 


Under  5  years 

6  to    g  years 

10  to  14  years 

15  to  17  years 

18  years  and  over. 


Total  females. 


Under  5  years 

5  to    9  years.... 

10  to  14  years 

16  to  17  years 

18  years  and  over . 


Total  native  white. 


Under  5  years. ... 

5  to    9  years 

10  to  14  years 

15  to  17  years 

18  years  and  over. 

Native  white  males . . . 


Under  5  years 

6  to    9  years 

10  to  14  years 

15  to  17  years 

18  years  and  over. 

Native  white  females.  . 


Under  5  years.... 
5  to    9  years.... 

10  to  14  years 

15  to  17  years 

18  years  and  over. 


Total  foreign  white. 


Under  5  years 

6  to    9  years 

10  to  14  years 

15  to  17  years 

18  years  and  over . 


Foreign  white  males. 


Under  5  years 

5  to    9  years , 

10  to  14  years , 

15  to  17  years 

18  years  and  over. 

Foreign  white  females. . 


Under  5  years 

5  to     9  years 

10  to  14  years 

15  to  17  years 

18  years  and  over. 


Total. 


171 ,369 


56 

64,055 

93,920 

13,042 

296 


88.708 


25 

32.732 

48.867 

6.862 

222 

82,661 


31 

31 .323 

45,053 

6,180 

74 

113.004 


37 

41,084 

62,420 

9.230 

233 


59.632 


18 

21.282 

33.096 

5,049 

187 

53.372 


19 

19.802 

29.324 

4.181 

46 

3.670 


3 

1.558 

1,833 

265 

11 


2,002 


872 

984 

136 

10 

1,668 


3 
686 
849 
129 

1 


1  month 
or  less. 


12,230 


6 

6,166 

5,423 

615 

20 


6,380 


2 

3,120 

2,914 

331 

13 

5.850 


4 

3,046 

2,509 

284 

7 

7,857 


2 

3.931 

3,479 

431 

14 


4.170 


1 

2.013 

1.913 

233 

10 

3.687 


1 

1.918 

1,566 

198 

4 

355 


1 

195 

135 

23 

1 


208 


108 

84 

15 

1 

147 


2  to  3 
months. 


17.882 


21 
9,356 
7,451 
1,042 

12 


9,462 


4  to  5 
months. 


23,077 


13 

9,922 

11,575 

1,540 

27 


12,009 


11 

4.847 

4.049 

648 

7 

8.420 


10 

4.609 

3,402 

494 

5 

11,014 


14 

5,783 

4,528 

680 

9 


5,998 


4 

5,041 

6,087 

858 

19 

11.068 


9 

4.881 

6,488 

682 

8 

14,614 


9 

6,210 

7,343 

1.034 

18 


7.759 


7 

3.059 

2.553 

373 

6 

6.016 


7 

2.724 

1.976 

307 

3 

418 


1 

209 

184 

23 

1 


244 


127 

102 

14 

1 

174 


3 

3.215 

3,920 

606 

16 

6,865 


6 

2.995 

3.423 

428 

3 

470 


1 

238 

204 

26 

1 


253 


1.35 

107 

11 


217 


1 

103 

97 

15 

1 


6  to  7 
months. 


31.163 


6 

11,608 

17,060 

2,451 

38 


16.257 


3 

5.900 

9.001 

1,325 

28 

14,906 


3 

5,708 

8.059 

1,126 

10 

20.083 


4 

7.339 

11.020 

1,690 

30 


10,676 


2 

3.782 

6.915 

953 

23 

9.408 


2 

3.657 

5,106 

737 

7 

640 


262 

331 

47 


357 


149 

183 

25 


283 


113 

148 

22 


GENERAL  TABLES. 


249 


Table  19. — Population  attending  school,  classified  by  months,  sex,  age,  color,  and 
nativity:  1907 — Continued. 


AGE,  SEX,  COLOR,  AND  NATIVITY. 


Total  colored  > 

Under  5  years.  . . 
6  to  9  years. . . 
10  to  14  years. . . 
15  to  17  years. . . 
18  years  and  over 

Colored  males  > 

Under  5  years . . . 
5  to  9  years . . . 
10  to  14  years.  .  . 
15  to  17  years.  . . 
18  years  and  over 

Colored  females ' 

Under  5  years.  . . 
5  to  9  years.  .  . 
10  to  14  years.  .  . 
15  to  17  years.  .  . 
18  years  and  over 


Total. 


54,695 


16 

21,413 

29,667 

3,547 

52 


27,074 


7 

10,578 

14,787 

1,677 

25 

27,621 


9 

10,835 

14,880 

1,870 

27 


1  month 
or  less. 


4,018 


3 

2.040 

1.809 

161 

5 


2,002 


1 

999 

917 

83 

2 

2,016 

2 

1,041 

892 

78 

3 


2  to  3 
months. 


6,450 


6 

3,364 

2,739 

339 

2 


3,220 


4 

1,661 

1,394 

161 


3,230 


2 

1,703 

1,345 

178 

2 


4  to  5 

months. 


7,993 


3 

3,474 

4,028 

480 

8 


3,997 


1 

1,691 

2,060 

241 

4 

3.996 


2 

1,783 

1,968 

239 

4 


6  to  7 
months. 


10,440 


2 

4,007 

5,709 

714 

8 

5,225 


1 

1,969 

2,903 

347 

5 

5.215 


1 

2.038 

2,806 

367 

3 


8  months 
or  more. 


25,794 


12.630 


4,258 

7,513 

845 

14 

13,164 


2 

4.270 

7.869 

1.008 

15 


'Includes  black,  mixed,  and  yellow. 


Table  20. — Population,  classified  by  general  groups  of  occupations,  sex,  color,  and 
nativity,  by  provinces:  1907. 

[Figures  in  italics  are  included  in  those  for  the  province.] 

TOTAL   POPULATION. 


PROVINCB. 

Total. 

Agricul- 
ture, 

fisheries, 
and 

mining. 

Pro- 
fessional 
service. 

Domestic 

and 
personal 
service. 

Trade 
and 
trans- 
portation. 

Manu- 
facturing 

and 
mechan- 
ical 
industries. 

Without 
gainful 
occu- 
pation. 

Total 

2,048,980 

374.969 

12,805 

122.288 

136,419 

126.021 

1,276,478 

CamagOey 

Habana 

118,269 
538,010 

24.198 
46,089 
674 
49,095 
87,980 
63 , 199 
104,408 

660 
5,779 
4,408 
1,345 
1,903 

777 
2,341 

6,260 
55,128 
S8,86g 
16,707 
19.026 

6,526 
18,641 

5,651 
66,192 
6g,110 
13,474 
19,379 

8.187 
23,636 

6.113 
66.417 
4S,862 
11,778 
23,265 

6,966 
22.482 

75,387 
308,405 

City  of  Habana. 

Matanzas 

Oriente 

Pinar  del  Rio 

Santa  Clara 

297,169 
239.812 
455,086 
240,372 
467,431 

168,263 
147.413 
303.533 
155,717 
286,023 

TOTAL   MALES. 


Total 

1,074,882 

371.860 

8,764 

73.396 

134,387 

110,585 

375,900 

CamagOey 

Habana 

62,118 
284.751 
167,166 
123,560 
233,736 
128,542 
242 , 175 

24,135 
45,894 
674 
48,143 
87,245 
62,539 
103,894 

426 
4,509 
3,620 

785 
1,157 

540 
1,347 

4.033 
34,738 
23,431 

9,699 
12,134 

2,689 
10,103 

6,572 
65,095 
61,164 
13,264 
19,107 

8.083 
23,266 

5,477 
48.354 
36,648 
10,492 
20,594 

6,460 
20,208 

22,475 
86,161 

City  of  Habana. 

Matanzas 

Oriente 

41,718 
41,177 
93,499 

Pinar  del  Rio 

Santa  Clara 

49,231 
83,357 

250 


POPULATION. 


Tablk  20. — Population,  classified  by  general  groups  of  occupations,  sex,  color,  and  na- 
•  tivity,  by  provinces:  1907 — Continued. 

[Figures  in  italics  are  included  in  those  for  the  province.] 

TOTAL    FEMALES. 


PBOVIKCE. 

Total. 

Agricul- 
ture, 

fisheries, 
and 

mining. 

Pro- 
fessional 
service. 

Domestic 

and 
personal 
service. 

Trade 
and 
trans- 
portation. 

Manu- 
facturing 

and 
mechan- 
ical 
industries. 

Without 
gainful 
occu- 
pation. 

Total 

974,098 

3,119 

4,041 

48.892 

2,032 

15,436 

800.67S 

CamagOey 

Uabana 

City  of  Habana. 

Matanzas 

Oriente 

56,151 
253,259 
140,004 
116,262 
221 ,350 
111.830 
215,266 

63 
195 

234 
1,270 
788 
660 
746 
237 
994 

2,227 
20,390 
16,431 
7,008 
6,892 
3,837 
8.538 

79 
1,097 
946 
210 
272 
104 
270 

636 
8,063 
e.SOA 
1,286 
2,671 

606 
2.274 

52,918 
222,244 
116,636 

952 
736 
660 
614 

106,238 
210,034 

Plnar  del  Rio.... 
Santa  Clara 

106, 48« 
202, 66« 

TOTAL   NATIVE   WHITE. 


Total 

1,224,539 

214,118 

9,036 

35,143 

59,621 

51.460 

856,161 

CamagOey 

88,661 

17,464 

466 

3,207 

3,486 

2.929 

61,109 

Habana 

316,040 

29,897 

3,932 

14,504 

24,188 

24,718 

218,801 

City  of  Habana 

.    148,638 

170 

3,866 

8,009 

17,173 

17,040 

103,373 

Matanzas 

130,879 

22,902 

1,044 

4,170 

6,721 

5,272 

90.770 

Oriente 

231,686 

43,864 

1,223 

5,222 

9,514 

6,006 

165,757 

Pinar  del  Rio 

166,019 

40,565 

684 

2,601 

3,743 

2,484 

115,042 

Banta  Clara 

292,365 

59,426 

1,787 

5,439 

11,969 

10,052 

203.682 

NATIVK    WHITE   MALES. 


Total 

608,697 

213,229 

5,756 

26,741 

58,297 

46,522 

269,062 

CamagUey 

Habana 

44,655 
153,211 

69,183 

64,765 
114,870 

84,679 
146,617 

17,427 
29,784 
170 
22,838 
43,686 
40,259 
59,235 

263 
2,935 
2,303 
567 
690 
381 
920 

2,430 
11,764 
6,378 
3,322 
4,146 
1,230 
3,849 

3,432 

23,398 

16,463 

6,575 

9,407 

3,690 

11,795 

2,604 
21,439 
14,868 
4,929 
5,418 
2,164 
8,968 

18,399 
63,891 

City  of  Habana. 
Matanzas 

39,013 
26.534 
51.52$ 

Pinar  del  Rio 

Santa  Clara 

36,955 
61.75» 

NATIVE    WHITE    FEMALES. 


Total 

615.942 

889 

3,280 

8,402 

1,.324 

5,938 

596,10* 

CamagOey 

Habana 

44.106 
162,829 

79,346 

66,114 
116,715 

80,340 
145,838 

37 
113 

203 
997 
563 
477 
533 
203 
867 

777 
2,740 
1,631 

848 
1,076 
1,371 
1,590 

64 
790 
710 
146 
107 

53 
174 

325           42,710 
3  279         154  910 

City  of  Habana. 

Matanzas 

Oriente   

3,183            74,369 
343           64,236 
587           114   2.^4 

64 
178 
306 
191 

Pinar  del  Rio 

Santa  Clara 

320 
1,084 

78,087 
141,932 

TOTAL   FOREIQN    WHITE. 


Total 

203,637 

51,630 

2,738 

22,623 

63,444 

21.986 

41,31S 

CamagOey 

Habana 

City  of  Habana. 
Matanzas 

7,932 
95,832 
72,816 
17,656 
27,409 
15,483 
39,325 

2,920 
7,852 
400 
5,841 
9,658 
7,634 
17,725 

149 
1,472 
1,346 
207 
411 
163 
346 

689 

15,474 

13,973 

1,306 

2,853 

460 

1,841 

1.790 
37.474 
31,609 
4.814 
6,782 
3.673 
9.011 

898 
12.237 
10,396 
1,456 
2,414 
1,623 
3,358 

1,486 

21,32a 

16,396 

4,032 

5  391 

Pinar  del  Rio 

Santa  Clara 

2,040 
7,044 

GENERAL  TABLES. 


251 


Table  20. — Population,  classified  by  general  groups  of  occupations,  sex,  color,  and  na- 
tivity, by  provinces:  1907 — Continued. 

[Figures  in  italics  are  included  in  those  for  the  province.] 

FOREIGN  WHITE  MALES. 


PROVINCE. 

Total. 

Agricul- 
ture, 

fisheries, 
and 

mining. 

Pro- 
fessional 
service. 

Domestic 

and 
personal 
service. 

Trade 
and 
trans- 
portation. 

Manu- 
facturing 

and 
mechan- 
ical, 
industries. 

Without 
gainful 
occu- 
pation. 

Total 

163.014 

51 ,449 

2,321 

18,210 

63,029 

21.347 

6.658 

CamagQey 

Habana 

6,634 
73,414 
54,766 
13,917 
22,645 
13.591 
32,813 

2,917 
7.842 
400 
5,825 
9,550 
7,622 
17.693 

129 
1,271 
1.068 
163 
321 
131 
306 

612 

11,905 

9,661 

1,149 

2.528 

407 
1.609 

1,776 
37,255 
31 ,341 
4,776 
6,735 
3.531 
8.956 

886 
11,745 
9,946 
1,434 
2,354 
1,604 
3,324 

314 
3  39fr 

City  of  Habana. 

Matanzas 

Oriente 

2,360 

570 

1,157 

Pinar  del  Rio 

Santa  Clara 

296 
92fr 

FOREIGN  WHITE  FEMALES. 


Total 

40,623 

81 

417 

4.413 

415 

639 

34,658 

CamagUey 

Habana 

1,298  ! 
22,418  i 
18,061  j 
3,739 
4,764 
1,892 
6,512 

3 
10 

20 
201 
177 
44 
90 
22 
40 

77 

3,569 

3,311 

157 

325 

53 

232 

14 
219 
168 
38 
47 
42 
66 

12 
492 
460 
22 
60 
19 
34 

1,172 
17,927 

City  of  Habana, 

13,946 

Matanzas 

Oriente 

16 

8 

12 

32 

3,462 
4,234 

Pinar  del  Rfo.... 
Santa  Clara 

1,744 
6,11& 

TOTAL  COLORED. 1 


Total 

620,804 

109.321 

1,031 

64,522 

13.354 

62,575 

380.001 

Cainagiley 

Habana 

21,676 
126,138 

75,815 

91,277 
196,092 

59,870 
125,751 

3.814 
8,340 
104 
20,352 
34,558 
15,000 
27,257 

45 
375 
£98 

94 
269 

40 
208 

2,364 
25,150 
17,881 
11,231 
10,951 

3,466 
11,361 

375 
4.530 
3,4X9 
1,939 
3,083 

871 
2,556 

2,286           12.792 
19,462            68.281 

City  of  Habana. 

Matanzas 

Oriente 

16,417 
6,050 

14,846 
1.859 
9.072 

38,686 

52,611 

132,385 

Pinar  del  Rfo 

Santa  Clara 

38,635 
76.297 

COLORED  MALES. > 


Total 

303.271 

107,172 

687 

28.446 

13.061 

43.716 

110.190 

Caraagtiey 

Habana 

10,929 
58,126 
33,207 
44,878 
96.221 
30,272 
62,845 

3,791 
8.268 
104 
19.480 
34,009 
14,658 
26.966 

34 
303 
Z49 

55 
146 

28 
121 

991 
11,069 

364 
4.442 

1.987 
15.170 
11,746 

4,129 
12,822 

1.692 

7.916 

3.762 
18,874 

City  of  Habana. 

Matanzas 

Oriente 

Pinar  del  Rfo 

Santa  Clara 

7 ,39Z 
5,228 
5,460 
1,052 
4.646 

3,361 
1.913 
2,965 
862 
2,616 

10,366 
14,073 
40,81» 
11.980 
20.682 

COLORED  FEMALES.' 


Total 

317,633 

2,149  j            344 

36,077 

293 

8,859 

269,811 

CamagQey 

Habana 

10,747                  23 

68,912    !                72 

11 
72 
49 
39 
123 
12 
87 

1.373 
14,081 
10,489 
6,003 
5,491 
2,413 
6,716 

11 

88 
68 
26 
118 
9 
41 

299 
4,292 
3,672 

921 
2,024 

167 
1,156 

9,030 
49,407 

City  of  Habana. 

Matanzas 

Oriente 

42,608 
46,399 
99,871 
29,598 
62.906 

28,330 



872 
549 
342 
291 

38,538 
91,566 

Pinar  del  Rfo 

Santa  Clara 

26,655 
54,615. 

'  Includes  black,  mixed,  and  yellow. 


252 


POPULATION. 


Table  21. — Population,  clasHfied  by  general  groups  of  occupations,  age,  sex,  color, 

and  nativUy  1907. 


AOB,  SEX,  COLOB,  AND 
NATIVITT. 

Total. 

Agri- 
culture, 
fisheries, 

and 
mlninf?. 

Profes- 
sional 
service. 

Domestic 

and 
personal 
service. 

Trade 
and 
trans- 
porta- 
tion. 

Manu- 
facturing 

and 
mechan- 
ical 
industries. 

With- 
out 
gainful 

occu- 
pation. 

Total 

2.048,980 

374,969 

12,805 

122,288 

136,419 

126,021 

1.276,478 

Under  5  years 

667,407 
180,786 
235,979 
233,953 
184,567 
135,347 
226.110 
150,053 
80,945 
53.833 

567,407 

10  to  14  years 

15  to  19  years 

20  to  24  years 

25  to  29  years 

30  to  34  years 

35  to  44  years 

45  to  54  years 

65  to  64  years 

65  years  and  over... 

18,467 
55.048 
65,718 
60.892 
36.223 
62,692 
44.694 
24,667 
16,668 

26 
1,164 
2.174 
2,004 
1.609 
2,769 
1.801 
881 
377 

3,077 
16,358 
21,705 
17,697 
13,268 
22,407 
15,015 
8.677 
5,084 

3,035 
20,216 
23,793 
20,057 
16,619 
25,635 
16,060 
7,543 
3,461 

3,505 
23,284 
22.858 
17.564 
13.655 
23,013 
13,3.38 
5,926 
2,878 

152.676 
120,909 
97,705 
76,353 
53.973 
89,594 
59.145 
33,251 
25,465 

Total  males 

1.074,882 

371.860 

8,764 

73,396 

134,387 

110.586 

375,900 

Under  5  years 

287,470 

92,793 

116,819 

125,295 

100,051 

74.971 

124.491 

82,395 

43,441 

27,156 

974,098 

287,470 

10  to  14  years 

15  to  19  years 

20  to  24  years 

25  to  29  years 

30  to  34  years 

35  to  44  years 

45  to  54  years 

65  to  64  years 

65  years  and  over. . . 

Total  females 

18,276 
64.514 
65,399 
50.633 
36.025 
62.220 
44.221 
24.314 
16.248 

3,119 

2i 

261 

963 

1,332 

1.204 

2,253 

1,583 

804 

343 

4,041 

1,607 

8.822 

14.554 

11,943 

8.342 

12.704 

7,732 

4.702 

2.990 

48.892 

2,986 
19,768 
23,363 
19,797 
16,454 
25,335 
15,856 
7,442 
3.386 

2.032 

2.919 
18,419 
19,473 
15,598 
12,429 
21,088 
12,320 
6,602 
2,737 

15,436 

66,984 

15,036 

1.643 

748 

517 

891 

683 

577 

1.462 

900  578 

Under  5  years 

10  to  14  vears 

15  to  19  years 

20  to  24  years 

25  to  29  years 

30  to  34  years 

35  to  44  years 

45  to  54  years 

65  to  64  years 

65  years  and  over. . . 

Total  native  white 

279,937 
87,993 

119.160 

108,658 
84,516 
60,376 

101,619 
67.658 
37,504 
26,677 

1,224,539 

279,937 

191 
634 
319 
259 
198 
472 
473 
353 
320 

214,118 

5 

903 

1,211 

672 

405 

516 

218 

77 

34 

9,036 

1,470 
6,536 
7,151 
5,754 
4,926 
9,703 
7,283 
3,975 
2,094 

35.143 

49 

448 
430 
260 
165 
300 
204 
101 
75 

69.621 

586 
4,865 
3,385 
1,966 
1,226 
1,925 
1,018 
324 
141 

61,460 

85,692 
105,874 
96,162 
75,605 
53.456 
88,703 
58,462 
32,674 
24.013 

855.161 

Under  5  years 

10  to  14  years 

15  to  19  years 

20  to  24  years 

25  to  29  years 

30  to  34  years 

35  to  44  years 

45  to  54  years 

55  to  64  years 

65  years  and  over. . . 

393,561 

119.716 

146,157 

138,241 

103,133 

71,506 

118,735 

76,972 

36,552 

19,966 

393,561 

12,853 
35,871 
40,337 
29,785 
20,425 
35,238 
24,063 
10,654 
4,892 

13 

896 

1,697 

1.428 

1,076 

1,898 

1,241 

670 

217 

1.228 
6,889 
8,134 
5,776 
3,561 
6,423 
3,166 
1,361 
606 

1.701 

10.007 

11.346 

8.603 

6,289 

10,902 

6,862 

2,792 

1,219 

1,623 
10,447 
9,794 
6,928 
6,264 
8,917 
6,390 
2,167 
930 

102,298 
83,047 
66,933 
50,714 
34,891 
56,357 
36,250 
19,008 
12.102 

Native  white  males 

608,597 

213,229 

6,766 

26,741 

58.297 

45,522 

259.052 

Under  5  years 

200,358 
61 ,383 
68,904 
68,442 
50,418 
35,176 
69,874 
39,133 
16,987 
7,922 

200,358 

10  to  14  years 

15  to  19. vears 

20  to  24  years 

25  to  29  years 

30  to  34  years 

35  to  44  years 

45  to  64  years 

65  to  64  years 

65  years  and  over. . . 

12,739 
36,630 
40,201 
29,701 
20,382 
35.126 
23,991 
10,693 
4,866 

10 
138 
684 
882 
747 
1,494 
1,085 
519 
197 

787 
4,213 
6,867 
4,816 
2,773 
3,917 
2,073 
880 
415 

1,672 
9,681 

11,015 
8,326 
6,195 

10,734 
6,747 
2,739 
1,188 

1,354 
8.607 
8,556 
6,263 
4.797 
8,135 
4,911 
2,033 
866 

44,821 
10,635 
1,119 
430 
282 
468 
326 
223 
390 

GENERAL  TABLES. 


253 


Table  21 . — Population,  classified  by  general  groups  of  occupations,  age,  sex,  color, 
and  nativity:    1907 — Continued. 


AGE,    SEX,    COLOR,    AND 
NATIVITY. 

Total. 

Agri- 
culture, 
fisheries, 

and 
mining. 

Profes- 
sional 
service. 

Domestic 

and 
personal 
service. 

Trade 
and 
trans- 
porta- 
tion. 

Manu- 
facturing 

and 
mechan- 
ical 
industries. 

With- 
out 
gainful 

occu- 
pation. 

Native  white  females 

615,942 

889 

3.280 

8,402 

1,324 

6,938 

596.109 

Under  5  years 

10  to  14  years 

15  to  19  years 

20  to  24  years 

25  to  29  years 

30  to  34  years 

35  to  44  years 

45  to  54  years 

65  to  64  years 

66  years  and  over. . . 

Total  foreign  white 

193,203 
68,333 
77,253 
69,799 
62,715 
36,330 
68,861 
37,839 
19,666 
12,044 

203,637 

193  203 

114 

241 

136 

84 

43 

112 

72 

61 

26 

51,630 

3 

758 

1,013 

646 

329 

404 

166 

61 

20 

2,738 

441 

1,676 

1,267 

969 

788 

1,606 

1,093 

481 

191 

22,623 

29 
326 
331 
177 

94 
168 
115 

53 

31 

63,444 

269 

1,840 

1,238 

665 

467 

782 

479 

134 

64 

21,986 

67,477 
72,412 
65,814 
50,284 
34,609 
65,889 
35,924 
18.785 
11,712 

41,316 

Under  6  years 

10  to  14  years 

15  to  19  years 

20  to  24  years 

25  to  29  years 

30  to  34  years 

35  to  44  years 

45  to  54  years 

65  to  64  years 

66  years  and  over. . . 

6,766 
4,639 
17,490 
29,258 
31,600 
28,546 
41,566 
26,227 
12,176 
6,481 

6  756 

334 
3,276 
8,020 
8,670 
7,787 
11,587 
7,018 
3,223 
1,615 

4 
68 
221 
430 
420 
723 
470 
268 
134 

189 
1,937 
3.961 
4,076 
3,397 
4,728 
2,668 
1,202 

465 

956 
8,662 

10,386 
9,727 
8,737 

12,287 
7,735 
3,526 
1.438 

86 
1,174 
3,017 
3,718 
3,667 
5,583 
2,995 
1,215 
531 

3,070 
2,383 
3,653 
4,879 
4,537 
6,658 
4,341 
2,741 
2.298 

Foreign  white  males .... 

163,014 

61,449 

2,321 

18,210 

63.029 

21,347 

6,658 

Under  5  years 

10  to  14  years 

16  to  19  years 

20  to  24  years 

25  to  29  years 

30  to  34  years 

35  to  44  years 

46  to  54  years 

66  to  64  years 

65  years  and  over... 

Foreign  white  females. . 

3,520 

2,916 

14,741 

24.378 

25,669 

23,369 

34.145 

20,483 

9.348 

4,456 

40,623 

3,520 

331 
3,270 
8,009 
8,662 
7,777 
11,672 
6,999 
3,218 
1,611 

81 

2 
32 
154 
347 
372 
635 
413 
246 
120 

417 

117 
1,380 
2,880 
3,246 
2,832 
4,051 
2,291 
1,018 

396 

4,413 

949 
8.597 

10.313 
9,665 
8.683 

12,203 
7,680 
3.611 
1,428 

415 

80 
1,068 
2,904 
3,605 
3,584 
5,465 
2,923 
1,194 
524 

639 

1,437 
394 
118 
135 
121 
219 
177 
161 
376 

34,658 

Under  5  years 

10  to  14  years 

15  to  19  years 

20  to  24  years 

25  to  29  years 

30  to  34  years 

35  to  44  years 

46  to  64  years 

55  to  64  years 

65  years  and  over. . . 

Total  colored  • 

3,236 
1,723 
2,749 
4,880 
5,841 
5,176 
7,421 
4,744 
2,827 
2,026 

620,804 

3,238 

3 

6 
11 

8 
10 
15 
19 

6 

4 

109,321 

2 
36 
67 
83 
48 
88 
67 
22 
14 

1,031 

72 
557 
1,081 
831 
565 
677 
377 
184 

69 

64,522 

7 
55 
73 
62 
54 
84 
65 
16 
10 

13,354 

6 

106 

113 

113 

83 

118 

72 

21 

7 

52,576 

1,633 
1,989 
3,535 
4,744 
4,416 
6,439 
4,164 
2,580 
1,922 

380,001 

Under  6  years 

10  to  14  years 

16  to  19  years 

20  to  24  years 

26  to  29  years 

30  to  34  years 

36  to  44  years 

46  to  54  years 

65  to  64  years 

66  years  and  over. . . 

167,090 
66.431 
72,3.32 
66,454 
49,934 
36.296 
66,809 
47,864 
32,218 
27.386 

167,090 

5,280 
15,901 
17,361 
12.437 

8.011 
15.867 
13.613 
10.790 
10.061 

9 

200 

256 

146 

113 

148 

90 

43 

26 

1,660 
7,532 
9,610 
7,846 
6,310 
12,256 
9.181 
6.114 
4.013 

378 
1,557 
2,061 
1,827 
1,593 
2,446 
1.463 
1,225 

804 

1,796 
11 ,663 
10,047 
6.918 
4,724 
8,513 
4,953 
2,544 
1.417 

47,308 
35,479 
27,119 
20,760 
14.645 
26.579 
18.554 
11,502 
11.065 

> Includes  black,  mixed,  and  yellow. 


254 


POPULATION. 


Table  21. — Population,  classified  by  general  groups  of  occupations,  age,  sex,  color, 
and  nativity:  1907 — Continued. 


AOE,   SEX,    COLOR,   AND 
NATIVITT. 

Total. 

i    Agri- 
culture. 

ifislxeries, 

and 
mining. 

Profes- 
sional 
service. 

Domestic 

and 
personal 
service. 

Trade 
and 
trans- 
porta- 
tion. 

Manu- 
facturing 

and 
mechan- 
ical 
industries. 

With- 
out 
gainful 

occu- 
pation. 

Colored  males    

303.271 

107.172 

687 

28,445 

13.061 

43.716 

110,190 

Under  6  years 

10  to  14  years 

16  to  19  years 

20  to  24  years 

25  to  29  years 

30  to 34  years . . 

35  to  44  years 

45  to  54  years 

56  to  H4  years 

66  years  and  over... 

Colored  females  ^ 

83.692 
28.494 
33.174 
32.476 
23.974 
16.426 
30.472 
22.779 
17.106 
14,779 

317.633 

83,692 

6,206 
16,614 
17,189 
12,270 

7.886 
16,522 
13.231 
10,503 

9,771 

2.149 

9 

91 

126 

103 

86 

124 

85 

39 

26 

344 

703 
3.229 

4,807 
3,882 
2.737 
4.736 
3,368 
2.804 
2.179 

36.077 

365 
1,490 
2,035 
1,806 
1,576 
2,398 
1,429 
1.192 

770 

293 

1,485 
8.744 
8.013 
5.730 
4.048 
7,488 
4.486 
2,376 
1,347 

8,869 

20,726 
4,006 
306 
183 
114 
204 
180 
193 
686 

269,811 

Under  5  years 

10  to  14  years 

15  to  19  years 

20  to  24  years 

25  to  29  years 

30  to  34  years 

35  to  44  years 

45  to  54  years 

55  to  64  years 

66  years  and  oyer. . . 

83.498 
27.937 
39.158 
33.979 
25.960 
18,870 
36.337 
26,076 
15.112 
12.607 

83,498 

74 
287 
172 
167 
146 
345 
382 
287 
290 

131 
43 
28 
24 

957 
4,303 
4.803 
3.964 
3,573 
7,520 
5.813 
3.310 
1,834 

is 

67 
26 
21 
17 
48 
34 
33 
34 

3ii 

2,919 

2,034 

1,188 

676 

1,026 

467 

169 

70 

26,582 
31,473 
26,813 
20.577 
14.431 
26,375 
18.374 
11,309 
10.379 

>Includee  black,  mixed,  and  yellow. 


GENERAL  TABLES. 


255 


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257 


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GENERAL  TABLES. 


259 


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260 


POPULATION. 


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GENERAL  TABLES. 


261 


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262 


POPULATION. 


Table  24. — Persons  engaged  in  selected  occupations,  by  sex  and  literacy:  1907. 


Total. 

Literate. 

Illiterate. 

DXOREES 

RECEIVBO. 

SJBX  AND  OCCUPATION. 

Aca- 
demic. 

Pro- 
fessional. 

KAUCS. 

Actors 

66 

772 

1,130 

278 

325 

6.161 

2,649 

6,011 

3,668 

29 

197 

888 

231 

87 

438 

228 

88 

546 

1,008 

340 

21,420 

27 

2.511 

24,161 

372 

25.599 

176 

690 

391 

386 

10.199 

6 

390 

803 

47 

364.821 

937 

1.689 

654 

574 

1.946 

431 

175 

2.304 

470 

171 

324 

41.767 

1,627 

1.347 

120 

386 

1,498 

12,161 

7,917 

50,302 

635 

1,662 

711 

246 

205 

72 

895 

60 

2,428 

324 

1,240 

112 

555 

1,784 

40 

64 

6,446 

32.208 

66 

752 
998 
277 
323 
4,599 

2,541 

4,682 

3,177 

27 

160 

798 

204 

87 

438 

164 

69 

449 

722 

322 

18,546 

26 

1,022 

21,063 

372 

25,599 

142 

476 

175 

385 

6,826 

6 

380 

799 

47 

129.794 

628 

705 

366 

654 

1.688 

206 

170 

1,421 

442 

148 

324 

20.780 

1.136 

1.347 

120 

143 

1,359 

8.789 

7,354 

46,144 

253 

905 

693 

238 

206 

61 

762 

49 

2,217 

323 

1,240 

104 

342 

1,782 

34 

53 

4,030 

30,462 

3 

16 

3 

Agents   (real   estate),   collectors,  and 

20 

132 

1 

2 

1,562 

108 

329 

491 

2 

37 
99 
27 

4 

Apprentices 

Architects  and  draftsmen 

27 

7 
1 

76 
3 
2 

62 

Artists 

4 

Bakers  .               .        

Bankers,  brokers,  capitalists,  and 

26 

Barbers  and  hairdressers 

4 

Blacksmiths 

3 

Bleachers,  dvers,  and  scourers 

Boarding  house,  hotel,  restaurant,  and 

1 

Boilermakers 

Boxmakers  (wooden) 

Bookbinders '. 

Bookkeepers 

71 

70 

BrickmaKers 

64 

19 

97 

286 

18 

2,874 

1 

1.489 

3.098 

Broom  and  brush  makers 

Builders  and  contractors 

2 

1 

Butchers 

Cabinetmakers 

Carpenters 

2 

Charcoal  burners 

Cigar  factory  operatives 

6 

61 

442 

1 

Clergymen ....          

82 

Clerks  and  copyists 

116 

Confectioners 

34 
215 
216 

Coopers 

Dairymen 

Dentists 

22 

331 

Draymen  and  hackmen 

4,373 

Electricians 

10 
4 

7 

160 

1 

77 

5 

623 

Farmers,  planters,  and  farm  laborers .  . . 
Firemen  (not  locomotive) 

235,027 

309 

984 

288 

20 

267 

226 

6 

883 

28 

23 

28 

Fishermen 

Gardeners  and  florists 

Gold  and  silver  workers 

i 
1 

Barnessmakers ■. 

Hostlers 

Housekeepers  and  stewards 

4 

Hucksters  and  peddlers 

Iron  and  steel  workers 

1 

Janitors  and  sextons 

Journalists 

23 

4 

1 

110 

13 

10 

Laborers  (not  specified) 

20,987 
392 

1 

Launderers 

Lawyers 

1  086 

Literary  and  scientific  persons 

'  32 

Lumbermen ." 

243 

139 

3.372 

563 

4.158 

282 

767 

18 

8 

Machinists 

.8 

43 
461 

60 

Masons 

2 

Mechanics 

174 

Merchants 

674 

Messengers  and  office  boys 

Miners  and  quarrymen 

Musicians 

44 

3 

18 

s 

Nurses 

Officials  (government) 

11 

Officials  of  banks  and  companies 

ii 

133 

11 

211 

1 

Officials  of  manufacturing  companies. . . 

5 

1 

Painters 

16 

40 

108 

Photographers 

14 

Physicians  and  surgeons 

1  091 

Plumbers 

8 

213 

2 

6 

1 
2,416 
1,746 

Potters 

Printers,  lithographers,  etc 

6 

Ropemakers 

Sail,  awning,  and  tent  makers 

Sailors  and  boatmen 

30 
31 

36 

Salesmen 

7 

GENERAL  TABLES. 


263 


Tablb  24. — Persons    engaged   in   selected   occupations,  by  sex  and   literacy: 

Continued. 


1907— 


Total. 

Literate. 

Illiterate. 

DEGREES 

RECEIVED. 

SEX  AND   OCCUPATION. 

Aca- 
demic. 

Pro- 
fessional. 

MALES — continued . 

6 

15,934 

111 

120 

6,829 

8,238 

948 

129 

1,699 

715 

587 

572 

5,095 

401 

2,132 

592 

830 

50 

63 

306 

19 

408 

26 

1 

10 

1 

104 

1 

143 

4 

2 

1 

2 

2 

5 

3,342 

8 

884 

10 

5 

2,332 

1 

3,110 

4 

3 

28 

1 

34 

140 

262 

5 

591 

24,016 

2 

2 

2 

554 

51 

576 

1 

11 

6 

4 

3 

33 

2 

116 

9,464 

23,378 

6 

9,692 

95 

118 

5,479 

7,901 

641 

129 

775 

567 

572 

545 

4,961 

310 

2,132 

589 

747 

42 

63 

298 

12 

118 

25 

1 

10 

1 

102 

6,242 

16 

2 

1,350 

337 

307 

2 

Shoemakers 

1 
16 

Soldiers  and  policemen 

9 

Steam  railway  employees 

2 

Stenographers  and  typewriters 

7 
2 

3 

924 

148 

16 

27 

134 

91 

Street  railway  employees 

Siiparmakers 

2 

1 

6 

Tailors. .                 

864 

38 

1 

434 

Telegraph  and  telephone  operators.  .  . . 
Tinners 

3 

83 

8 

18 

8 
2 

32 

Watch  and  clock  makers 

8 

7 

290 

1 

1 

Wood  choppers    . .   .       

FEMAIJiB. 

Architects  and  draftsmen 

2 

1 

11 

8 

Bakers                                       

Bankers,  brokers,  capitalists,  and  finan- 

132 

4 
2 

3 

Boarding  house,  hotel,  restaurant,  and 

1 

Cabinetmakers           

2 
2 

::::::::::;;;:::;;:; 

Charcoal  burners       

5 

742 

2,6003 

8 

884 

5 

6 

2,181 

1 

643 

1 

18 

4 

5 

5> 

Dressmakers  .              

isi 

> 

2,467 
3 
3 
3 

25 

1 

18 

34 

196 

5 

314 

7,869 

2 

2 

2 

335 

51 

487 

1 

7 

6 

4 

3 

33 

2 

88 

8,099 

10,596 

16 

106 

66 

2 

I 

277 
16,147 

1 

1 

Literary  and  scientific  persons 

Merchants 

219 

3 
13 
28 

16 

6 

89 

100 

Officials  of  banks  and  companies 

Officials  of  manufacturing  companies .  . . 

4 

1 

1 

:::::::::; 

28 

1,365 

12,782 

1 

1 

264 


POPULATION. 


TabIiB  24. — Persons  engaged   in  selected  occupations,  by  sex  and    literacy:  1907 — 

Continued. 


Total. 

Literate. 

Illiterate. 

DEGREES  RECEirSD. 

aUX  AND  OCCUPATION. 

Aca- 
demic. 

Pro- 
fessional. 

FEMALES — continued. 
Shirtmakers 

3 
19 

3 

134 

17 

3,832 

66 

22 

2 
06 

2 

2 
18 

1 
1 
3 

Steam  railway  employees 

Stenographers  and  typewriters 

Tailoresses 

134 
17 
3,832 
65 
20 
2 
70 

10 

2 

Teachers 

1,558 

1 

805 

Telegraph  and  telephone  operators 

Trunk  and  leather-case  makers 

2 

Watch  and  clock  makers 

Weavers  and  lace  makers 

26 
2 

Wood  choppers 

GENERAL  TABLES. 


265 


Table  25. — Persons  engaged  in  selected  occupations,  by  sex  and  conjtigal  condition: 

1907. 


SEX   AND    OCCUPATION. 


MALES. 
Actors 

Agents    (real   estate),   collectors,   and 
commercial  travelers 

Apprentices 

Architects  and  draftsmen 

Artists 

Bakers 

Banl^ers,  brokers,  capitalists,  and  finan- 
ciers   

Barbers  and  hairdressers 

Blacksmiths 

Bleachers,  dyers,  and  scourers 

Boarding  house,  hotel,  restaurant,  and 
saloon  keepers , 

Boilermakers , 

Boxmakers  (wooden) 

Bookbinders , 

Bookkeepers 

Brlckmakers , 

Broom  and  brush  makers 

Builders  and  contractors 

Butchers , 

Cabinetmakers 

Carpenters 

Carriage  and  wagon  makers 

Charcoal  burners 

Cigar  factory  operatives , 

Clergymen , 

Clerks  and  copyists , 

Confectioners , 

Coopers , 

Dairymen , 

Dentists , 

Draymen  and  hackmen , 

Dressmakers , 

Electricians 

Engineers  (civil,  etc.)  and  surveyors . . 

Engravers , 

Farmers,  planters,  and  farm  laborers. 

Firemen  (not  locomotive) , 

Fishermen , 

Gardeners  and  florists , 

Gold  and  silver  workers , 

Harnessmakers , 

Hostlers , 

Housekeepers  and  stewards , 

Hucksters  and  peddlers , 

Iron  and  steel  workers , 

Janitors  and  sextons 

Journalists 

Laborers  (not  specified) 

Launderers 

Lawyers 

Literary  and  scientific  persons 

Lumbermen 

Machinists 

Masons 

Mechanics 

Merchants 

Messengers  and  office  boys 

Miners  and  quarrymen 

Musicians 

N  urses 

Officials  (government) 

Officials  of  banks  and  companies 

Officials  of  manufacturing  companies . 

Packers  and  shippers 

Painters 

Photographers 

Physicians  and  surgeons 

Plumbers 

Potters 

Printers,  Hthographers,  etc 

Ropemakers 

Sail,  awning,  and  tent  makers 

Sailors  and  boatmen 

Salesmen 

Seamstresses 

Servants 

Ship  and  boat  builders 

Shirtmakers 


Total. 


772 

1,130 

278 

325 

6,161 

2,649 

6,011 

3,668 

29 

197 

888 

231 

87 

438 

228 

88 

546 

1,008 

340 

21,420 

27 

2,511 

24,161 

372 

25,599 

176 

690 

391 

385 

10,199 

5 

390 

803 

47 

364,821 

937 

1,689 

654 

574 

1,945 

431 

175 

2,304 

470 

171 

324 

41,767 

1,527 

1,347 

120 

386 

1,498 

12,161 

7,917 

50,302 

535 

1,662 

711 

246 

205  i 

72 

895 

60 

2,428 

324 

1,240 

112 

555  I 

1,784  I 

40 

54 

6,446 

32,208 

6 

15,934 

111 

120 


Single 

and 

unknown.! 


25 

274 

1,129 

81 

153 
3,592 

489 

2,868 

2,126 

19 

111 

436 

147 

55 

191 

157 

70 

193 

388 

197 

10,847 

11 

1,561 

12,921 

298 

12,568 

92 

253 

258 

110 

4,743 

3 

183 

342 

31 

192,280 

490 

835 

401 

287 

1,098 

329 

88 

1,324 

273 

82 

124 

22,819 

965 

270 

63 

183 

549 

6,058 

4,129 

21,544 

495 

1,232 

300 

166 

44 

36 

395 

30 

1,272 

162 

274 

64 

292 

,182 

31 

23 

3,202 

29,875 

5 

11,247 

63 

69 


1, 


Married. 


29 
410 


161 

142 

1,650 

1,714 
1,478 
1,077 

7 

63 

351 

58 

26 

224 

54 

13 

270 

353 

97 

7,160 

8 

626 

6,894 

70 

10,609 

59 

229 

113 

239 

3,268 

1 

177 

421 

13 

112,613 

261 

520 

184 

212 

575 

69 

73 

602 

159 

64 

165 

10,239 

337 

962 

51 

120 

713 

3,270 

2,839 

23,221 

23 

403 

276 

60 

144 

31 

367 

16 

724 

141 

877 

31 

174 

477 

7 

21 

2,621 

1,964 


2,464 
39 
35 


Con- 
sensually 
married. 


61 


11 

21 

811 

121 

561 

379 

2 

15 

75 

18 

4 

11 

10 

4 

66 

245 

35 

2,611 

5 

279 

3,530 

1 

1,473 

19 

179 

15 

21 

1,991 

1 

22 

9 

2 

50,100 

168 

264 

51 

51 

219 

25 

10 

316 

31 

11 

20 

7,658 

183 

24 

4 

73 

174 

2,513 

729 

3,604 

10 

7 

106 

7 

7 

2 

95 

11 

357 

12 

11 

16 

73 

80 

2 

4 

453 

165 


1,789 

3 

13 


Widowed. 


27 

1 

26 

9 

108 

325 

104 

86 

1 

8 
26 

8 

2 
12 

7 

1 

17 

22 

11 

802 

3 

45 

816 

3 
949 

6 
29 

5 

15 

197 


8 
31 

1 
9,828 
18 
70 
18 
24 
53 

8 

4 
62 

7 
14 
15 
1,051 
42 
91 

2 

10 

62 

320 

220 

1,933 

7 
20 
29 
13 
10 

3 
38 

3 
75 

9 
78 

1 
16 
45 


6 
170 
204 

1 
434 

6 

3 


'Includes  divorced. 


266 


POPULATION. 


TABiiX  25. — Persona  engaged  in  selected  occupations,  by  sex  and  conjugal  condition: 

1907— Continued. 


SEX   AND   OCCXJPATIOK. 

Total. 

Single 

and 

unknown.' 

Married. 

Con- 
sensually 
married. 

Widowed. 

MALES — continued. 
Shoemakers 

6,829 

8,238 
948 
129 

1.699 
715 
587 
672 

6,095 
401 

2,132 

692 

830 

60 

63 

306 

19 

408 

26 

1 

10 

1 

104 

1 

143 

4 

2 

1 

2 

2 

5 

3,342 

8 

884 

10 

5 

2,332 

1 

3,110 

4 

3 

28 

1 

34 

140 

262 

5 

691 

24,016 

2 

2 

2 

654 

51 

576 

1 

11 

6 

4 

3 

33 

2 

116 

9.464 

23,378 

3 

19 

3 

134 

17 

3,832 

65 

22 

2  1 
95 
2  1 

3.667 

6.204 

632 

96 
799 
396 
268 
212 
3,137 
266 
879 
372 
433 

36 

15 
126 

11 
285 

15 

1 
10 

1 
62 

1 

34 

2 
1 
1 
2 
2 
4 

2,601 

6 

672 

7 

1 

1,683 

2,034 

2,486 

312 

25 

637 

259 

219 

281 

1,382 

112 

1,082 

194 

279 

3 

36 

140 

4 

81 

8 

971 

426 

81 

6 

198 
46 
82 
45 

466 
23 
37 
14 
98 
11 
3 
17 
3 
37 

2 

257 

Soldiers  and  policemen 

123 

Steam  railway  employees 

23 

Stenographers  and  typewriters 

Stock  raisers 

2 
65 

Stonecutters •, 

14 

Street  railway  employees 

18 

Sugarmakers 

34 

Tailors 

110 

Tanners 

10 

Teachers ' 

134 

Telegraph  and  telephone  operators 

Tinners 

12 
20 

Trunk  and  leather-case  makers 

Veterinary  surgeons 

9 

Watch  and  clock  makers 

23 

Weavers  and  lace  makers 

1 

Wood  choppers 

6 

FEMALES. 

1 

Agents   (real   estate),  collectors,  and 
commercial  travelers     

Apprentices 

Architects  and  draftsmen 

Artists 

38 

10 

4 

Bakers 

Bankers,  brokers,  capitalists,  and  finan- 
ciers  

19 

1 

90 

Boarding  house,  hotel,  restaurant,  and 
saloon  keepers 

1 

Bookbinders 

1 

Broom  and  brush  makers 

Carpenters 

Charcoal  burners 

1 
265 

230 

3 

79 

2 

3 

305 
1 

240 

366 

Clergymen 

8 

125 

Confectioners 

1 

1 

Dressmakers 

150 

194 

Engineers  (civil)  and  surveyors 

Farmers,  planters,  and  farm  laborers. . . 

1,815 

4 

1 

10 

1 

20 

71 

98 

2 

406 

14,061 

1 

1 

2 

268 

39 

379 

853 

202 

Gardeners  and  florists 

2 
2 

Hairdressers 

11 

5 

Harnessmakers 

Housekeepers 

1 
40 
33 

2 

40 

1,671 

1 

1 

4 

14 

7 

9 

Hucksters  and  peddlers 

15 

Janitresses 

124 

Journalists 

1 

Laborers  (not  specified) 

81 
6,206 

64 

Laundresses 

2,079 

Literary  and  scientific  persons 

Masons 

Merchants 

181 

6 

117 

23 

92 

Musicians 

6 

N  urses 

13 

67 

1 

Officials  of  manufacturing  companies. . . 
Painters 

6 
5 

2 

3 

31 

1 

92 

7,209 

18,150 

3 

11 

1 
1 

1 

1 

4 

1 

1 

1 

1 

Saleswomen 

16 

852 

1,293 

2 

630 

1,847 

6 

Seamstresses 

773 

Servants 

2,088 

Shoemakers 

4 
2 
4 
1 
647 

1 

3 

1 

Stenographers  and  typewriters 

Tailoresses 

128 
13 
2,909 
63 
16 
1 
79 

2 

1 
2 

2 

Teachers 

274 

Telegraph  and  telephone  operators 

2 

3 
1 

4 
1 

3 

6 

1 

6- 

Wood  choppers 

>  Includes  divorced. 


GENERAL  TABLES. 


267 


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GENERAL  TABLES. 


275 


Table  30. — Number  of  dwellings  and  families,  and  number  of  families  and  persons 
to  a  dwelling,  and  number  of  persons  to  a  family,  by  provinces:  1907. 

[Figures  in  italics  included  in  total  for  the  province  of  Habana.] 


PROVINCE. 

Total, 
population. 

Number  of 
dwellings. 

Number  of 
families. 

Number  of     Number  of 
families  to     persons  to 
a  dwelling,     a  dwelling. 

Number  of 
persons  to 
a  family. 

Cuba 

2.048.980 

350.830 

427,630 

1.2                  8.8 

4.8 

Camagfley 

118,269 
538,010 
297,169 
239,812 
455,086 
240,372 
457.431 

19.474 
72,521 
28,858 
48,145 
82 . 103 
42,317 
86,270 

21,423 
120,413 
70,762 
56,758 
90,373 
45.663 
93,000 

1.1 
1.7 
2.6 
1.2 
1.1 

6.1 
7.4 
10. S 
5.0 
5  5 

5.5 
4.5 

City  of  Habana 

Matanzas 

Oriente 

4.2 
4.2 
5  0 

PinardelRIo 

Santa  Clara 

1.1 
1.1 

5.7 
5.3 

5.3 
4.9 

University  of  California 

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405  Hilgard  Avenue,  Los  Angeles,  CA  90024-1388 

Return  this  material  to  the  library 

from  which  it  was  borrowed. 


JLAPRl3199i 


V 


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